Selections from the poems of Ovid

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SELECTIONS

FEOM THE

POEMS OF OVID

WITH NOTES AND VOCABULARY

BY

J. L. LINCOLN, LL. D.

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN BROWN UNIVERSITY

NEW YORK
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY

1, 3, and 5 BOND STREET

1834

COPYRIGIIT BY

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY

18S2, 1888.

ft

/

PA!*****

PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION.

In the preparation of a new edition of these " Selec-
tions from the Poems of Ovid," the work has undergone
a careful revision. A chief result of the revision has
been the insertion of words in the Vocabulary, which
were omitted in the first edition. Corrections, too, have
been made in the Vocabulary, and also in the text and
the notes. I hope, therefore, that the book will now
be found to be a better one, and more worthy of use.
I take this occasion to make my acknowledgments to
the many teachers who have expressed a favorable opin-
ion of the work, and have adopted it as a text-book. I
have especially to express my sense of obligation to my
friends who have pointed out defects in the work, and
have called my attention to words omitted in the Vocabu-
lary ; particularly am I indebted for such service to
Professor G. N". Dougherty, Superintendent of Public
Schools in Peoria, Illinois, and to my former pupils,
Messrs. William T. Peck, of the Providence High School,

Enoch Perrine, of the Peddie Institute, Hightstown,
1

ii PREFACE TO THE NEW EDITION.

New Jersey, William C. Joslin, of Belleville, New York,
and James P. Kelley, of the Connecticut Literary Insti-
tution, Suffield. I shall be thankful to any teachers,
who may use the book with their classes, for suggestions
or criticisms, which may help to make the work a more
useful one in the study of Latin, and of Ovid as a

Latin poet.

— " Si quid novisti rectius istis,

Candidus imperti."

J. L. Lincoln.

Brown University, August 22, 1884.

PREFACE.

This selection is intended as an introduction to the
reading of Latin poetry. It is the opinion of experienced
teachers (and it is at the request of such that this volume
has been prepared) that the poetry of Ovid is better fitted
for the uses of beginners than that of Vergil. It is in
accordance with such an opinion that, in the course of
Latin study pursued in the schools of Europe, and espe-
cially of England and Germany, the reading of Ovid pre-
cedes the reading of Vergil. It is desirable that the
student become familiar in Ovid, both by theory and
practice, with the structure of the Latin hexameter, and
with the peculiarities of poetic Latin, before he comes to
the statelier numbers and the loftier diction of Vergil.
And, certainly, in respect to the subjects treated by the
two poets, it seems fitting that those immortal stories
from the Greek and Eoman mythology, which, largely
through Ovid's charming versions, have entered as an
enduring possession into the literature of modern times,
should have an earlier place in a course of Latin study
than Vergil's great national epic, which traces, in finished
heroic verse, the grand fortunes of Rome, its destined

iv PREFACE.

universal dominion, and all that was noblest and best in
its life — political, moral, and religious.

Some selections from the "Amores," the "Fasti,"
and the "Tristia" have been added to those made from
the "Metamorphoses," not only on account of the inter-
esting themes of which they treat, but also for the sake
of giving the student an opportunity of becoming ac-
quainted with Latin elegiac verse, of which, in Latin
poetry, Ovid is the acknowledged master.

If this volume should be found to contain more than
can be conveniently read in an introductory course of
Latin poetry, perhaps the following pieces may be pre-
ferred, from their superior interest, and from the superior
illustrations they present of Ovid's genius and style :
From the "Metamorphoses," The Golden Age, Deucalion
and Pyrrha, Phaethon, Py ramus and Thisbe, Arachne
or the Spider's Web, Latona's Eevenge, The Golden
Fleece, Philemon and Baucis, Atalanta's Eace, Alcyone,
and the Epilogue ; and from the remaining selections,
the three from the "Amores," and especially the three
from the "Tristia."

The text of the selections is that of Merkel (1873),
with an occasional variation, in the "Metamorphoses,"
adopted from Siebelis, or from Haupt. In preparing the
Notes, the editor has been indebted to the edition of
Siebelis, Leipsic, 1873, edited by Dr. Fr. Polle ; of Mo-
ritz Haupt, Berlin, 1876, edited by Dr. Otto Korn ; and
of William Bamsay, 1868, edited by Prof. George G.
Bamsay.

PREFACE. T

The grammatical references (II. or Gr.) are to the
Latin Grammar of Professor Albert Harkness, revised
edition of 1881.

J. L. LINCOLN.

Brown University, Providence, R. I.,
August 22, 1882.

THE LIFE OF OVID.

The poetry of Ovid, like that of his predecessor,
Horace, contains many incidental notices of his own life
and fortunes. One of his elegiac poems, indeed (Tristia,
iv. 10), which is included in this collection, is a brief auto-
biography in verse. We may thus gather from the poet's
works all that is needful for the knowledge of his life.

Publius Ovidius Naso was born on the 20th of
March, in the year 43 b. c. The day he has himself
marked * as the second of the festival of the Quinquatria,
and the year f as the one made memorable by the death
of both the consuls, Hirtius and Pansa. His native place
was Sulmo, now Sulmone, a town among the moist hills
of the Peligni, about ninety miles from Kome. J He be-
longed to a family which for many generations had held
equestrian rank, a fact which the poet has repeatedly
recorded in verse. # His father lived to the advanced age
of ninety ; and Ovid, while mentioning this fact, || as well
as the death of his mother, A and the grief he felt for their
loss, yet counted himself happy that they did not live to
know the calamity which afterward befell himself. Q The
poet had a brother, born just twelve months before him,
but who died at the age of twenty, when he was giving

* Tristia, iv. 10, 14. f Ib- 6- X Ib- 3> 4-

# Amorcs, iii. 15, 5 ; Tristia, iv. 10, 7 and 8; Ex Ponto, iv. 8, 17.
| Tristia, iv. 10, 77 and 78. A Ib. 80. Q Ib. 81 and 82.

viii THE LIFE OF OYID.

promise of rising to distinction in public life.* The
father, who seems to have been a man of practical Koman
character, early brought his sons to Kome, and gave
them the best advantages of education, and especially the
choicest instruction in law and eloquence, that thus they
might, like all Koman youth, be trained to the service of
the state. To these Koman pursuits the elder brother
developed an inborn tendency ; but the younger, marked
in his very nature by the Muse for her own, was even in
his boyish years drawn into her service. Even in his
declamations in the rhetorical schools, which he attended
in compliance with his father's will, he betrayed his poetic
instincts ; and, as we learn from the rhetorician Seneca, f
his prose diction had in it something of the rhythm of
verse. He tells us also himself, in a characteristic pas-
sage, that when, to please his father, he tried to write
prose, "the verse came of its own accord into fitting
numbers." J

Soon after assuming the manly gown, our student-
poet, when about seventeen years ci age, entered upon a
course of foreign travel and study, visiting Sicily, and
then the chief cities of Asia, in the company of his friend,
the poet Macer,# and especially resorting to Athens, ||
and there quickening his genius x and increasing his lit-
erary resources by congenial communion with the master
spirits of Greek literature, and especially of Greek poetry.

On his return to Kome, in his twentieth year, he held
in succession several of those humbler offices A with which

* Tristia, iv. 10, 10 ; ib. 11 and 18 ; ib. 31 and 32.
f Controversiac, ii. 11: Meinini mc videre Nasonem deelamarc. —
Oratio ejus jam turn nihil aliud poterat videri quam solutum carmen.
X Tristia, iv. 10, 25 and 26. # Ex Ponto, ii. 10, 21-30.

I — quas quondam petii studiosus, Athenas. Tristia, i. 2, 11.
A Tristia, iv. 10, 33 ; ib. ii. 93 ; Fasti, iv. 381 ; Tristia, iv. 10, 35-38.

THE LIFE OF OVID. ix

young Romans of his rank were wont to open for them-
selves a career of statesmanship. But he had no taste
for either the labors or the rewards of public life ; it was
distinctly a case of Horace's invito, Minerva, quite con-
trary to the native bent of his mind ; and so, never aspir-
ing to the higher offices which would have entitled him
to senatorial rank, he readily yielded his will to the gentle
persuasions of the Muses,* and gave himself exclusively
to their service as a poet.

He was in just opening manhood, when he began to
read his poetry in public ; so he records it himself in a
passage in the Tristia (iv. 10, 57 and 58) :

Carmina cum primum populo juvenilia legi,
Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit.

He soon won his way into favor as a poet, not only with
the people, but also with all his brother-poets then living
in Eome, to most of whom he became united by ties of
personal as well as of literary companionship. These he
mentions in an interesting passage in that poem f in
which he tells us so much of his life ; some of them, now
unknown except in such passages as this, as Macer, Pon-
ticus, Bassus ; but others of a world-wide fame, as Horace
and Vergil, and especially the three who with himself
make now, as they then made, the quartette of Roman
elegiac poets, Tibullus, Gallus, and Propertius :

Successor fuit hie (Tibullus) tibi, Galle ; Propertius illi ;
Quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui.

As the companion and friend of such literary men as
these, and also of the chief political characters of the
time, and sharing with his brother-poets the favor and

* Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sororcs

Otia, judicio semper amata mco. — Tristia, iv. 10, 39 and 40.
f Tristia, iv. 10, 41-56.

x THE LIFE OF OVID.

patronage of the emperor ; in possession of a comfortable
home near by the Capitol, and a fortune with it, which
made him independent, he developed, amid all these
fortunate circumstances, a genius distinctively poetic in
quality, and also far more productive than that of most
of his contemporaries in Roman poetry. Yet the fruit-
fulness of production and the singular facility which Ovid
had as a writer, seem never to have betrayed him into
careless composition. On the contrary, the style of no
poet in that highly cultivated Roman society, unless it
be that of Horace, shows the traces of a more assiduous
culture, of more patient toil in the exercise of his art,
than that of Ovid in all the various efforts of his Muse.

In respect to the family relations of Ovid, we learn
from himself that he was thrice married : first,* when
very young, to one whom he describes as " neither worthy
nor useful," a union which was a very brief one ; the
second time f to one who was of blameless character, from
whom, however, he was also soon divorced. His third
wife was of the noble Fabian family ; J and with her the
union seems to have been long and happy, their mutual
affection continuing through all the many weary years of
the husband's exile from country and home. The poet
had one daughter, the Perilla to * whom he wrote one of
the most touching of his Tristia (iii. 7) ; she was twice
married, and was the mother of two children.*

Ovid's life flowed on undisturbed in a current of
prosperous fortune till his fifty-first year. Then it was
that, when his genius was mature and was yielding its
best fruits, there fell upon it, as upon his whole life,
a sudden blight, in the order of the emperor, that he

* Tristia, iv. 10, G9 and 70. f lb. 71 and 72.
% lb. IS and 74; Ex Ponto, i. 2, 138; ib. ii. 11, 13.

# Tristia, iv. 10, 75 and 76.

THE LIFE OF OVID. xi

should leave Rome forthwith and for ever, and go into
banishment at Tomi, a colony planted among the Getae,
on the western shore of the Black Sea. This imperial
order was inexorable and ultimate, and had to be in-
stantly obeyed ; and the grief it brought to the poet in
parting from his wife and daughter, and from all his
happy surroundings in the metropolis, is touchingly de-
scribed in one of his most characteristic elegies.* It was
not a formal exile, a Roman exsilium, which was always
a result either of a judicial sentence or of a decree of the
senate ; it was a Roman relegation, which emanated sim-
ply from the emperor's will. Many have been the labored
and curious discussions of ingenious writers touching the
cause of this relegation ; but they have all left it an un-
solved problem. In several passages the poet lays the
blame of his misfortune upon his poetry. For instance,
in the Ex Ponto, iv. 13, 41, he i

Carmiua nil prosunt; nocuerunt carmina quondam:
Primaque tarn miser ae causa fuere fugae.

He refers here to one of his early poems, the "Ars
Amatoria," as having brought upon him, by its immoral
character, the emperor's displeasure ; this he himself
makes clear in the Ex Ponto, ii. 10, 15, where he says :

Naso parum prudens, artem dum tradit amandi,
Doctrinae pretium triste magister haoet;

and he speaks with equal clearness on this head in several
passages f of the second book of the Tristia ; indeed, the
burden of that book is an elaborate defense of that youth-
ful and licentious poem. It were easy to believe that
Augustus, who had sent away into hopeless exile, for
their profligacy, his only daughter Julia, and his daugh-

* Tristia, i. 3. f Tristia, ii. 211, 240, 345.

xii THE LIFE OF OVID.

ter's daughter, the second Julia, would visit a like pun-
ishment upon a poet whose writings might directly min-
ister to such profligacy ; but apart from the fact that this
poem was published ten years before Ovid's banishment,
there are other passages in the poet's writings which
clearly show that there was another and probably the di-
rect and chief cause of the emperor's severe displeasure.
This cause, of which the poet always speaks in a cau-
tiously reticent tone, he yet insists was no crime of his,
but rather a blameless error. Thus, when addressing the
manes of his parents in Tristia, iv. 10, 89 and 90, he says :

Scite, precor, causam — nee vos mihi fallere fas est —
Err or em jussae, non scelus, esse fugae.

In another passage* he couples this cause with the
other, which has just been mentioned :

Perdiderint cum me duo crimina, carmen et error,
Alterius facti culpa silenda mihi.

While, however, he does not venture to reveal what this
error was, lest he should further displease the emperor,

Quem nimio plus est indoluisse semel,t

yet he says distinctly in two passages J that it consisted in
his having been a witness of something, though quite un-
intentionally, and by mere accident, and that thus Ids
having had eyes constituted his only offense. In the first
passage his words are these :

Cur aliquid vidi ? cur noxia lumina feci ?

Cur imprudenti cognita culpa mihi ?
Inscius Actaeon vidit sine veste Dianam :

Praeda fuit canibus non minus ille suis.

* Tristia, ii. 207, 208. t Tristia, ii. 210.

J Tristia, ii. 103-106 ; ib. iii. 5, 49 and 50.

THE LIFE OF OVID. xiii

And in the other, as follows :

Inscia quod crimen viderunt lumina, plector:
Peccatumque oculos est habuisse meum.

What that something was which his eyes unwittingly
saiv, he nowhere reveals ; but in one place* he gives his
readers to understand that it was something of a deadly
bad quality :

Nee breve nee tutum, quo sint mea, dicere, casu
Lumina fanesti conscia facta radii.

What this very evil thing was, it is of course impossible
to determine; but there is an air of probability in the con-
jecture made by several writers, and well put by Professor
William Eamsay, that Ovid " had become accidentally ac-
quainted with some of the intrigues of Julia, the grand-
daughter of the emperor, whose well-known sensibility in
all matters affecting the honor of his family rendered him
unable to tolerate the presence of a man who had been an
eye-witness to the infamy of one of its members." This
view is more friendly to the self-love of Augustus than to
his sense of justice and right ; but if he cared to defend
his decree of the poet's banishment, he could readily de-
fend it by the consideration of the immoral influence of
Ovid's " Ars Amatoria." But whatever were the grounds
on which the poet was punished, it was a punishment
greater than he could bear. Imperial power in its most
ingenious exercise could hardly have devised a more ex-
quisite penalty than to doom to a dreary existence on the
bleak shores of the Euxine, and to companionship with the
rude soldiers of a frontier garrison and with the yet ruder
barbarian natives, a highly cultivated Roman, who had
always lived in the midst of the most polished society of

* Tristia, iii. 6, 27 and 28.

xiv THE LIFE OF ' OVID.

the metropolis of the world, where all was congenial to
his cherished tastes and pursuits, and where he was loved
as a man, and admired and honored as a poet. Yet to
this strange solitude into which he was thrust, his genius
went with him (as he writes in his poem to his daughter),
to be his company and his joy ; * over that, he exclaims,
even Caesar could have no jurisdiction ;

Ingenio tamen ipse mco comitorque fruorque :
Caesar in hoc potuit juris habere nihil.

Poetry was now both his chief occupation and his
exceeding great reward, though his Muse, whom he grate-
fully thanks for the rest and solace she gave him,f now
with his changed fortune wore only the garb of mourn-
ing, and sang in the tones of sad elegy. It is a token of
the kindliness of his nature, and of his intellectual activ-
ity, that he came to love the people of Tomi,J though
he hated the place itself ; and that he mastered the lan-
guage of the Getae, and wrote poetry in it. Siebelis, one
of the German editors of Ovid, notes the curious fact
that Jacob Grimm, who held the Getic and the Gothic
race and tongue to be one and the same, speaks of Ovid,
in his " History of the German Language/' # as the oldest
German poet ! Of one of these Getic poems Ovid makes
mention in his epistle to his friend CarusJ a poem writ-
ten after the death of Augustus, in which he sang the
praises of the deceased emperor. Singularly enough, he
recited this poem to an assembly of the Getae, and by it
stirred to a quite demonstrative admiration the rude na-

* Tristia, iii. 7, 47 and 48.
f Tristia, iv. 10, 115-120.

% Ex Ponto, iv. 14, 23 and 24 : — Tomitae,

Quos ego, cum loca sim vestra perosus, amo.

# Second edition, p. 137. 1 Ex Ponto, iv. 13, 19-38.

THE LIFE OF OVID. xv

tures of his barbarian hearers, so that one of them shouted
from the crowd : "As you can write such things about
Caesar, you ought to have been restored by Caesar's com-
mand." The people of Tomi were not slow to recognize
and requite the poet's friendly spirit and conduct. They
granted him exemption from all taxes or other civic bur-
dens, a favor which Ovid records as done never before to
any one else ; * and yet more, they honored him with a
civic crown, f thus making him, in a sense, their poet-
laureate, a strange distinction for a Koman poet to
achieve, on that far-off Euxine shore, at the hands of a
half -civilized race !

Ovid died at Tomi in the year 18 a. d., in the sixtieth
year of his age, and the tenth of his banishment. In an
elegy J which he addressed to his wife, he had begged
that his ashes might be brought to Eome and there in-
terred, with the following inscription on his tomb :

Hie ego qui jaceo, tenerorum lusor amorum,

Ingenio perii Naso poeta meo.
At tibi, qui transis, ne sit grave, quisquis amasti

Dicere : Nasonis molliter ossa cubeut!

Thus it appears from the tenerorum lusor amorum in
this epitaph — an expression which also occurs in the first
line of the autobiography4* — that Ovid wished to be
knowrn to posterity by his erotic poetry ; and yet it was
this part of his poetic work which probably wrought the
ruin of his fortunes, as it has certainly fixed an indelible
stain upon his fame as a writer. It were not just, how-
ever, in the absence of evidence from contemporary writers,
to infer, from the licentious character of his " Ars Ama-
toria," the licentious character of the poet. It is fair,

* Ex Ponto, iv. 14, 51-54. f Tb- 55 and 56-

% Tristia, iii. 3, 73-76. * Trisiia, iv. 10, 1.

xvi THE LIFE OF OVID.

too, to put into the case his own testimony, that he was
himself better than his poetry :

Crede mihi, distant mores a Carmine nostro.
Yita verecunda est, Musa jocosa mea ; *

that no talk of the totvn had ever made any strictures
upon Ms name :

Strinxerit tit nomen fdbula nulla meum ; t

and that his diameter would be found, upon inquiry,
to be free from blemish :

Sive velis, qui sint, mores inquirere nostros, —
Errorem misero detrahe — lade carent.%

But we have to bear in mind that, in putting forth this
claim of unblemished morals, the poet is judging himself,
as the people of his time would judge him, by the low
moral standard which then prevailed in Eoman society.
He may have been, in his personal life, no worse than
most men of his rank and position in Eome; he may have
been free from the dominant vices of a dissolute age ; but
it is an abiding reproach to his fame that, richly gifted
and cultivated as he was, and possessed of such a faculty
of graceful and finished poetic expression, he allowed him-
self, like other men of genius in ; modern as well as in
ancient times, to minister by his writings to the low and
vicious tastes of his age, when he might have elevated
and purified them. But let us not forget that, when he
was in his best years, he bade farewell to love-poems ; and
that his other works, more numerous and of larger com-
pass, and nowise inferior in poetic and literary merit, are
not obnoxious to moral censure. We have his "Meta-
morphoses," that marvelous wonder-book of Roman let-

* Tristia, ii. 353 and 354. \ Tristia, ii. 350.

% Ex Ponto, iv. 8, 19 and 20.

THE LIFE OF OVID. xvii

ters, in which the old myths of Greek and Italic fable
were made young again by the creative touch of Ovid's
imagination, and enriched by his literary genius with a
new and precious wealth of poetical adornment ; his
"Fasti/' in which his patriotic spirit brought his Muse
into the service of the religion of his country ; and his
"Tristia," and the "Epistolae ex Ponto," which, though
seldom varying from the monotone of sad complaint over
his sufferings in exile, yet reveal fine sensibilities of na-
ture, and especially a tenderness of pathos, which the
writer's gay Eoman life had never made known. It is
such merits as these that won for Ovid as a poet the
admiring recognition of his own countrymen, and have
made him ever since one of the favorite and most read of
the ancient classic writers ; so that his own prediction of
his fame has been fulfilled :

— in toto plurimus orbe logor.*

To this sketch of our poet's life, I add here a com-
plete list of

THE WORKS OF OVID.

I. Amores, published probably in the year 9 b. c. This work
consists of forty-nine poems in elegiac verse, originally arranged
in five books, and afterwards reduced to three, as we learn from
the Prologue to the work :

Qui modo Kasonis fueramus quinque libelli,
Tres sumus. Hoc illi praetulit auctor opus.

II. Heroides, a collection of twenty-one letters, also in elegiac
verse, purporting to have been written by famous heroines of
classic mythology to their absent husbands. Published 4 n. c.

III. Ars Amatoria, a poem in three books, in the same kind
of verse as the two preceding works. The date of the poem is 2
b. o. This was followed in the year 2 b. o. by —

* Tristia, iv. 10, 128.

xviii THE LIFE OF OVID.

IV. Remedia Amoeis, a poem, consisting of eight hundred and
fourteen elegiac verses.

V. Metamorphoses, in fifteen books, in dactylic hexameters,
forming a collection of those fables of the ancient mythology
which involved, as the title indicates, transformations, or changes
of form. The poet was occupied with this work during the seven
years following the publication of his " Remedia Amoris " ; and, as
we learn from himself,* he had not completed it when he was
ordered into exile. In his despair, on receiving this order, he
burned f his manuscript of the poem, as well as of some other com-
positions. But, fortunately, other copies of the u Metamorphoses "
had been circulated among his friends, and so the destruction of
the work wTas prevented.

VI. Fasti, in six books of elegiac verse, containing an exposi-
tion of the holy days in the Roman calendar, with the rites and
ceremonies of the Roman religion pertaining to their observance.
The plan of the work was to take up the holy days in succession
by months, and to have a book devoted to each month. It was
carried out, however, only to the end of June. This work also
was unfinished at the time of the poet's banishment, as we learn
from Tristia, ii. 549-552.

VII., VIII. These are the Teistia, in five books, and the Epis-
tolae ex Ponto, in four books — all in elegiac verse. They are here
classed together, because they are the chief wrorks belonging, in
their composition and publication, to the period of the poet's exile,
and are devoted to themes which all have to do with that event.

IX. Ibis. An elegiac poem in six hundred and forty-six lines,
consisting of reproaches against some enemy of the poet, whose
name, however, does not appear. It was written immediately
after the banishment.

X. Halieutioa, a fragment of one hundred and thirty-two
lines, in hexameters, of a " Natural History of Fishes."

XI. Medicamixa Faciei, a fragment, in elegiac verse, of a
poem on " Cosmetics." Only one hundred lines are extant.

Ovid also wrote a tragedy called "Medea," which is men-
tioned by Quintilian in terms of praise; but this is not extant.

* Tristia, i. 7, 13 and 14. f Ib- 15 and 16-

VERSIFICATION.

For a general view of the subject of Latin versification, the stu-
dent is referred to Harkness's Latin Grammar, articles 596-608.

Ovid uses in his poetry two kinds of verse, the dactylic hex-
ameter, and elegiac, verse.

I. TnE Dactylic Hexameter Verse.

In this verse the " Metamorphoses " are composed. A full
account of it is given in the Grammar, 609-613. To that account,
which contains all that is necessary for the metrical reading of
the ''Metamorphoses," I subjoin, from Siebelis,* some curious
details touching the technics of Ovid's versification.

1. Words having a dactylic ending suffer elision t when the
dactyl occurs in the second and third places in the verse. An
apparent exception exists in the word nescio ; but this always is
used by Ovid with quis (nescio quis), and the two words are treated
as a single word.

(1.) Dactyls occur in the second place twelve times, and in the
third only five times.

(2.) The following is a view of the number of times in which
in the other places the dactyls are elided, and of the number of
times in which they occur as pure dactyls :

a. Elided:

First foot. Fourth foot. Fifth foot.

68 6 57

b. Pure :

First foot. Fourth foot. Fifth foot.

2,535 1,288 5,435

* " Worterb. zu Ovid's Metamorphoscn," von Dr. Johannes Siebelis.
3te Aufl., besorgt von Dr. Fr. Polle. Leipzig, 18*79. f See Gr. 608, L

xx VERSIFICATION.

2. From Ovid's aversion to the ecthlipsis,* or elision of a final
m with the preceding vowel, he does not use words having a dac-
tylic ending in m. A single exception to this remark, however,
occurs in Metain. vi. 524 — virgin6"1 et unam.

As this course on the part of the poet leads him to exclude
many words, he resorts to various devices by which to make good
such losses :

(1.) In the case of substantives like terminus, only nus and ne
are used, and the ace. sing, is not used at all. Here the resort is
to synonymes. For instance, f ilium is supplied by such words
as ndtum, satum, prolem, and the like.

(2.) For the neuter substantives in um — as Paldtium, vocdbu-
lum — the plural is used — as Paldtia, tocabula — or the vowel is
treated as a consonant ; e. g., i as j — as Antjum.

(3.) In such words as insula, only this form is used ; hence
such an unusual expression as insula (Marsya) nomen liabet.

(4.) In adjectives like horridus, only dus, de9 and da are em-
ployed ; hence occur such expressions as lactea nomen Tidbet, and
cui fecimus aurea nomen.

(5.) In such words as spiritus, this form only is used. Impete
also occurs instead of impetu.

(6.) The genitive plural of participles in ns is used without
the */ as dicentum; so also agrestum, and the like.

3. Of the words abominor, auguror, comprecor, suspicor, glo-
rior, gratulor, pigneror, only the forms in or and er are employed.

4. Verse-endings.

The "Metamorphoses" contain 11,959 verses. The words
that end the lines occur, as to metrical form, as follows :

^ 65 times.
- ^ 7,062 "
^ _ w 4^88 «

v^ Y "

^ 21 "

_ w w _ ^ 2 "

11,959 "
* See Gr. 608, 1., Note 4.

VERSIFICATION. xxi

II. The Elegiac Veese.

This verse Ovid employs in the u Amores," the "Fasti," and
the " Tristia." It is called the elegiac distich, and consists of the
hexameter, as ahove, and the pentameter (see Gr. 614), so that
a poem composed in elegiac verse consists of alternate hexameters
and pentameters.

Ovid shares with Vergil the palm of excellence in the compo-
sition of Latin hexameters; and in the composition of elegiac
verse he holds the highest rank among Latin poets.

INDEX OF SELECTIONS.

I. METAMORPHOSES.

1. The Creation. I. 1-88 .

2. The Four Ages of the World. I. 89-150

3. The Flood. I. 244-312

4. Deucalion and Pyrrha. I. 313-415

5. Python. I. 434-451

6. Daphne. I. 452-567

7. Phaethon. I. 748-779. II. 1-339

8. The Heliades. II. 340-366

9. Cycnus — Grief of Phoebus. II. 367-400

10. The House of Envy. II. 760-796

11. Cadmus and the Dragon's Teeth. III. 14-137

12. Pyramus and Thisbe. IV. 55-166

13. Cadmus and Hermione. IV. 563-603 .

14. Andromeda's Release. IV. 663-752

15. Proserpine. V. 338-571

16. Arachne, or the Spider's Web. VI. 1-145

17. Niobe, or Latona's Revenge. VI. 146-312

18. The Lycians ; and Marsyas. VI. 313-400

19. The Golden Fleece. VII. 1-158

20. The Death of Icarus. VIII. 183-259

21. Philemon and Baucis. VIII. 616-724

22. The Wooing of Deianira. IX. 1-97

23. The Death of Hercules. IX. 134-272

24. Orpheus and Eurydice. X. 1-77 .

25. Hyacinthus. X. 162-219

26. Atalanta's Race. X. 560-680

27. The Death of Orpheus. XI. 1-84

PAGE

. 1

4

12
12
16
28
29
30
32
3G
39
41
44
52
56
62
65
70
73
76
79
84
87
89
93

xxiv INDEX OF SELECTIONS.

PAGE

28. Midas; or, the King of the Golden Touch. XI. 85-193 . 96

29. Ceyx and Alcyone. XI. 410-748 . . . 99

30. The House of Fame. XII. 39-63 . . . .110

31. Acis, Galatea, and the Cyclops. XIII. 750-897 . Ill

32. The Epilogue. XV. 871-879 . . . . .116

II. AMORES.

1. The Poet's Defense. I. 15 . . . . .117

2. The Death of Tibullus. III. 9 . . . . 118

3. Farewell to Love -Songs. III. 15 . . .121

III. FASTI.

1. Romulus and Remus. II. 383-422 . . . .122

2. The Deification of Romulus. II. 475-512 . . 123

3. Lucretia. II. 710-758 . . . .125

4. The Building of Rome. IV. 809-862 . . . 126

IV. TRISTIA. '

1. The Poet's Departure from Rome. I. 3 . . .129

2. To his Daughter Perilla. III. 7 ... 132

3. The Poet's Life. IV. 10 134

METAMORPHOSES.

1. The Creation.

I. 1-88.

The Proem, 1-4. Chaos, 5-20. The Elements, and living
things in them, 21-75. Man, 76-88.

In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas
Corpora. Di, coeptis — nam vos mutastis et illas —
Aspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi
Ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen.

Ante mare et terras et, quod tegit omnia, caelum, 5
Unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe,
Quern dixere Chaos ; rudis indigestaque moles,
Nee quicquam nisi pondus iners, congestaque eodem
Non bene junctarum discordia semina rerum.
Nullus adhuc mundo praebebat lumina Titan, 10

Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe,
Nee circumfuso pendebat in aere tellus
Ponderibus librata suis, nee bracchia longo
Margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite.
Utque erat et tellus illic et pontus et aer, 15

Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda,
Lucis egens aer : nulli sua forma manebat,

2 METAMORPHOSES, I. 1-88.

Obstabatque aliis aliud, quia corpore in uno

Frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis,

Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus. 20

Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit ;
Nam caelo terras et terris abscidit undas
Et liquidum spisso secrevit ab aere caelum.
Quae postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo,
Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit. 25

Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere caeli
Emicuit summaque locum sibi fecit in arce.
Proximus est aer illi levitate locoque ;
Densior his tellus, elementaque grandia traxit
Et pressa est* gravitate sua : circumfluus umor 30

Ultima possedit solidumque coercuit orbem.

Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis f uit ille deorum,
Congeriem secuit sectamque in membra redegit,
Principio terram, ne non aequalis ab omni
Parte foret, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis. 35

Turn freta diffundi rapidisque tumescere ventis
Jussit et ambitae circumdare litora terrae.
Addidit et f ontes et stagna immensa lacusque,
Fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis,
Quae, diversa locis, partim sorbentur ab ipsa, 40

In mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta
Liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsant.
Jussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles,
Fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes.
Utque duae dextra caelum totidemque sinistra 45

Parte secant zonae, quinta est ardentior illis ;
Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem
Cura dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur.
Quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu ;

1. THE CREATION. 3

Nix tegit alta duas : totidem inter utramque locavit, 50
Temperiemque dedit mixta cum frigore flamma.

Imminet his aer ; qui, quanto est pondere terrae
Pondus aquae levius, tanto est onerosior igni.
Illic et nebulas, illic consistere nubes
Jussit, et humanas motura tonitrua mentes 55

Et cum fulminibus facientes frigora ventos.
His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum
Aera permisit : vix nunc obsistitur illis,
Cum sua quisque regant diverso flamina traetu,
Quin lanient mundum ; tanta est discordia fratrum. GO
Eurus ad auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit
Persidaque et radiis juga subdita matutinis.
Yesper et occiduo quae litora sole tepescunt,
Proxima sunt zephyro : Scythiam septemque trionem
Horrifer invasit boreas : contraria tellus 65

Nubibus assiduis pluvioque madescit ab austro.
Haec super imposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem
Aethera nee quicquam terrenae faecis habentem.

Yix ita limitibus dissaepserat omnia certis,
Cum, quae pressa diu massa latuere sub ilia, 70

Sidera coeperunt toto effervescere caelo.
Neu regio foret ulla suis animantibus orba,
Astra tenent caeleste solum formaeque deorum,
Cesserunt nitidis liabitandae piscibus undae,
Terra feras cepit, volucres agitabilis aer. 75

Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae
Deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in cetera posset.
Xatus homo est : sive hunc divino semine fecit
Ille opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo,
Sive recens tellus seductaque nuper ab alto 80

Aethere cognati retinebat semina caeli ;

4: METAMORPHOSES, I. 89-150.

Quam satus Iapeto, mixtam fluvialibus undis,

Finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum.

Pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terrain,

Os homini sublime dedit, caelumque videre 85

Jussit et erectos ad sidera tollere vultus.

Sic, modo quae fuerat rudis et sine imagine, tellus

Induit ignotas liominum con versa figuras.

2. The Foue Ages.

I. 89-150.

Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo,
Sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat. 90

Poena metusque aberant, nee verba minacia fixo
Aere legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat
Judicis ora sui, sed erant sine judice tuti.
Nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem,
Montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas, 95

Nullaque mortal es praeter sua litora norant.
Nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae ;
Non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi,
Non galeae, non ensis erant : sine militis usu
Mollia securae peragebant otia gentes. 100

Ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta nee ullis
Saucia vomeribus per se dabat omnia tellus ;
Contentique cibis nullo cogente creatis
Arbuteos fetus montanaque fraga legebant,
Cornaque et in duris haerentia mora rubetis, 105

Et quae deciderant patula Jo vis arbore glandes.
Yer erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris
Mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores.
Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat,

2. THE FOUR AGES. 5

Nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis : 110

Flumina jam lactis, jam flumina nectaris ibant,
Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella.

Postquam Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso
Sub Jove mundus erat, subiit argentea proles,
Auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior aere. 115

Juppiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris,
Perque hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos
Et breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum.
Turn primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus
Canduit, et ventis glacies astricta pependit. 120

Turn primum subiere domus. Domus antra fuerunt
Et densi frutices et vinctae cortice virgae.
Semina turn primum longis Cerealia suleis
Obruta sunt, pressique jugo gemuere juvenci.

Tertia post illam successit aenea proles, 125

Saevior ingeniis et ad horrida promptior arma,
Non scelerata tamen. De duro est ultima ferro.
Protinus irrupit venae pejoris in aevum
Omne nefas : fugere pudor verumque fidesque ;
In quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique 130

Insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi.
Vela dabant ventis, nee adhue bene noverat illos
Navita ; quaeque diu steterant in montibus altis,
Fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae.
Communemque prius ceu lumina solis et auras 135

Cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor.
INec tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives
Poscebatur humus, sed itum est in viscera terrae,
Quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris,
Effodiuntur opes, irritamenta malorum. 140

Jamque nocens f errum f erroque nocentius aurum

§ METAMORPHOSES, I. 244-312.

Prodierat : prodit bellum, quod pugnat utroque,

Sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma.

Yivitur ex rapto ; non hospes ab hospite tutus,

Non socer a genero ; f ratrum quoque gratia rara est ;

Imminet exitio vir conjugis, ilia mariti ;

Lurid a terribiles miscent aconita novercae ;

Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos.

Victa jacet pietas, et Yirgo caede madentes,

Ultima caelestum, terras Astraea reliquit. 150

3. The Flood.

I. 244-312.

Dicta Jo vis pars voce probant stimulosque frementi
Adiciunt, alii partes assensibus implent. 245

Est tarn en humani generis jactura dolori
Omnibus, et, quae sit terrae mortalibus orbae
Forma futura, rogant : quis sit laturus in aras
Tura, ferisne paret populandas tradere terras.
Talia quaerentes, sibi eriim fore cetera curae, 250

Rex superum trepidare vetat, subolemque priori
Dissimilem populo promittit origine mira.

Jamque erat in totas sparsurus fulmina terras :
Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether
Conciperet flammas, longusque ardesceret axis. 255

Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, adf ore tempus,
Quo mare, quo tellus correptaque regia caeli
Ardeat et mundi moles operosa laboret.
Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum.
Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis 260

Perdere et ex omni nimbos demittere caelo.

Protinus Aeoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris

3. THE FLOOD. 7

Et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes,
Emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis,
Terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum : 265

Barba gravis nimbis, canis fluit unda capillis,
Fronte sedent nebulae, rorant pennaeque sinusque.
Utque mami late pendentia nubila pressit,
Fit fragor, inclusi f unduntur ab aethere nimbi.
Nuntia Junonis, varios induta colores, 270

Concipit Iris aquas, alimentaque nubibus adfert.
Sternuntur segetes, et deplorata coloni
Vota jacent, longique perit labor irritus anni.

Nee caelo contenta suo est Jovis ira, sed ilium
Caeruleus frater juvat anxiliaribus nndis. 275

Convocat hie Amnes. Qui postquam tecta tyranni
Intravere sui, "Non est hortamine longo
Nunc" ait "utendum. Yires effundite vestras,
Sic opus est. Aperite domos, ac mole remota
Fluminibus vestris totas immittite habenas." 280

Jusserat. Hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant,
Et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu.
Ipse tridente suo terram percussit ; at ilia
Intremuit motuqne vias patefecit aquarum.
Exspatiata niunt per apertos flumina campos, 285

Cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque
Tectaque, enmque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris.
Siqua domus mansit potuitque resistere tanto
Indejecta malo, culmen tamen altior hujus
Unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres. 290

Jamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant :
Omnia pontus erant. Deerant quoque litora ponto.
Occupat hie collem : cumba sedet alter adunca
Et ducit remos illic ubi nuper ararat ;

8 METAMORPHOSES, I. 313-415.

Ille super segetes aut mersae culmina villae 295

Navigat, hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo ;
Figitur in viridi, si f ors tulit, ancora prato,
Aut subjecta terunt curvae vineta carinae.
Et, modo qua graciles gramen carpsere capellae,
Nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora pliocae. 300

Mirantur sub aqua lucos urbesque domosque
Nereides, silvasque tenent delphines, et altis
Incursant ramis, agitataque robora pulsant.
Nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones,
Unda vehit tigres, nee vires fulminis apro, 305

Crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo.
Quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere detur,
In mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis.
Obruerat tumulos immensa Jicentia ponti,
Pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus. 310

Maxima pars unda rapitur : quibus unda pepercit,
Illos longa domant inopi jejunia victu.

4. Deucalion and Pykriia.

I. 313-415.

Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis,
Terra ferax, dum terra fuit : sed tempore in illo
Pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum. 315
Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus,
Nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes.
Hie ubi Deucalion, nam cetera texerat aequor,
Cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit,
Corycidas nymphas et numina montis adorant, 320

Fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat.

4. DEUCALION AND PYRRIIA. 9

Non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi
Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum.

Juppiter lit liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem,
Et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum, 325
Et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam,
Innocuos ambos, cultores nu minis ambos,
Nubila disjecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis
Et caelo terras ostendit et aethera terris.
Nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspid e telo 330

Mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum
Exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum
Caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti
Inspirare jubet, fluctusque et flumina signo
Jam revocare dato. Cava bucina sumitur illi 335

Tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo,
Bucina, quae, medio concepit ubi aera ponto,
Litora voce replet sub utroque jacentia Phoebo.
Tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba
Contigit, et cecinit jussos inflata receptus, 340

Omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis,
Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes.
Flumina subsidunt, collesque exire videntur :
Jam mare litus habet, plenos capit alveus amnes,
Surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis. 345
Postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae
Ostendunt, limumque tenent in fronde relictum.

Redditus orbis erat. Quern postquam vidit inanem
Et desolatas agere alta silentia terras,
Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham adfatur obortis : 350
" O soror, o conjunx, o femina sola superstes,
Quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo,
Deinde torus junxit, nunc ipsa pericula jungunt :

10 METAMORPHOSES, I. 313-415.

Terrarum, quascumque violent occasus et ortus,
Nos duo turba sumus : possedit cetera pontus. 355

Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae
Certa satis ; terrent etiamimnc nubila mentem.
Quid tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses,
Nunc animi, miseranda, foret ? quo sola timorem
Ferre modo posses ? quo consolante doleres ? 360

Namque ego, crede milii, si te quoque pontus haberet,
Te sequerer, conjunx, et me quoque pontus haberet.
O utinam possem populos reparare paternis
Artibus atque animas formatae infundere terrae !
Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus ; 365

Sic visum est superis : hominumque exempla maneraus."

Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit caeleste precari
Numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes.
Nulla mora est, adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas,
TJt nondum liquidas, sic jam vada nota secantes. 370
Inde ubi libatos irroravere liquores
Vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae
Ad delubra deae, quorum f astigia turpi
Pallebant musco stabantque sine ignibus arae.
Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque 375

Pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo.
Atque ita " Si precibus " dixerunt " numina justis
Victa remollescunt, si flectitur ira deorum,
Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri
Arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus." 380

Mota dea est sortemque dedit : u Discedite templo,
Et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes,
Ossaque post tergum magnae jactate parentis."

Obstipuere diu, rumpitque silentia voce
Pyrrha prior, jussisque deae parere recusat, 385

4. DEUCALION AND PYRRHA. H

Detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque

Laedere jactatis maternas ossibus umbras.

Interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris

Verba datae sortis secum, inter seque volutant :

Inde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis 390

Mulcet et " Ant f allax " ait u est sollertia nobis.

Ant pia snnt nullnmque nefas oracula suadent.

Magna parens terra est : lapides in corpore terrae

Ossa reor dici : jacere hos post terga jubemur."

Conjngis angurio qnamqnam Titania mota est, 395

Spes tamen in dubio est : adeo caelestibus ambo

Diffidunt monitis. Sed quid temptare nocebit ?

Descendunt velantque caput tunicasque recingunt

Et jussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt.

Saxa — quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ? — 400

Ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem,

Mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam.

Mox ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis

Contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri

Forma potest hominis, sed uti de marmore coepto, 405

ISTon exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis.

Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars umida suco

Et terrena fuit, versa est in corporis usum :

Quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa ;

Quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit : 410

Inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa

Missa viri manibus faciem traxere virorum,

Et de femineo reparata est femina jactu.

Inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum,

Et documenta damus, qua simus origine nati. 415

12 METAMORPHOSES, I. 434-451. 452-567.

5. Python.

I. 434-451.

Ergo ubi diluvio tellus lutulenta recenti

Solibus aetheriis almoque recanduit aestu, 435

Edidit innumeras species, partimque figuras

Rettulit antiquas, partim nova monstra creavit.

Ilia quidem nollet, sed te quoque, maxime Python,

Turn genuit, populisque novis, incognite serpens,

Terror eras ; tantum spatii de monte tenebas. 440

Hunc deus arcitenens, et nunquam talibus armis

Ante nisi in dammis capreisqne f ugacibus usus,

Mille gravem telis, exhausta paene pliaretra,

Perdidit effuso per vnlnera nigra veneno.

Neve operis famam possit delere vetustas, 445

Instituit sacros eelebri certamine ludos,

Pythia perdomitae serpentis nomine dictos.

His juvenum quicumque manu pedibusve rotave

Vicerat, aesculeae capiebat frondis lionorem.

Nondum laurns erat, longoque decentia crine 450

Tempora cingebat de qualibet arbore Phoebus.

6. Daphne.

I. 452-567.

Daphne, the daughter of the river-god Peneus, having rejected
Apollo's love, is changed by him into a bay-tree.

Primus amor Phoebi Daphne Peneia, quern non
Fors ignara dedit, sed saeva Cupidinis ira.
Delius hunc nuper, victo serpente superbus,
Viderat adducto flectentem cornua nervo, 455

6. DAPHNE. 13

"Quid" que "tibi, lascive puer, cum fortibus armis?"

Dixerat ; " ista decent umeros gestamina nostros,

Qui dare certa ferae, dare vulnera possumus hosti,

Qui modo pestifero tot jugera ventre prementem

Stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis. 460

Tu face nescio quos esto contentus amores

Indagare tua, nee laudes assere nostras."

Filius huic Veneris " Figat tuus omnia, Phoebe,

Te meus arcus ; " ait " quantoque animalia cedunt

Cuncta deo, tanto minor est tua gloria nostra." 465

Dixit, et eliso percussis aere pennis

Impiger umbrosa Parnasi constitit arce

Eque sagittifera prompsit duo tela pharetra

Diversorum operum ; fugat hoc, facit illud amorem.

Quod facit, auratum est et cuspide f ulget acuta : 470

Quod fugat, obtusum est et habet sub harundine plumbum.

Hoc deus in nympha Peneide fixit ; at illo

Laesit Apollineas trajecta per ossa medullas.

Protinus alter amat ; fugit altera no men amantis,

Sil varum tenebris capti varum que ferarum 475

Exuviis gaudens innuptaeque aemula Phoebes.

Vitta coercebat positos sine lege capillos.

Multi illam petiere, ilia aversata petentes

Impatiens expersque viri nemorum avia lustrat,

Nee quid Hymen, quid Amor, quid sint conubia, curat.

Saepe pater dixit " Generum mihi, filia, debes."

Saepe pater dixit " Debes mihi, nata, nepotes."

Ilia, velut crimen taedas exosa jugales

Pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore,

Inque patris blandis haerens cervice lacertis 485

" Da mihi perpetua, genitor carissime," dixit

" Virginitate frui : dedit hoc pater ante Dianae."

14: METAMORPHOSES, I. 452-567.

Hie quidem obsequitur, sed te decor iste quod optas

Esse vetat, votoque tuo tua forma repugnat.

Phoebus amat, visaeque cupit conubia Daphnes, 490

Quodque cupit, sperat ; suaque ilium oracula fallunt.

Utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis,

Ut f acibus saepes ardent, quas forte viator

Vel nimis admovit, vel jam sub luce reliquit,

Sic deus in flam mas abiit, sic pectore toto 495

Uritur et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem.

Spectat inornatos collo pendere capillos,

Et " Quid, si comantur ? " ait. Videt igne micantes

Sideribus similes oculos, videt oscula, quae non

Est vidisse satis ; laudat digitosque manusque 500

Bracchiaque et nudos media plus parte lacertos :

Siqua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura

Ilia levi, neque ad haec revocantis verba resistit :

" Nympha, precor, Penei, mane ! non insequor hostis :

Nympha, mane ! sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem, 505

Sic aquilam penna fugiunt trepidante columbae,

Hostes quaeque suos ; amor est mihi causa sequendi.

Me miserum ! ne prona cadas, indignave laedi

Crura notent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris.

Aspera, qua properas, loca sunt ; moderatius, oro, 510

Curre, fugamque inhibe ; moderatius insequar ipse.

Cui placeas, inquire tamen ; non incola montis,

Non ego sum pastor, non hie armenta gregesque

Horridus observo. Nescis, temeraria, nescis,

Quern fugias, ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus 515

Et Claros et Tenedos Patareaque regia servit.

Juppiter est genitor : per me quod eritque fuitque

Estque, patet : per me concordant carmina nervis.

Certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta

6. DAPHNE. 15

Certior, in vacuo quae vulnera pectore fecit. 520

Inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem

Dicor, et herbarum subjecta potentia nobis.

Ei mihi, quod nullis amor est sanabilis herbis,

Kec prosunt domino, quae prosunt omnibus, artes ! "

Plura locuturum timido Peneia cursu 525

Fugit cum que ipso verba imperfecta reliquit,

Turn quoque visa decens. Nudabant corpora venti,

Obviaque adversas vibrabant flamina vestes,

Et levis impulsos retro dabat aura capillos ;

Auctaque forma fuga est. Sed enim non sustinet ultra

Perdere blanditias juvenis deus, utque movebat

Ipse amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu.

Ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo

Vidit, et hie praedam pedibus petit, ille salutem ;

Alter inhaesuro similis jam jamque tenere 535

Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro :

Alter in ambiguo est, an sit comprensus, et ipsis

Morsibus eripitur tangentiaque ora relinquit :

Sic deus et virgo, est hie spe celer, ilia timore.

Qui tamen insequitur, pennis adjutus am oris 540

Ocior est requiemque negat tergoque f ugacis

Imminet et crinem sj)arsum cervicibus adflat.

Yiribus absumptis expalluit ilia, citaeque

Victa labore fugae, spectans Peneidas undas, 544

" Per, pater," inquit " opem, si flumina numen habetis !

Qua nimium placui, mutando perde figuram ! " 547

Vix prece Anita, torpor gravis occupat artus,

Mollia cinguntur tenui praecordia libro,

In frondem crines, in ramos braccliia crescunt : 550

Pes, modo tarn velox, pigris radicibus haeret,

Ora cacumen obit. Pemanet nitor unus in ilia.

16 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

Hanc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque in stipite dextra
Sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus,
Complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis 555

Oscula dat ligno : refugit tamen oscula lignum.
Cui deus " at quoniam conjunx mea non potes esse,
Arbor eris certe " dixit " mea. Semper habebunt
Te coma, te citharae, te nostrae, laure, pharetrae.
Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cum laeta Triumphum 560
Vox canet et visent longas Capitolia pompas.
Postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos
Ante fores stabis, mediamque tuebere quercum.
Utque meum intonsis caput est juvenale capillis,
Tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores." 565
Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis
Adnuit, utque caput visa est agitasse cacumen.

7. Phaethon.

I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

" When drove, so poets sing, the Sun-born youth,
Devious through Heaven's affrighted signs his sire's
Ill-granted chariot." — Milman's u Samor."

Huic Epaphus magni genitus de semine tandem
Creditur esse Jovis, perque urbes juncta parenti
Templa tenet. Fuit huic animis aequalis et annis 750
Sole satus Phaethon. Quern quondam magna loquentem
Nee sibi cedentem Phoeboque parente superbum
Non tulit Inachides, " matri " que ait u omnia demens
Credis, et es tumidus genitoris imagine falsi."
Erubuit Phaethon, iramque pudore repressit, 755

Et tulit ad Clymenen Epaphi convicia matrem :
"Quoque magis doleas, genetrix," ait "ille ego liber,

7. PHAETHON. 17

I lie ferox tacui. Pudet haec opprobria nobis

Et dici potuisse et non potuisse refelli.

At tu, si modo sum caelesti stirpe creatus, 760

Ede notam tanti generis, meque assere caelo."

Dixit et implicuit materno bracchia collo,

Perque suum Meropisque caput taedasque sororum,

Traderet, oravit, veri sibi signa parentis.

Ambiguum, Clymene, precibus Phaethontis, an ira 765
Mota magis dicti sibi criminis, utraque caelo
Bracchia porrexit, spectansque ad lumina solis
" Per jubar hoc " inquit " radiis insigne coruscis,
Nate, tibi juro, quod nos auditque videtque,
Hoc te, quern spectas, hoc te, qui temperat orbern, 770
Sole satum. Si ficta loquor, neget ipse videndum
Se mihi, sitque oculis lux ista novissima nostris.
Nee longus patrios labor est tibi nosse penates.
Unde oritur, domus est terrae contermina nostrae.
Si modo fert animus, gradere, et scitabere ab ipso." 775

Emicat extemplo laetus post talia matris
Dicta suae Phaethon et concipit aethera mente,
Aethiopasque suos positosque sub ignibus Indos
Sidereis transit patriosque adit impiger ortus.

Eegia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis,
Clara micante auro flammasque imitante pjropo ;
Cujus ebur nitidum fastigia summa tegebat,
Argenti bifores radiabant lumine valvae.
Materiam superabat opus. Nam Mulciber illic
Aequora caelarat medias cingentia terras
Terrarumque orbem caelumque, quod imminet orbi.
Caeruleos habet unda deos, Tritona canorum,

18 METAMOEPIIOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

Proteaque ambiguum, ballaenarumque preraentem
Aegaeona suis immania terga lacertis, 10

Doridaque et natas, quarum pars nare videtur,
Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos,
Pisce vehi quaedam ; f acies non omnibus una,
Nee di versa tamen ; qualem decet esse sororum.
Terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque ferasque 15

Fluminaque et nymphas et cetera numina ruris.
Haec super imposita est caeli fulgentis imago,
Signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinistris.

Quo simul acclivo Clymenei'a limite proles
Venit et intravit dubitati tecta parentis, 20

Protinus ad patrios sua f ert vestigia vultus
Consistitque procul : neque enim propiora f erebat
Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat
In solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis.
A dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus 25

Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Iiorae
Yerque novum stabat cinctum florente corona,
Stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat,
Stabat et Autumnus, calcatis sordidus uvis,
Et glacialis Hiems, canos hirsuta capillos. 30

Inde loco medius rerum novitate paventem
Sol oculis juvenem, quibus aspicit omnia, vidit,
" Quae " que " viae tibi causa ? quid hac " ait " arce petisti,
Progenies, Phaethon, baud infitianda parenti?"

Hie refert : " o lux immensi publica mundi, 35

Phoebe pater, si das hujus mihi nominis usum,
Nee falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat,
Pignora da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago
Credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris."

Dixerat. At genitor circum caput omne micantes 40

7. PHAETIION. 19

Deposuit radios, propiusque accedere jussit,
Amplexuque dato, " nee tu meus esse negari
Dignus es, et Clymene veros " ait " edidit ortus.
Quoque minus dubites, quod vis pete munus, ut illud
Me tribuente feras. Promissi testis adesto 45

Dis juranda palus, oculis incognita nostris."

Yix bene desierat, currus rogat ille paternos
Inque diem alipedum jus et moderamen equorum.

Paenituit jurasse patrem. Qui terque quaterque
Concutiens illustre caput, " temeraria n dixit 50

" Vox mea facta tua est. Utinam promissa liceret
Non dare ! confitcor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem.
Dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas.
Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis
Munera conveniant nee tarn puerilibus annis. 55

Sors tua mortalis. Non est mortale, quod optas.
Plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere fas est,
Nescius adfectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit,
JSTon tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe
Me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi, 60
Qui fera terribili jaculatur fulmina dextra,
Non agat lios currus. Et quid Jove majus habemus ?
Ardua prima via est et qua vix mane recentes
Enitantur equi. Medio est altissima caelo,
Unde mare et terras ipsi mihi saepe videre 65

Fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus.
Ultima prona via est, et eget moderamine certo :
Tunc etiam, quae me subjectis excipit undis,
Ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri.
Adde quod assidua rapitur vertigine caelum, 70

Sideraque alta trahit, celerique volumine torquet.
Nitor in adversum, nee me qui cetera, vincit

2Q METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. IT. 1-339.

Impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi.

Finge datos currus : quid ages ? poterisne rotatis

Obvius ire polis, ne te citus auf erat axis ? 75

Forsitan et lucos illic urbesque deorum

Concipias animo, delubraque ditia donis

Esse ? per insidias iter est f ormasque f erarum.

Utque viain teneas, nulloque errore traharis,

Per tamen adversi gradieris cornua Tauri, 80

Haemoniosque arcus violentique ora Leonis,

Saevaque circuitu curvantem bracchia longo

Scorpion, atque aliter curvantem bracchia Cancrum.

]STec tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis,

Quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant, 85

In promptu regere est. Vix me patiuntur, ubi acres

Incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis.

At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor,

Nate, cave, dum resque sinit, tua corrige vota.

Scilicet ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas, 90

Pignora certa petis ? do pignora certa timendo,

Et patrio pater esse metu probor. Aspice vultus

Ecce meos. Utinamque oculos in pectora posses

Inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas !

Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus, 95

Eque tot ac tantis caeli terraeque marisque

Posce bonis aliquid. Nullam patiere repulsam.

Deprecor hoc unura, quod vero nomine poena,

Non honor est. Poenam, Phaethon, pro munere poscis.

Quid mea colla tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ? 100

Ne dubita, dabitur — Stygias juravimus undas ! —

Quodcumque optaris ; sed tu sapientius opta.5'

Finierat monitus ; dictis tamen ille repugnat,
Propositumque premit, flagratque cupidine currus.

7. PHAETHOK 21

Ergo qua licuit, genitor cunctatus, ad altos 105

Deducit juvenem, Vulcania munera, currus.
Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae
Curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo.
Per juga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae
Clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo. 110

Dumque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur, opusque
Perspicit, ecce vigil rutilo patefecit ab ortu
Purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum
Atria. Diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit
Lucifer, et caeli statione novissimus exit. 115

Quern petere ut terras mundumque rubescere vidit,
Cornuaque extremae velut evanescere lunae,
Jungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis.
Jussa deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes
Ambrosiae suco saturos praesepibus altis 120

Quadrupedes ducunt, adduntque sonantia frena.
Turn pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati
Contigit, et rapidae fecit patientia flammae,
Imposuitque comae radios, praesagaque luctus
Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria dixit : 125

" Si potes his saltern monitis parere paternis,
Parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris.
Sponte sua properant : labor est inhibere volentes.
Nee tibi directos placeat via qui n que per arcus :
Sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes, 130

Zonarumque trium contentus fine, polumque
Effugit australem, junctamque aquilonibus Arcton.
Hac sit iter. Manifesta rotae vestigia cernes.
Utque ferant aequos et caelum et terra calores,
Nee preme, nee summum molire per aethera cursum.
Altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis,

22 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

Inferius terras : medio tutissimus ibis.

Neu te dexterior tortum declinet ad Anguem,

Neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram :

Inter utrumque tene. Fortunae cetera mando, 140

Quae juvet et melius quam tu tibi, consulat opto.

Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas

ITmida nox tetigit ; non est mora libera nobis :

Poscimur : effulget tenebris aurora fugatis.

Corripe lora manu, vel, si mutabile pectus 145

Est tibi, eonsiliis, non curribus utere nostris,

Dum potes, et solidis etiamnunc sedibus adstas,

Dumque male optatos non dum premis inscius axes.

Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris ! "

Occupat ille levem juvenali corpore currum, 150

Statque super, manibusque datas contingere habenas
Gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti.
Interea volucres Pyrois et Eous et Aethon,
Solis equi, quartusque Phlegon, hinnitibus auras
Flammiferis implent, pedibusque repagula pulsant. 155
Quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis,
Reppulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi,
Corripuere viam, pedibusque per aera motis
Obstantes scindunt nebulas, pennisque levati
Praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros. 160

Sed leve pondus erat, nee quod cognoscere possent
Solis equi, solitaque jugum gravitate carebat.
Utque labant curvae justo sine pondere naves,
Perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur,
Sic onere assueto vacuus dat in aera saltus . - 165
Succutiturque alte, similisque est currus inanu
Quod simulac sensere, ruunt tritumque relinquunt
Quadrijugi spatium, nee, quo prius, ordine currunt.

7. PHAETHOK 23

Ipse pavet, nee qua commissas flectat habenas,

Nee scit, qua sit iter ; nee, si sciat, imperet illis. 170

Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere Triones,

Et vetito frustra temptarunt aequore tingui ;

Quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens,

Frigore pigra prius, nee formidabilis ulli,

Incaluit sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras. 175

Te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote,

Quamvis tardus eras, et te tua plaustra tenebant.

Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras
Infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque jacentes,
Palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore, 180

Suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae.
Et jam mallet equos nunquam tetigisse paternos,
Jam cognosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando ;
Jam Meropis dici cupiens ita fertur, ut acta
Praecipiti pinus borea, cui victa remisit 185

Frena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit.
Quid faciat ? multum caeli post terga relictum,
Ante oculos plus est : animo metitur utrumque.
Et modo quos illi fatum contingere non est,
Prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus. 190

Quidque agat, ignarus stupet, et nee frena remittit,
Nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum.
Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo
Yastarumque videt trepidus simulacra ferarum.

Est locus, in geminos ubi bracchia concavat arcus 195
Scorpius, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis
Porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum.
Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni
Yulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit,
Mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit. 200

24 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

Quae postquam summo tetigere jacentia tergo,
Exspatiantur equi, nulloque inhibente per auras
Ignotae regionis eunt, quaque impetus egit,
Hac sine lege ruunt, altoque sub aethere fixis
Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum. 205

Et modo summa petunt, modo per declive viasque
Praecipites spatio terrae propiore f eruntur.
Inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna
Admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila f umant.

Corripitur flammis, ut quaeque altissima, tellus, 210
Fissaque agit rimas, et sucis aret ademptis.
Pabula canescunt, cum frondibus uritur arbor,
Materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno.
Parva queror : magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes,
Cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes 215

In cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent,
Ardet Athos Taurusque Cilix et Tmolus et Oete,
Et turn sicca, prius creberrima fontibus, Ide,
Yirgineusque Helicon et nondum Oeagrius Haemos.
Ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus Aetne, 220

Parnasnsque biceps, et Eryx et Cynthus et Othrys,
Et tandem nivibus Phodope caritura, Mimasque
Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Cithaeron.
Nee prosunt Scythiae sua f rigora : Caucasus ardet,
Ossaque cum Pindo majorque ambobus Olympus, 225
Aeriaeque Alpes, et nubifer Appenninus.

Turn vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem
Aspicit accensum, nee tantos sustinet aestus,
Ferventesque auras velut e fornace profunda
Ore traliit, currusque suos candescere sentit ; 230

Et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam
Ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique fumo,

7. PIIAETIIOK 25

Quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus
Nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum.
Sanguine tunc credunt in corpora summa vocato 235
Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem.
Turn facta est Libye raptis umoribus aestu
Arida, turn nymphae passis fontesque lacusque
Deflevere comis ; quaerit Boeotia Dircen,
Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas. 240

Nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas
Tuta manent : mediis Tanais fumavit in undis,
Peneosque senex, Teutliranteusque Caicus,
Et celer Ismenos cum Phegiaco Erymantho,
Arsurusque iterum Xanthus, flavusque Lycormas, 245
Quique recurvatis ludit Maeandros in undis,
Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas.
Arsit et Euphrates Babylonias, arsit Orontes,
Thermodonque citus, Gangesque, et Phasis, et Hister.
Aestuat Alpheus, ripae Spercheides ardent : 250

Quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus, aurum :
Et quae Maeonias celebrarant carmine ripas
Flumineae volucres medio caluere Caystro.
Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem
Occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet : ostia septem 255
Pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles.
Fors eadem Ismarios Hebrum cum Strymone siccat,
Hesperiosque amnes,PhenumEhodanumque Padumque,
Cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Thybrin.
Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis 260
Lumen et infernum terret cum conjuge regem.
Et mare contrahitur, siccaeque est campus harenae
Quod modo pontus erat ; quosque altum texerat aequor,
Exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent.

26 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

Ima petunt pisces, nee se super aequora curvi 265

Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras ;

Corpora phocarum summo resupina prof undo

Exanimata natant. Ipsum quoque Nerea fama est

Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris.

Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo bracchia vultu 270

Exserere ausus erat ; ter non tulit aeris ignes.

Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto,

Inter aquas pelagi contractosque undique fontes,

Qui sc condiderant in opacac viscera matris,

Sustulit oppressos collo tenus arida vultus, 275

Opposuitque manum fronts magnoque tremore

Omnia concutiens paulum subsedit, et infra

Quam solet esse, f uit ; siccaque ita voce locuta est :

" Si placet hoc, meruique, quid o tua f ulmina cessant,
Summe deum ? liceat periturae viribus ignis 280

Igne perire tuo, clademque auctore levare.
Vix equidem fauces liaec ipsa in verba resolvo " —
Presserat ora vapor — " tostos en aspice crines,
In que oculis tantum, tan turn super ora favillae.
Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem 285

Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri
Rastrorumquc fero totoque exerceor anno,
Quod pecori frondes alimentaque mitia, fruges
Humano generi, vobis quoque tura ministro ?
Sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse, quid undae, 290
Quid meruit f rater ? cur illi tradita sorte
Aequora decrescunt et ab aethere longius absunt ?
Quodsi nee fratris, ncc te mea gratia tangit,
At caeli miserere tui. Circumspice utrumque,
Fumat uterque polus : quos si vitiaverit ignis, 295

Atria vestra ruent. Atlas en ipse laborat,

7. PHAETHON. 27

Vixque suis umeris candentem sustinet axem.

Si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli,

In chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis,

Siquid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae." 300

Dixerat haec Tellus : neque enim tolerare vaporem
Ulterius potuit nee dicere plura, suumque
Rettulit os in se propioraque manibus antra.
At pater omnipotens, superos testatus et ipsum,
Qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato 305
Interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem,
Unde solet latis nubes inducere terris,
Unde movet tonitrus vibrataque fulmina jactat.
Sed neque, quas posset terris inducere, nubes
Tunc habuit, nee quos caelo dimitteret, imbres. 310
Intonat, et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure
Misit in aurigam, pariterque animaque rotisque
Expulit, et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes.
Consternantur equi, et saltu in contraria facto
Colla jugo eripiunt abruptaque lora relinquunt. 315
Illic frena jacent, illic tern one revulsus
Axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum,
Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus.
At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos,
Yolvitur in praeceps, longoque per aera tractu 320

Fertur, ut interdum de caelo stella sereno
Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri.
Quern procul a patria diverso maximus orbe
Excipit Eridanus, fumantiaque abluit ora.
Naides Hesperiae trifida f umantia flamma 325

Corpora dant tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum :
" Hie situs est Phaethon, currus auriga paterni ;
Quern si non tenuit, magnis tamen excidit ausis."

28 METAMORPHOSES, II. 340-366.

Nam pater obductos, luctu miserabilis aegro,
Condiderat vultus : et si modo credimus, unum 330
Isse diem sine sole ferunt : incendia lumen
Praebebant, aliquisque malo f uit usus in illo.

At Clymene, postquam dixit quaecumque fuerunt
In tantis dicenda malis, lugubris et amens
Et laniata sinns totum percensuit orbem : 335

Exanimesque artus primo, mox ossa requirens,
Repperit ossa tamen peregrina condita ripa,
Incubuitque loco, nomenque in marmore lectum
Perf udit laerimis et aperto pectore fovit. .

8. The Heliades.

II. 340-366.

" . . . . Where weep
Even now the sister trees their amber tears
O'er Phaethon untimely dead."

Nec minus Heliades lugent et, inania morti 340

Munera, dant lacrimas, et caesae pectora palmis

Non auditurum miseras Phaethonta querellas

Nocte dieque vocant, adsternunturque sepulchro.

Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus orbem :

Illae more suo, nam morem fecerat usus, 345

Plangorem dederant : e quis Phaethusa, sororum

Maxima, cum vellet terra procumbere, questa est

Deriguisse pedes ; ad quam conata venire

Candida Lampetie subita radice retenta est.

Tertia, cum crinem manibus laniare pararet, 350

Avellit f rondes ; liaec stipite crura teneri,

Ilia dolet fieri longos sua bracchia ramos.

Dumque ea mirantur, complectitur inguina cortex,

9. CYCNUS. GRIEF OF PHOEBUS. 29

Perque gradus uterum pectusque umerosque manusque
Ambit, et exstabant tantum ora vocantia matrem. 355
Quid faciat mater, nisi, quo trahat impetus illam,
Hue eat atque illuc et, dum licet, oscula jungat ?
Non satis est ; truncis avellere corpora temptat
Et teneros manibus ramos abrumpit ; at inde
Sanguineae manant, tamquam de vulnere, guttae. 360
" Parce, precor, mater," quaecumque est saucia, clamat,
" Parce, precor ! nostrum laceratur in arbore corpus.
Jamque vale " — cortex in verba novissima venit.
Inde fluunt lacrimae, stiUataque sole rigescunt
De ramis electra novis, quae lucidus amnis 365

Excipit et nuribus mittit gestanda Latinis.

0. Cycnus. Grief of Phoebus.
II. 367-400.

Adfuit liuic monstro proles Sthenelei'a Cycnus,
Qui tibi materno quamvis a sanguine junctus,
Mente tamen, Phaethon, propior fuit. Ille relicto —
Nam Ligurum populos et magnas rexerat urbes — 370
Imperio ripas virides amnemque querellis
Eridanum implerat silvainque sororibus auctam :
Cum vox est tenuata viro, canaeque capillos
Dissimulant plumae, collumque a pectore longe
Porrigitur, digitosque ligat junctura rubentes, 375

Penna latus vestit, tenet os sine acumine rostrum.
Fit nova Cycnus avis ; nee se caeloque Jovique
Credit, ut injuste missi memor ignis ab iilo :
Stagna petit patulosque lacus ; ignemque perosus,
Quae colat, elegit contraria flumina flammis. 3S0

Squalidus interea genitor Phaethon tis et expers

30 METAMORPHOSES, II. 760-796.

Ipse sui decoris, qualis cum deficit orbem

Esse solet, lucemque odit seque ipse diemque,

Datque animum in luctus et luctibus adicit iram,

Officiumque negat mundo. " Satis " inquit " ab aevi

Sors mea principiis f uit irrequieta, pigetque

Actorum sine fine mihi, sine honore, laborum.

Quilibet alter agat portantes lumina currus !

Si nemo est, omnesque dei non posse fatentur,

Ipse agat ; tit saltern, dum nostras temptat habenas, 390

Orbatura patres aliquando fulmina ponat.

Turn sciet, ignipedum vires expertus equorum,

Non meraisse necem, qui non bene rexerit illos."

Talia dicentem circumstant omnia Solem

Numina, neve velit tenebras inducere rebus, 395

Supplice voce rogant : missos quoque Juppiter ignes

Excusat, precibusque minas regaliter addit.

Colligit amentes et adhuc terrore paventes

Phoebus equos, stimuloque dolens et verbere saevit ;

Saevit enim natumque objectat et imputat illis. * 400

10. The House of Envy.

II. 760-796.

Minerva purposes to employ the offices of Envy, in punish-
ment of Aglauros, one of the daughters of Cecrops. Thus the
poet comes to describe the House of Envy, whither Minerva has
come.

Protinus Invidiae nigro squalentia tabo 760

Tecta petit. Domus est imis in vallibus hujus
Abdita, sole carens, non ulli pervia vento,
Tristis et ignavi plenissima frigoris, et quae
Igne vacet semper, caligine semper abundet.

10. THE HOUSE OF ENVY. 31

Hue ubi pervenit belli metuenda virago, 765

Constitit ante domum, neque enim succedere tectis

Fas habet, et postes extrema cuspide pulsat.

Concussae patuere fores. Yidet intus edentem

Vipereas carnes, vitiorum alimenta suorum,

Invidiam, visaque oculos avertit. At ilia 770

Surgit humo pigre semesarumque relinquit

Corpora serpentum, passuque incedit inerti ;

Utque deam vidit formaque armisque decoram,

Ingemuit, vultumque inita ad suspiria duxit.

Pallor in ore sedet, macies in corpore toto, 775

Nusquam recta acies, livent robigine dentes,

Pectora felle virent, lingua est suffusa veneno.

Risus abest, nisi quern visi movere dolores,

Nee fruitur somno, vigilacibus excita curis,

Sed videt ingratos, intabescitque videndo, 780

Successus hominum, carpitque et carpitur una,

Suppliciumque suum est. Quamvis tarn en oderat, illam

Talibus adfata est breviter Tritonia dictis :

" Infice tabe tua natarum Cecropis unam.

Sic opus est. Aglauros ea est." Hand plura locuta 785

Fugit, et impressa tellurem reppulit hasta.

Ilia deam obliquo fugientem lumine cernens

Murmura parva dedit, successurumque Minervae

Indoluit ; baculumque capit, quod spinea totum

Vincula cingebant ; adopertaque nubibus atris 790

Quacumque ingreditur, florentia proterit*arva,

Exuritque lierbas, et summa cacumina carpit,

Adflatuque suo populos urbesque domosque

Polluit, et tandem Tritonida conspicit arcem

Ingeniis opibusque et festa pace virentem, 795

Vixque tenet lacrimas, quia nil lacrimabile cernit.

32 METAMORPHOSES, III. 14-137.

11. Cadmus and the Dkagon's Teeth.

III. 14-137.

Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro,
Incustoditam lente videt ire juvencam 15

Nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem.
Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu,
Auctoremque viae Phoebum taciturnus adorat.
Jam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva :
Bos stetit et tollens speciosam cornibus altis 20

Ad caelum f rontem mugitibus impulit auras ;
Atque ita, respiciens comites sua terga sequentes,
Procubuit teneraque latus summisit in herba.
Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae
Figit, et ignotos montes agrosque salutat. 25

Sacra Jovi facturus erat. Jubet ire ministros
Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas.

Silva vet us stabat nulla violata securi,
Et specus in media, virgis ac vimine densus,
Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum, 30

Uberibus fecund us aquis ; ubi conditus antro
Martius anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro :
Igne micant oculi ; corpus tumet omne veneno ;
Tresque vibrant linguae ; triplici stant ordine dentes.
Quern postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti 35

Infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas
Urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro
Caeruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit.
Effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque relinquit
Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus. 40
Ille volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes

11. CADMUS. 33

Torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus,
Ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras
Despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore, quanto,
Si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos. 45

]STec mora ; Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant,
Sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque,
Occupat : hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos,
Hos necat adflati funesta tabe veneni.

Fecerat exiguas jam sol altissimus umbras : 50

Quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus,
Yestigatque viros. Tegumen direpta leonis
Pellis erat, telum splendenti lancea f erro
Et jaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni.

Ut nemus intravit letataque corpora vidit, 55

Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem
Tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua,
"Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis,
Aut comes" inquit "ero." Dixit, dextraque molarem
Sustulit, et magnum magno conamine misit. 60

Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis
Moenia mota forent : serpens sine vulnere mansit,
Loricaeque modo squamis defensus et atrae
Duritia pellis validos cute reppulit ictus.
At non duritia jaculum quoque vicit eadem, 65

Quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum
Constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum.
Ille dolore ferox caput in sua terga retorsit,
Yulneraque aspexit, fixumque hastile momordit,
Idque ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem, 70

Vix tergo eripuit : ferrum tamen ossibus haesit.
Turn vero postquam solitas accessit ad iras
Causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis,

34: METAMORPHOSES, III. 14-137.

Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus,
Terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit 75

Ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras.
Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem
Cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior exstat,
Impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis
Fertur, et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas. 83

Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis
Sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat
Cuspide praetenta. Furit ille et inania duro
Vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine dentes,
Jamque venenifero sanguis manare palato 85

Coeperat, et vi rides aspergine tinxerat herbas :
Sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu
Laesaque colla dabat retro, plagamque sedere
Cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat :
Donee Agenorides conjectum in gutture ferrum 90
Usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti
Obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix.
Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imae
Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae.

Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis, 95

Yox subito audita est ; neque erat cognoscere prompt um,
Unde, sed audita est, " quid, Agenore nate, peremptum
Serpentem spectas ? et tu spectabere serpens."

Ille diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem
Perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant. 100

Ecce viri fautrix superas delapsa per auras
Pallas adest, motaeque jubet supponere terrae
Vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri.
Paret, et, ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro,
Spargit humi jussos, mortalia semina, dentes. 105

11. CADMUS. 35

Inde, fide majus, glaebae coepere moveri,

Primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae,

Tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono,

Mox umeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis

Exsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum. 110

Sic ubi tolluntur festis aulaea theatris,

Surgere sign a solent, primumque ostendere vultus,

Cetera paulatim, placidoque educta tenore

Tota patent, imoque pedes in margine ponunt.

Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma para bat. 115
" Ne cape," de populo, quern terra creaverat, unus
Exclamat " nee te civilibus in sere bellis."
Atque ita terrigenis rigid o de fratribus unum
Comminus ense ferit : jaculo cadit eminus ipse.
Hunc quoque qui leto dederat, non longius illo 120
Vivit, et exspirat, modo quas aceeperat, auras.
Exemploque pari furit omnis turba, suoque
Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres.
Jamque brevis vitae spatium sortita juventus
Sanguineo tepidam plangebat pectore matrem, 125

Quinque superstitibus : quorum f uit unus Echion.
Is sua jecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma,
Fraternaeque fidem pacis petiitque deditque.
Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius liospes,
Cum posuit jussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem. 130

Jam stabant Thebae : poteras jam, Cadme, videri
Exilio felix : soceri tibi Marsque Yenusque
Contigerant : hue adde genus de conjuge tanta,
Tot natos natasque et, pignora cara, nepotes,
Hos quoque jam juvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper 1 35
Expectanda dies liomini, dicique beatus
Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet.

36 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 55-166.

12. Pyramus and Thisbe.
IV. 55-166.

Pyramus et Thisbe, juvenum pulcherrimus alter, 55
Altera, quas oriens habuit, praelata puellis,
Contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam
Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem.
Notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit :
Tempore crevit amor : taedae quoque jure coissent : 60
Sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare,
Ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo.
Conscius omnis abest : nutu signisque loquuntur,
Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis.

Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim 65

Cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique.
Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum —
Quid non sen tit amor ? — primi vidistis amantes,
Et vocis f ecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud
Murmure bland itiae minimo transire solebant. 70

Saej3e, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc,
Inque vices f uerat captatus anhelitus oris,
" Invide " dicebant " paries, quid amantibus obsta*? ?
Quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore jungi,
Aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres ! ^ 75
Nee sumus ingrati : tibi nos debere fatemur,
Quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures."
Talia diversa nequiquam sede locuti
Sub noctem dixere vale, partique dedere
Oscula quisque suae non pervenientia contra.

Postera nocturnos aurora removerat ignes,
Solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas :
Ad solitum coiere locum. Turn murmure parvo

12. PYKAMUS AND THISBE. 37

Multa prius questi, statuunt, ut nocte silenti

Fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent, 85

Cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant ;

Neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo,

Conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra

Arboris : arbor ibi niveis uberrima pomis

Ardua morus erat, gelido contermina fonti. 90

Pacta placent, et lux, tarde discedere visa,

Praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox exit ab isdem.

Callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe
Egreditur fallitque suos ; adopertaque vultum
Pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbore sedit. 95
Audacem faciebat amor. Yenit ecce recenti
Caede leaena bourn spumantes oblita rictus,
Depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda.
Quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe
Vidit, et obscurum trepido pede f ugit in antrum, 100
D unique fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit.
Ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda,
Dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa
Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus.

Serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto -^405

Purvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore
Pyramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam
Repperit, u una duos " inquit " nox perdet amantes :
E quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita,
Nostra nocens anima est : ego te, miseranda, peremi, 110
In loca plena metus qui jussi nocte venires,
Nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus,
Et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu,
O quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones.
Sed timidi est optare necem." Yelamina Thisbes 115

38 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 55-166.

Tollit, et ad pactae secura fert arboris umbram.
Utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti,
"Accipenunc" inquit "nostri quoque sanguinis haustus!"
Quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum,
Nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit. 120

Ut jacuit resupinus humo, cruor emicat alte :
Non aliter, quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo
Scinditur, et tenui stridente foramine longas
Ejaculatur aquas, atque ictibus aera rumpit.
Arborei fetus aspergine caedis in atram 125

Yertuntur faciem, madefactaque sanguine radix
Puniceo tinguit pendentia mora colore.

Ecce metu nondum posito, ne. f allat amantem,
Ilia redit, juvenemque oculis animoque requirit,
Quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit. 130

Utque locum et rigua cognoscit in arbore formam,
Sic facit incertam pomi color: haeret, an liaec sit.
Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum
Membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo
Pallidiora gerens exhorruit, aequoris instar, 135

Quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura.
Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores,
Percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos, >^Z
Et laniata comas amplexaque corpus amatum
Vulnera supplevit lacrimis, fletumque cruori 140

Miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens,
" Pyrame," clamavit " quis te mihi casus ademit %
Pyrame, responde : tua te carissima Thisbe
]STominat : exaudi, vultusque attolle jacentes ! " -

Ad nomen Thisbes oculos jam morte gravatos 145
Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia.
Quae postquam vestemque suam cognoyit, et ense

13. CADMUS AND HERMIONE. 39

Vidit ebur vacuum, " tua te maims " inquit u amorque

Perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi fortis in unum

Hoc manus, est et amor : dabit hie in vulnera vires. 150

Persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar

Causa comesque tui ; quique a me morte revelli

Heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli.

PIoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati,

O multum miseri, meus illiusque parentes, 155

Ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima junxit,

Componi tumulo non invideatis eodem.

At tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus

Nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum,

Signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos 160

Semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cruoris."

Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum
Incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat.
Yota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes.
Nam color in pomo est, ubi permaturuit, ater : 165

Quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna.

13. Cadmus and IIeemione.
IV. 5G3-603.

Nescit Agenorides natam parvumque nepotem
Aequoris esse deos. Luctu serieque maloram
Victus et ostentis, quae plurima viderat, exit 565

Conditor urbe sua, tamquam fortuna locorum,
Non sua se premeret ; longisque erratibus actus
Contigit Illyricos profuga cum conjuge lines.
Jamque malis annisque graves, dum prima retractant
Fata domus, releguntque suos sermone labores, 570

" Num sacer ille mea trajectus cuspide serpens "

40 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 563-603.

Cadmus ait " f uerat, turn, cum Sidone profectus

Vipereos sparsi per humum, nova semina, dentes %

Quern si cura deum tarn certa vindicat ira,

Ipse precor serpens in longam porrigar alvum." 575

Dixit, et ut serpens in longam tenditur alvum,

Durataeque cuti squamas increscere sentit,

Nigraque caeruleis variari corpora guttis :

In pectusque cadit pronus, commissaque in unum

Paulatim tereti tenuantur acumine crura. 580

Bracchia jam restant : quae restant, bracchia tendit,

Et lacrimis per adhuc humana iluentibus ora

" Accede, o conjunx, accede, miserrima," dixit,

" Dumque aliquid superest de me, me tange, manumque

Accipe, dum manus est, dum non totum occupat anguis."

Ille quidem vult plura loqui, sed lingua repente

In partes est fissa duas : nee verba loquenti

Suffieiunt, quotiensque aliquos parat edere questus,

Sibilat : lianc illi vocem natura reliquit.

Nuda manu feriens exclamat pectora conjunx, 590

" Cadme, mane, teque, infelix, his exue monstris !

Cadme, quid hoc ? ubi pes ? ubi sunt umerique manusque,

Et color et facies et, dum loquor, omnia ? cur non

Me quoque, caelestes, in eandem vertitis anguem ? "

Dixerat. Ille suae lambebat conjugis ora, 595

Inque sinus caros, veluti cognosceret, ibat,

Et dabat amplexus, assuetaque colla petebat.

Quisquis adest — aderant comites — terretur : at ilia

Lubrica permulcet cristati colla draconis ;

Et subito duo sunt junctoque volumine serpunt, 600

Donee in appositi nemoris subiere latebras.

Nunc quoque nee fugiunt hominem, nee vulnere laedunt,

Quidque prius fuerint, placidi meminere dracones.

14. ANDROMEDA'S RELEASE. 41

14. Andromeda's Release.
IV. 663-752.

Perseus, when returning from Libya with the head of the
Medusa, finds Andromeda chained to a rock and exposed to a sea-
monster, and rescues her. (Read Mr. Kingsley's " Andromeda,"
and, in Mr. William Morris's " Earthly Paradise," the '; Doom of
Acrisius.")

Clauserat Ilippotades aeterno carcere ventos,

Admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto -

Lucifer ortns erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis 665

Parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco,
Et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit.
Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis
Aethiopum populos, Ceplieaque conspicit arva.
Illic -immeritam maternae pendere linguae 670

Andromedan poenas immitis jusserat Amnion.
Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes
Vidit Abantiades — nisi quod levis aura capillos
Moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu,
Marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes 675
Et stupet. Eximiae correptus imagine formae
Paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas.
Ut stetit, " O " dixit " non istis digna catenis,
Sed quibus inter se cupidi junguntur amantes,
Pande requirenti nomen terraeque timmque, 680

Et cur vincla geras." Primo silet ilia, nee audet
Appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos
Celasset vultus, si non religata fuisset.
Lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis.
Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri 685

42 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 663-752.

Nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque,

Quantaque maternae fuerit fiducia formae,

Iudicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda

Insonuit, veniensque immenso belua ponto

Imminet et latum sub pectore possidet aequor. , 690

Conclamat virgo. Genitor lugubris et una
Mater adest, ambo miseri, sed justius ilia.
Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus
Plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent :
Cum sic hospes ait : " Laerimarum longa manere 695
Tempora vos poterunt; ad opem brevis hora ferendam est.
Hanc ego si peterem Perseus Jove natus et ilia,
Quam clausam implevit fecundo Juppiter auro,
Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator, et alis
Aerias ausus jactatis ire per auras, 700

Praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis
Dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto.
Ut mea sit servata mea virtute, paciscor."

Accipiunt legem — quis enim dubitaret ? — et orant,
Promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes. 705

Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro
Sulcat aquas, juvenum suclantibus acta lacertis,
Sic fera dimotis impulsu pectoris undis
Tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto
Funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli : 710

Cum subito juvenis pedibus tellure repulsa
Arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo
Umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram.
Utque Jovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo
Praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem, 715

Occupat aversum ; neu saeva retorqueat ora,
Squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues :

14. ANDROMEDA'S RELEASE. 43

Sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu
Terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in anno
Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo. 720

Vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras
Attollit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis
Versat apri, quern turba canum circumsona terret.
Ille avidos morsus velocibus effugit alis :
Quaque patet, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis, 725
Nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda
Desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense.
Belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus
Ore vomit. Maduere graves aspergine pennae ;
Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus 730

Credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo
Stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto.
Nixus eo rupisque tenens juga prima sinistra
Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum.

Litora cum plausu clamor superasque deorum 735
Implevere domos. Gaudent, generumque salutant,
Auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur
Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Eesoluta catenis
Incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris.

Ipse manus liausta victrices abluit unda : 740

Anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat harena,
Mollit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas
Sternit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae.
Virga recens bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla
Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit hujus, 745

Percepitque novum ramis et froncle rigorem.
At pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant
Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent,
Seminaque ex illis iterant jactata per undas.

44 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571.

Nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit, 750

Duritiam tacto capiant nt ab acre, quodque
Yimen in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum.

15. Proseepike.
Y. 338-571.

The Muse Calliope sings in honor of Ceres, describing her
wanderings in quest of Proserpine.

" Proserpine gathering flowers,
Herself a fairer flower, by gloomy Dis
Was gathered, which cost Ceres all that pain
To seek her through the world."

Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 268-272.

Surgit, et immissos hedera collecta capillos

Calliope querulas praetemptat pollice chordae,

Atque haec percussis subjungit carmina nervis. 340

" Prima Ceres unco glaebam dimovit aratro,

Prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris,

Prima dedit leges : Cereris sunt omnia munus.

Ilia canenda mini est. Utinam modo dicere possem

Carmina digna dea : certe dea carmine digna est. 345

Yasta Giganteis ingesta est insula membris
Trinacris, et magnis subjeetum molibus urguet
Aetherias ausum sperare Typhoea sedes.
Nititur ille quidem, pugnatque resurgere saepe :
Dextra sed Ausonio manus est subjecta Peloro, 350

Laeva, Pacliyne, tibi : Lilybaeo crura premuntur :
Degravat Aetna caput, sub qua resupinus liarenas
Ejectat, flammamque ferox vomit ore Typhoeus.
Saepe remoliri luctatur pondera terrae,
Oppidaque et magnos devolvere corpore montes : 355

15. PROSERPINE. 45

Inde tremit tellus et rex pavet ipse silentum,
Ne pateat latoque solum retegatur hiatu,
Immissusque dies trepidantes terreat umbras.

Hanc metuens cladem tenebrosa sedc tyrarmus
Exierat, curruque atrorum vectus equorum 360

Ambibat Siculae cautus fundamina terrae.
Postquam exploratum satis est loca nulla labare,
Depositique metus, videt hunc Erycina vagantem
Monte suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem
' Arma manusque meae, mea, nate, potentia,' dixit, 365
i Ilia, quibus superas omnes, cape tela, Cupido,
Inque dei pectus celeres molire sagittas,
Cui triplicis cessit for tuna novissima regni.
Tu superos ipsumque Jovem, tu numina ponti
Victa domas ipsumque, regit qui numina ponti. 370
Tartara quid cessant ? cur non matrisque tuumque
Imperium prof ers ? agitur pars tertia mundi.
Et tamen in caelo, quae jam patientia nostra est,
Spernimur, ac mecum vires minuuntur Amoris.
Pallada nonne vides jaculatricemque Dianam 375

Abscessisse milii ? Cereris quoque filia virgo,
Si patiemur, erit : nam spes adf ectat easdem.
At tu, pro socio, siqua est ea gratia, regno
Junge deam patruo.' Dixit Venus ; ille pharetram
Solvit et arbitrio matris de mille sagittis 380

Unam seposuit, sed qua nee acutior ulla
Nee minus incerta est, nee quae magis audiat arcus ;
Oppositoque genu curvavit flexile cornum
Inque cor hamata percussit harundine Ditem.

Haud procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae, 385
Nomine Pergus, aquae. Non illo plura Caystros
Carmina eyenorum labentibus audit in undis.

4:6 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571.

Silva coronat aquas cingens latus omne, suisque

Frondibus ut velo Phoebeos summovet ignes.

Frigora clant rami, Tyrios humus umida flores : 390

Perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco

Ludit, et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpit,

Dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque

Implet, ct aequales certat superare legendo,

Paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti : 395

Usque adeo est properatus amor. Dea territa maesto

Et matrem et comites, sed mat rem saepius, ore

Clamat ; et, ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora,

Collecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis ;

Tantaque simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis, 400

Ilaee quoque virgineum movit jactura dolorem.

Raptor agit currus, et nomine quemque vocatos

Exhortatur equos, quorum per colla jubasque

Excutit obscura tinctas ferrugine habenas ;

Perque lacus sacros et olentia sulphure fertur ' 405

Stagna Palicorum, rupta ferventia terra,

Et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho,

Inter inaequales posuerunt moenia portus.

Est medium Cyanes et Pisaeae Arethusae,
Quod coit angustis inclusum cornibus aequor. 410

Hie f uit, a cujus stagnum quoque nomine dictum est,
Inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima nymphas.
Gurgite quae medio summa tenus exstitit alvo,
Agnovitque deam. * ]STec longius ibitis ' in quit ;
' Non potes invitae Cereris gener esse : roganda, 415
Non rapienda fuit. Quodsi componere magnis
Parva mihi fas est, et me dilexit Anapis ;
Exorata tamen, nee, ut haec, exterrita nupsi.'
Dixit, et in partes diversas braccliia ten dens

15. PROSERPINE. 47

Obstitit. Hand ultra tenuit Saturnius iram, 420

Terribilesque liortatus eqnos in gurgitis ima
Contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto
Condidit. Icta viam tellns in Tartara fecit
Et pronos currns medio cratere recepit.

At Cyane, raptamqne deara contemptaque fontis 425
Jura sni maerens, inconsolabile vulnns
Mente gerit tacita, laerimisqne absnmitnr omnis :
Et qnariim fnerat magnnm modo numen, in illas
Extennatur aqnas. Molliri membra vide res,
Ossa pati flexus, nngnes posuisse rigorem : 430

Primaque de tota tennissima qnaeqne liquescunt,
Caerulei erines digitiqne et crnra pedesqne ;
Nam brevis in gelidas membris exilibns undas
Transitus est. Post haec nmeri tergusqne latnsqne
Pectoraque in tennes abennt evanida rivos. 435

Deniqne pro vivo vitiatas sanguine venas
Lympha subit, restatque nihil, quod prendere possis.

Interea pavidae nequiquam filia matri
Omnibus est terris, omni quaesita prof undo.
Mam non ndis veniens Aurora capillis 440

Cessantem vidit, non Hesperus; ilia duabus
Flammiferas pinus manibus succendit ab Aetna,
Perque pruinosas tulit irrequieta tenebras :
Rursus nbi alma dies hebetarat sidera, natam
Sol is ab occasu solis quaerebat ad ortus. 445

Fessa labore sitim collegerat, oraque nulli
Colluerant f ontes : cum tectam stramine vidit
Forte casam, parvasqne fores pulsavit. At inde
Prodit amis, divamque videt, lymphamque rogaijfci -s^00*
Dulce dedit, tosta quod texerat ante polenta. 4r€^$5§
Dum bibit ilia datum, duri puer oris et audax

48 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571.

Constitit ante deam, risitque, avidamque vocavit.
Offensa est, neque adhuc epota parte, loquentem
Cum liquido mixta perfudit diva polenta.
Combibit os maeulas, et quae modo bracchia gessit, 455
Crura gerit ; cauda est mutatis addita membris :
Inque brevem formam, ne sit vis magna nocendi,
Contrahitur, parvaque minor mensura lacerta est.
Mirantem flentemque et tangere monstra parantem
Fugit anum, latebramque petit ; aptumque colori 460
Nomen liabet, variis stellatus corpora guttis. :r:=~

Quas dea per terras et quas erraverit undas,
Dicere longa mora est : quaerenti defuit orbis.
Sicaniam repetit : dumque omnia lustrat eundo,
Venit et ad Cyanen. Ea ni mutata fuisset, 465

Omnia narrasset. Sed et os et lingua volenti
Dicere non aderant, nee quo loqueretur, habebat.
Signa tamen manifesta dedit, notamque parenti,
Illo forte loco delapsam in gurgite sacro,
Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis. 470

Quam simul agnovit, tamquam tunc denique raptam
Scisset, inornatos laniavit diva capillos,
Et repetita suis percussit pectora palmis.
Nescit adhuc, ubi sit : terras tamen increpat omnes
Ingratasque vocat nee frugum munere dignas, 475

Trinacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni
Repperit. Ergo illic saeva vertentia glaebas
Fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos
Ruricolasque boves leto dedit, arvaque jussit
Fallere depositum, vitiataque semina fecit.
Fertilitas terrae latum vulgata per orb em
Falsa jacet : primis segetes moriuntur in herbis,
Et modo sol nimius, nimius modo corripit imber ;

15. PKOSERPINE. 49

Sideraque ventique nocent, avidaeque volucres
Semina jacta legunt ; lolium tribulique fatigant 485
Triticeas messes et inexpugnabile gramen.

Turn caput Eleis Alphei'as extulit undis,
Rorantesque comas a fronte removit ad aures,
Atque ait : 'o toto quaesitae virginis orbe /Jty^A
Et frugum genetrix, immensos siste labores, 490

Neve tibi fidae violenta irascere terrae.
Terra nihil meruit, patuitque invita rapinae.
Nee sum pro patria supplex : hue hospita veni.
Pisa mihi patria est, et ab Elide ducimus ortus :
Sicaniam peregrina colo, sed gratior omni 495

Haec mihi terra solo est. Hos nunc Arethusa penates,
Hanc habeo sedem : quam tu, mitissima, serva.
Mota loco cur sim tantique per aequoris undas
Advehar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus hora
Tempestiva meis, cum tu curaque levata \^ 500
Et vultus melioris eris. Mihi pervia tellus
Praebet iter, subterque imas ablata cavernas
Hie caput attollo desuetaque sidera cerno.
Ergo dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor,
Visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris : 505

Ilia quidem tristis, neque adhuc interrita vultu,
Sed regina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi,
Sed tamen infer ni pollens matrona tyranni.'

Mater ad auditas stupuit ceu saxea voces,
Attonitaeque diu similis fuit. Utque dolore 510

Pulsa gravi gravis est amentia, curribus oras
Exit in aetherias. Ibi toto nubila vultu
Ante Jovem passis stetit invidiosa capillis ;

*ro ' que ' meo veni supplex tibi, Juppiter,' inquit

anguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris, 515
4

50 METAMOEPHOSES, V. 338-571.

Nata patrem moveat ; neu sit tibi eura, precamur,
Vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu.
En quaesita diu tandem mihi nata reperta est :
Si reperire vocas amittere certius, aut si
Scire, ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus, 520
Dummodo reddat earn : neque enim praedone marito
Filia digna tua est, si jam mea filia non est.'
Juppiter excepit : ' commune est pignus onusque
Nata mihi tecum : sed si modo nomina rebus
Addere vera placet, non hoc injuria factum, 525

Verum amor est ; neque erit nobis gener ille pudori,
Tu modo, diva, velis. Ut desint cetera, quantum est
Esse Jovis fratrem ! quid, quod non cetera desunt
Nee cedit nisi sorte mihi ? Sed tanta cupido
Si tibi discidii est, repetet Proserpina caelum, 530

Lege tarn en certa, si nullos contigit illic
Ore cibos : nam sic Parcarum foedere cautum est.'
Dixerat. At Cereri certum est educere natam.
Non ita fata sinunt, quoniam jejunia virgo
Solverat et, cultis dum simplex errat in hortis, 535

Poeniceum curva decerpserat arbore pomum, J

Sumptaque callenti septem de cortice grana 1Aj*^

Presserat ore suo : solusque ex omnibus illud
Ascalaphus vidit, quern quondam dicitur Orphne,
Inter Avernales haud ignotissima nymphas, 540

Ex Acheronte suo silvis peperisse sub atris ;
Yidit, et indicio reditum crudelis ademit.
Ingemuit regina Erebi, testemque profanam
Fecit avem, sparsumque caput Phlegethontide lympha
In rostrum et plumas et grandia lumina vertit. 545

Ille sibi ablatus fulvis amicitur in alis,
Inque caput crescit, longosque reflectitur ungues,

15. PROSERPINE. 51

Vixque movet natas per inertia bracchia pennas :

Foedaque fit volucris, venturi nuntia luctus,

Ignavus bubo, dirum mortalibus omen. 550

Hie tamen indicio poenam linguaque videri
Commeruisse potest : vobis, Acheloides, unde
Pluma pedesqne avium, cum virginis ora geratis ?
An quia, cum legeret vernos Proserpina flores,
In comitum numero, doctae Sirenes, eratis? 555

Quam postquam toto frustra quaesistis in orbe,
Protinus, ut vestram sentirent aequora curam,
Posse super fluctus alarum insistere remis
Optastis, facilesque deos habuistis, et artus
Vidistis vestros subitis flavescere pennis. 560

Ne tamen ille canor mulcendas natus ad aures
Tantaque flos. oris .linguae deperderet usum,
Virginei vultus et vox hum ana reman sit.

At medius fratrisque sui maestaeque sororis
Juppiter ex aequo volventem dividit annum : 565

Nunc dea, regnorum numen commune duorum,
Cum matre est totidem, totidem cum conjuge menses.
Yertitur extemplo f acies et mentis et oris ;
Nam modo quae poterat Diti quoque maesta videri,
Laeta deae frons est, ut sol, qui tectus aquosis 570

Nubibus ante fuit, victis e nubibus exit."

52 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 1-145.

16. Arachne, or the Spider's Web.

VI. 1-145.

Arachne, proud of her excellence in weaving, ventures to chal-
lenge Pallas herself to a trial of skill in her art. The goddess,
indignant at Arachne's success, and also at the scenes which she
has wrought into her web, tears the web to pieces, and turns
Arachne into a spider.

m

Praebuerat dictis Tritonia talibus aures,

Carminaque Aonidum justamque probaverat iram.

Turn secum " laudare parum est ; lauderaur et ipsae,

Numina nee sperni sine poena nostra sinamus " ;

Maeoniaeque animum fatis intendit Arachnes, 5

Quam sibi lanificae non cedere laudibus artis

Audierat. Won ilia loco nee origine gentis

Clara, sed arte fuit. Pater huic Coloplionius Idmon

Phoca'ico bibulas tingebat murice lanas :

Occiderat mater ; sed et liaec de plebe suoque 10

Aequa viro fuerat. Lydas tamen ilia per urbes

Quaesierat studio nomen memorabile, quam vis

Orta domo parva parvis habitabat Hypaepis.

Hujus ut aspicerent opus admirabile, saepe

Deseruere sui nymphae vineta Timoli, 15

Deseruere suas nymphae Pactolides undas.

Nee factas solum vestes spectare juvabat ;

Turn quoque, cum fierent : tantus decor adf uit arti.

Sive rudem primos lanam glomerabat in orbes,

Sen digitis subigebat opus, repetitaque longo 20

Vellera mollibat nebulas aequantia tractu,

Sive levi teretem versabat pollice fusum,

Seu pingebat acu : scires a Pallade doctam.

16. ARACHNE. 53

Quod tamen ipsa negat, tantaque offensa magistra

" Certet " ait " mecum : nihil est, quod victa recusem."

Pallas anum simulat, falsosque in tempora canos

Addit et infirmos, baculum, quod sustinet artus.

Turn sic orsa loqui : " non omnia grandior aetas,

Quae f ugiamus, habet ; seris venit usus ab annis.

Consilium ne sperne meum. Tibi fama petatur 30

Inter mortales faciendae maxima lanae ;

Cede deae, veniamque tuis, temeraria, dictis

Supplice voce roga : veniam dabit ilia roganti."

Aspicit hanc torvis, inceptaque fila relinquit,

Yixque manum retinens, confessaque vultibus iram 35

Talibus obscuram resecuta est Pallada dictis :

" Mentis inops longaque venis confecta senecta,

Et nimium vixisse diu nocet. Audiat istas,

Siqua tibi nurus est, siqua est tibi filia, voces.

Consilii satis est in me mini. Neve monendo 40

Profecisse putes, eadem est sen tent ia nobis.

Cur non ipsa venit ? cur liaec certamina vitat ? "

Turn dea " venit ! " ait, formamque removit anilem,

Palladaque exliibuit. Yenerantur numina nymphae

Mygdonidesque nurus. Sola est non territa virgo. 45

Sed tamen erubuit, subitusque invita notavit

Ora rubor, rursusque evanuit : ut solet aer

Purpureus fieri, cum primum aurora movetur,

Et breve post tempus candescere solis ab ortu.

Perstat in incepto, stolidaeque cupidine palmae 50

In sua fata ruit ; neque enim Jove nata recusat,

~Nec monet ulterius, nee jam certamina differt.

Haud mora, consistunt diversis partibus ambae

Et gracili geminas intendunt stamine telas.

Tela jugo vincta est, stamen secernit harundo, 55

54: METAMORPHOSES, VI. 1-145.

Inseritur medium radiis subtemen acutis,

Quod digiti expediunt, atque inter stamina ductum

Percusso feriunt insecti pectine dentes.

Utraque f estinant cinctaeque ad pectora vestes

Bracchia docta movent, studio fallente laborem. 60

Illic et Tyrium quae purpura sensit aenum

Texitur, et tenues parvi discriminis umbrae ;

Qualis ab imbre solet percussis solibus arcus

Inficere ingenti longum curvamine caelum :

In quo diversi niteant cum mille colores, 65

Transitus ipse tamen spectantia lumina fallit :

Usque adeo quod tangit idem est ; tamen ultima distant.

Illic et lentum filis immittitur aurum,

Et vetus in tela deducitur argumentum.

Cecropia Pallas scopulum Mavortis in arce 70

Pingit, et antiquam de terrae nomine litem.

Bis sex caelestes medio Jove sedibus altis

Augusta gravitate sedent. Sua quemque deorum

Inscribit facies. Jo vis est regalis imago.

Stare deum pelagi longoque ferire tridente 75

Aspera saxa facit, medioque e vulnere saxi

Exsiluisse ferum ; quo pignore vindicet urbem.

At sibi dat clipeum, dat acutae cuspidis liastam,

Dat galeam capiti ; defenditur aegide pectus :

Percussamque sua simulat de cuspide terram 80

Edere cum bacis fetum canentis olivae :

Mirarique deos : operi victoria finis.

Ut tamen exemplis intellegat aemula laudis,

Quod pretium speret pro tarn f urialibus ausis,

Quattuor in partes certamina quattuor addit 85

Clara colore suo, brevibus distincta sigillis.

Threiciam Rhodopen liabet angulus unus et Haemon,

16. ARACHNE. 55

Nunc gelidos montes, mortalia corpora quondam,

Nomina summorum sibi qui tribuere deorum.

Altera Pygmaeae fatum miserabile matris 90

Pars habet. Hanc Juno victam certamine jussit

Esse gruem populisque suis indicere bellum.

Pinxit et Antigonen ausam contendere quondam

Cum magni consorte Jovis, quam regia Juno

In volucrem vertit ; nee prof uit Ilion illi 95

Laomedonve pater, sumptis quin Candida pennis

Ipsa sibi plaudat crepitante ciconia rostro.

Qui superest solus, Cinyran habet angulus orbum ;

Isque gradus templi, natarum membra suarum,

Amplectens saxoque jacens lacrimare videtur. 100

Circuit extremas oleis pacalibus oras.

Is modus est, operisque sua facit arbore finem.

Maeonis elusam designat imagine tauri
Europam : verum taurum, freta vera putares ;
Ipsa videbatur terras spectare relictas 105

Et comites clamare suas, tactumque vereri
Assilientis aquae timidasque reducere plantas.
Fecit et Asterien aquila luctante teneri :
Fecit olorinis Ledam recubare sub alis :
Addidit, ut Satyri celatus imagine pulchram 110

Juppiter implerit gemino Nycteida fetu,
Amphitryon f uerit, cum te, Tirynthia, cepit,
Aureus ut Danaen, Asopida luserit ignis,
Mnemosynen pastor, varius Deoida serpens. 114

Ultima pars telae tenui circumdata limbo 127

Nexilibus flores hederis habet intertextos.
Non illud Pallas, non illud carpere Livor
Possit opus. Doluit successu flava virago, 130

Et rupit pictas, caelestia crimina, vestes.

56 METAMORPHOSES, YI. 146-312.

Utque Cytoriaco radium de monte tenebat,

Ter quater Idmoniae frontem percussit Araclmes.

Non tulit infelix, laqueoque animosa ligavit

Guttura. Pendentem Pallas miserata levavit, 135

Atque ita " vive quidem, pende tamen, improba," dixit,

" Lexque eadem poenae, ne sis secura f uturi,

Dicta tuo generi serisque nepotibus esto."

Post ea discedens sucis Hecateidos herbae

Sparsit ; et extemplo tristi medicamine tactae 140

Defluxere comae, cum quis et naris et aures,

Fitque caput minimum ; toto quoque corpore parva est ;

In latere exiles digiti pro cruribus haerent,

Cetera venter habet : de quo tamen ilia remittit

Stamen, et antiquas exercet aranea telas.

17. Niobe, or Latona's Revenge.

VI. 146-312.

Niobe, daughter of Tantalus, in the pride of her maternity as
mother of a numerous and beautiful offspring, claims diviner
honors than Latona, the mother of Apollo and Diana. Latona
is avenged by her children, who slay all the sons and daugh-
ters of Niobe ;

" When in the house her children lay in death,
Six beauteous daughters and six stalwart sons.
The youths Apollo with his silver bow,
The maids the archer-queen, Diana, slew,
"With anger filled that Mobe presumed
Herself with fair Latona to compare,
Her many children with her rival's two."

Homer's " Iliad," xxiv. 604-610, Lord Derby's translation.

Lydia tota fremit, Phrygiaeque per oppida facti
Rumor it et magnum sermonibus occupat orbem.
Ante suos Niobe thalamos cognoverat illam,

17. NIOBE. 57

Turn cum Maeoniam virgo Sipylumque colebat :
Nee tamen admonita est poena popularis Arachnes 150
Cedere caelitibus, verbisque minoribus uti.
Multa dabant animos : sed enim nee conjugis artes
Nee genus amborum magnique potentia regni
Sic placuere illi, quamvis ea cuncta placerent,
Ut sua progenies ; et felicissima matrum 155

Dicta foret Niobe, si non sibi visa fuisset.
Nam sata Tiresia venturi praescia Manto
Per medias fuerat, divino concita motu,
Yaticinata vias : " Ismenides, ite frequentes
Et date Latonae Latonigenisque duobus 160

Cum prece tura pia, lauroque innectite crinem :
Ore meo Latona jubet." Paretur, et omnes
Thebaides jussis sua tempora frondibus ornant,
Turaque dant Sanctis et verba precantia flammis.
Ecce venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba, 165

Vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro,
Et, quantum ira sinit, formosa ; movensque decoro
. Cum capite immissos umerum per utrumque capillos
Constitit : utque oculos circumtulit alta superbos,
" Quis furor, auditos," inquit, " praeponere visis 170
Caelestes ? aut cur colitur Latona per aras,
Numen adliuc sine ture meum est ? mihi Tantalus auctor,
Cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas.
Plei'adum soror est genetrix mea ; maximus Atlas
Est avus, aetherium qui fert cervicibus axem ; 175

Juppiter alter avns ; socero quoque glorior illo.
Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi
Sub domina est, fidibusque mei commissa mariti
Moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur.
In quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem, 180

58 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 146-312.

Immensae spectantur opes. Accedit eodem

Digna dea facies. Hue natas adice septem

Et totidem juvenes, et mox generosque nurusque.

Quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam,

Nescio quoque audete satam Titanida Coeo 185

Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quondam

Exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit.

Nee caelo nee humo nee aquis dea vestra recepta est.

Exsul erat mundi, donee miserata vagantem

' Hospita tu terris erras, ego ' dixit < in undis,' 190

Instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Ilia duorum

Facta parens : uteri pars haec est septima nostri.

Sum f elix : quis enim neget hoc ? f elixque manebo ;

Hoc quoque quis dubitet ? tutam me copia fecit.

Major sum, quam cui possit Fortuna nocere ; 195

Multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet.

Excessere metum mea jam bona. Fingite demi

Huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum,

Non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum,

Latonae turbam : qua quantum distat ab orba ? 200

Inf ectis properate sacris ; laurumque capillis

Ponite." Deponunt, infectaque sacra relinquunt,

Quodque licet, tacito venerantur murmure numen.

Indignata dea est, summoque in vertice Cynthi

Talibus est dictis gemina cum prole locuta : 205

" En ego vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis,

Et, nisi Junoni, nulli cessura dearum,

An dea sim, dubitor, perque omnia saecula cultis

Arceor, o nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris.

Nee dolor hie solus: diro convicia facto 210

Tantalis adjecit, vosque est postponere natis

Ausa suis, et me, quod in ipsam reccidat, orbam

17. NIOBE. 59

Dixit, et exhibuit linguam scelerata paternam."

Ad jectura preces erat his Latona relatis :

"Desine!" Phoebus ait,"poenaemoralongaquerellaest."

Dixit idem Phoebe ; celerique per aera lapsu

Contigerant tecti Cadmeida nubibus arcem.

Planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus,

Assiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum

Duraque mollierat subjectas ungula glaebas. 220

Pars ibi de septem genitis Amphione fortes

Conscendunt in equos, Tyrioque rubentia suco

Terga premunt, auroque graves moderantur habenas.

E quibus Ismenos, qui matri sarcina quondam

Prima suae fuerat, dum certum flectit in orbem 225

Quadrupedis cursus, spumantiaque ora coercet,

" Ei mihi ! " conclamat, medioque in pectore fixa

Tela gerit, frenisque manu moriente remissis

In latus a dextro paulatim defluit armo.

Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae, 230
Frena dabat Sipylus : veluti cum praescius imbris
Nube fugit visa, pendentiaque undique rector
Carbasa deducit, ne qua levis effluat aura.
Frena dabat : dantem non evitabile telum
Consequitur, summaque tremens cervice sagitta 235
Haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum.
Ille, ut erat pronus, per colla admissa jubasque
Volvitur, et calido tellurem sanguine foedat.

Phaedimus infelix et aviti nominis heres
Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori, 240

Transierant ad opus nitidae juvenale palaestrae :
Et jam contulerant arto luctantia nexu
Pectora pectoribus, cum tento concita nervo,
Sicut erant juncti, trajecit utrumque sagitta.

60 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 146-312.

Ingemuere simul, simul incur vata dolore 245

Membra solo posuere ; simul suprema jacentes
Lumina versarunt, animam simul exhalarunt.

Aspicit Alphenor, laniataque pectora plangens
Advolat, ut gelidos complexibus allevet artus,
Inque pio cadit officio ; nam Delius illi 250

Intima fatifero rupit praecordia ferro.
Quod simul eductum, pars est pulmonis in liamis
Eruta, cumque anima cruor est effusus in auras.
At non intonsum simplex Damasichthona vulnus
Adficit. Ictus erat, qua crus esse incipit, et qua 255
Mollia nervosus facit internodia poples.
D unique manu temptat trahere exitiabile telum,
Altera per jugulum pennis tenus acta sagitta est.
Expulit lianc sanguis, seque ejaculatus in altum
Emicat, et longe terebrata prosilit aura. 260

Ultimus Ilioneus non profectura precando
Bracchia sustulerat, " di " que " o communiter omnes,"
Dixerat, ignarus non omnes esse rogandos,
u Parcite ! " Motus erat, cum jam revocabile telum
Non fuit, arcitenens ; minimo tamen occidit ille 265
Vulnere, non alte percusso corde sagitta.

Fama mali populique dolor lacrimaeque suorum
Tarn subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae,
Mirantem potuisse, irascentemque, quod ausi
Hoc essent superi, quod tan turn juris haberent. 270
Nam pater Amphion ferro per pectus adacto
Finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem.
Heu quantum liaec Niobe Niobe distabat ab ilia,
Quae modo Latois populum summoverat aris,
Et mediam tulerat gressus resupina per urbem, 275
Invidiosa suis ; at nunc miseranda vel hosti.

17. NIOBE. 61

Corporibus gelidis incumbit, et ordine nullo
Oscula dispensat natos suprema per omnes.
A quibus ad caelum liventia bracchia tollens
"Pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, dolore, 280

Pascere " ait, " satiaque meo tua pectora luctu :
Efferor : exsulta, victrixque inimica triumpha.
Cur autem victrix ? miserae mihi plura supersunt,
Quam tibi felici : post tot quoque funera vinco." 285

Dixerat, et sonuit contento nervus ab arcu :
Qui praeter Nioben unam conterruit omnes.
Ilia malo est audax. Stabant cum vestibus atris
Ante toros f ratrum demisso crine sorores :
E quibus una trahens haerentia viscere tela 290

Imposito fratri moribunda relanguit ore :
Altera solari miseram conata parentem
Conticuit subito, duplicataque vulnere caeco est :
[Oraque compressit, nisi postquam spiritus ibat.]
Haec frustra f ugiens collabitur : ilia sorori 295

Immoritur : latet haec : illam trepidare videres.
Sexque datis leto diversaque vulnera passis
Ultima restabat : quam toto corpore mater,
Tota veste tegens, " unam minimamque relinque !
De multis minimam posco," clamavit, u et unam." 300
Dumque rogat, pro qua rogat, occidit. Orba resedit
Exanimes inter natos natasque virumque,
Deriguitque malis. ISTullos movet aura capillos,
In vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis
Stant immota genis : nihil est in imagine vivum. 305
Ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato
Congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri ;
Nee ilecti cervix nee bracchia reddere motus
Nee pes ire potest : intra quoque viscera saxum est.

62 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 313-400.

Flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti 310

In patriam rapta est. Ibi fixa cacumine montis
Liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant.

18. The Lycians ; and Marsyas.
VI. 313-400.

Turn vero cuncti manifestam numinis iram
Femina virque timent, cultuque impensius omnes
Magna gemelliparae venerantur numina divae. 315

Utque lit, a facto propiore priora ren arrant.
E quibus unus ait : u Lyciae quoque fertilis agris
Non impune deam veteres sprevere coloni.
Res obscura quidem est ignobilitate virorum,
Mira tamen. Yidi praesens stagnumque locumque 320
Prodigio notum. Nam me jam grandior aevo
Impatiensque viae genitor deducere lectos
Jusserat inde boves, gentisque illius eunti
Ipse ducem dederat. Cum quo dum pascua lustro,
Ecce lacu medio sacrorum nigra favilla 325

Ara vetus stabat, tremulis circumdata cannis.
Eestitit, et pavido " f aveas mihi " murmure dixit
Dux meus ; et simili " faveas " ego murmure dixi.
Naiadum Faunine foret tamen ara rogabam,
Indigenaeve dei : cum talia rettulit hospes : 330

" ]N~on hac, o juvenis, montanum numen in ara est.
Ilia suam vocat hanc, cui quondam regia conjunx
Orbe interdixit ; quam vix erratica Delos
Errantem accepit, turn cum levis insula nabat.
Illic incumbens cum Palladis arbore palmae 335

Edidit invita geminos Latona noverca.
Hinc quoque Junonem fugisse puerpera fertur

18. THE LYCIANS; AND MARSYAS. 63

Inque suo portasse sinu, duo numina, natos.

Jamque Chimaeriferae, cum sol gravis ureret arva,

Finibus in Lyciae longo dea fessa labore 340

Sidereo siccata sitim collegit ab aestu :

TTberaque ebiberant avidi lactantia nati.

Forte lacum mediocris aquae prospexit in imis

Yallibus : agrestes illic fruticosa legebant

Vimina cum juncis gratamque paludibus ulvam. 345

Accessit, positoque genu Titania terram

Pressit, ut hauriret gelidos potura liquores.

Rustica turba vetant. Dea sic affata vetantes :

6 Quid prohibetis aquis ? usus communis aquarum est.

Nee solem proprium natura nee aera fecit 350

Nee tenues undas : ad publica munera veni,

Quae tamen ut detis, supplex peto. Non ego nostros

Abluere liic artus lassataque membra parabam,

Sed relevare sitim. Caret os umore loquentis

Et fauces arent, vixque est via vocis in illis. 355

Haustus aquae milii nectar erit, vi tarn que fatebor

Accepisse simul : vitam dederitis in unda.

Hi quoque vos moveant, qui nostro bracchia tendunt

Parva sinu ; ' et casu tendebant bracchia nati.

Quern non blanda deae potuissent verba movere ? 360
Hi tamen orantem perstant prohibere, minasque,
Ni procul abscedat, conviciaque insuper addunt.
Nee satis est ; ipsos etiam pedibusque manuque
Turbavere lacus, imoque e gurgite mollem
Hue illuc limum saltu movere maligno. 365

Distulit ira sitim : neque enim jam filia Coei
Supplicat indignis, nee dicere sustinet ultra
Verba minora dea ; tollensque ad sidera palmas,
6 Aeternum stagno ' dixit ' vivatis in isto.'

64 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 313-400.

Eveniunt optata deae. Juvat esse sub undis, 370
Et modo tota cava submergere membra palude,
Nunc proferre caput, summo modo gurgite nare,
Saepe super ripam stagni consistere, saepe
In gelidos resilire lacus. Sed nunc quoque turpes
Litibus exercent linguas, pulsoque pudore, 375

Quamvis sint sub aqua, sub aqua maledicere temptant.
Vox quoque jam rauca est, inflataque colla tumescunt,
Ipsaque dilatant patulos convicia rictus.
Terga caput tangunt, colla intercepta videntur ;
Spina viret ; venter, pars maxima corporis, albet : 380
Limosoque novae saliunt in gurgite ranae."

Sic ubi nescio quis Lycia de gente virorum
Rettulit exitium, Satyri reminiscitur alter,
Quern Tritoniaca Latous harundine victum
Adfecit poena. " Quid me mihi detrains ? " inquit : 385
" A ! piget, a ! non est," clamabat, " tibia tanti ! "
Clamanti cutis est summos direpta per artus ;
Nee quicquarn nisi vulnus erat : cruor undique manat,
Detectique patent nervi, trepidaeque sine ulla
Pelle micant venae ; salientia viscera possis 390

Et perlucentes numerare in pectore fibras.
Ilium ruricolae, silvarum numina, Fauni
Et satyri fratres et tunc quoque cams Olympus
Et nymphae flerunt, et quisquis montibus illis
Lanigerosque greges armentaque bucera pavit. 395

Fertilis immaduit, madefactaque terra caducas
Concepit lacrimas ac venis perbibit imis :
Quas ubi fecit aquam, vacuas emisit in auras.
Inde pet ens rapidum ripis declivibus aequor
Marsya nomen habet, Phrygiae liquidissimus amnis. 400

19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 65

19. The Golden Fleece.
VII. 1-158.

Jason goes in quest of the Golden Fleece, and, by Medea's
help, triumphs over all obstacles, and afterward carries Medea
with him from Iolcos. J »

There is a good English version of the story in Mr. MorrisV
" Life and Death of Jason." A/ \ v

Jam que f return Minyae Pagasaea puppe secabant : /A
Perpetuaque trahens inopem sub nocte senectam i
Phineus visus erat, juvenesque Aquilone creati ,
Virgineas volucres miseri senis ore fugarant :
Multaque perpessi claro sub Iasone tandem
Contigerant rapidas limosi Phasidos undas :
Dumque adeunt regem Phrixeaque vellera poscunt,
Lexque datur Minyis magnorum horrenda laborum,
Concipit interea validos Aeetias ignes : r^

Et luctata dm, postquam ratione furorem 10

Vincere non poterat, " f rustra, Medea, repugnas :
Nescio quis deus obstat," ait ; " mirumque, nisi hoc est,
Aut aliquid certe simile huic, quod amare vocatur.
Nam cur jussa patris nimium mihi dura videntur ?
Sunt quoque dura nimis. Our, quern modo denique vidi,
Ne pereat, timeo ? quae tanti causa timoris ?
Excute virgineo conceptas pectore flammae,
Si potes, infelix ! si possem, sanior essem.
Sed gravat invitam nova vis, aliudque cupido,
Mens aliud suadet. Video meliora proboque, 20

Deteriora sequor. Quid in hospite, regia virgo,
Ureris, et thalamos alieni concipis orbis ?
Ilacc quoque terra potest, quod ames, dare. Vivat, an ille
Occidat, in dis est. Yivat tamen : idque precari

6Q METAMORPHOSES, VII. 1-158.

Vel sine amore licet. Quid enim commisit Iason ? 25
Quern, nisi crudelem, non tangat Iasonis aetas
Et genus et virtus ? quern non, ut cetera desint,
Ore niovere potest ? certe mea pectora movit.
At nisi opem tulero, taurorum adflabitur igne,
Concurretque suae segetis tellure creatis 30

Hostibus, aut avido dabitur fera praeda draconi.
Hoc ego si patiar, turn me de tigride natam,
Turn f errum et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor.
Cur non et specto pereuntem, oculosque videndo
Conscelero ? cur non tauros exhortor in ilium 35

Terrigenasque f eros insopitumque draconem ?
Di meliora velint. Quamquam non ista precanda,
Sed facienda mihi. Prodamne ego regna parentis,
Atque ope nescio quis servabitur advena nostra,
Ut per me sospes sine me det lintea ventis, 40

Virque sit alterius, poenae Medea relinquar?
Si facere hoc, aliamve potest praeponere nobis,
Occidat ingratus. Sed non is vultus in illo,
Non ea nobilitas animo est, ea gratia formae,
Ut timeam fraudem meritique oblivia nostri. 45

Et dabit ante fid em. Cogamque in foedera testes
Esse deos. Quid tuta times ? accingere et omnem
Pelle moram : tibi se semper debebit Iason,
Te face sollemni junget sibi, perque Pelasgas ^
Servatrix urbes matrum celebrabere turba. ~Ji 50
Ergo ego germanam fratremque patremque deosque
Et natale solum, ventis ablata, relinquam ?
Nempe pater saevus, nempe est mea barbara tellus,
Frater adhuc infans, stant mecum vota sororis :
Maximus intra me deus est. Non magna relinquam : 55
Magna sequar : titulum servatae pubis Achivae,

19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 67

Notitiamque loci melioris, et oppida, quorum
Hie quoque f ama viget, cultusque artesque locorum ;
Quemque ego cum rebus, quas totus possidet orbis,
Aesoniden mutasse velim, quo conjuge felix GO

Et dis cara ferar et vertice sidera tangam.
Quid, quod nescio qui mediis incurrere in undis
Dicuntur montes, ratibusque inimica Charybdis
Nunc sorbere f return, nunc reddere, cinctaque saevis
Scylla rapax canibus Siculo latrare prof undo ? 65

Nempe tenens quod amo, gremioque in Iasonis haerens
Per freta longa ferar. Nihil ilium amplexa verebor;
Aut, siquid metuam, metuam de conjuge solo.
Conjugiumne putas, speciosaque nomina culpae
Imponis, Medea, tuae ? quin aspice, quantum TO

Aggrediare nefas, et dum licet, en2 uge crimen."
Dixit : et ante oculos rectum pietasque pudorque
Constiterant, et victa dabat jam terga Cupido.

Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Persei'dos aras,
Quas nemus umbrosum secretaque silva tegebat. 75
Et jam f ortis erat, pulsusque recesserat ardor :
Cum videt Aesoniden, extinctaque flamma revixit.
Erubuere genae, totoque recanduit ore,
Utque solet ventis alimenta assumere, quaeque
Parva sub inducta latuit scintilla favilla, 80

Crescere et in veteres agitata resurgere vires,
Sic jam lentus amor, jam quern languere putares,
Ut vidit juvenem, specie praesentis inarsit.
Et casu solito f ormosior Aesone natus
Ilia luce f uit : posses ignoscere amanti. 85

Spectat, et in vultu veluti turn denique viso
Lumina fixa tenet, nee se mortalia demens
Ora videre putat, nee se declinat ab illo.

68 METAMORPHOSES, VII. 1-158.

Ut vero coepitque loqui dextramque prehendit
Hospes, et auxilium summissa voce rogavit, 90

Promisitquo torum, lacrimis ait ilia profusis :
" Quid faciam, video : nee me ignorantia veri
Decipiet, sed amor. Servabere munere nostro :
Servatus promissa dato.V Per sacra triformis
Ille deae, lucoque foret quod numen in illo, 95

Perque patrem soceri cernentem cuncta f uturi,
Eventusque suos et tanta pericula jurat.
Creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas,
Edidicitque usum, laetusque in tesca recessit.

Postera depulerat stellas aurora micantes : 100

Convenient populi sacrum Mavortis in arvum,
Consistuntque jugis. Medio rex ipse resedit
Agmine pnrpureus sceptroqne insignis eburno.
Ecce adamantAs vulcanum naribus efflant
Aeripedes tauri, tactaeque vaporibus lierbae 105

Ardent ; utque solent pleni resonare camini,
Aut ubi terrena silices f ornace soluti
Concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspergine aquarum :
Pectora sic intus clausas volventia flammas
Gutturaque nsta sonant. Tamen illis Aesone natus 110
Obvius it. Yertere truces venientis ad ora
Terribiles vultus praefixaque cornua ferro,
Pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisulco,
Eumificisqne locnm mugitibns impleverunt.
Deriguere metu Minyae. S libit ille, nee ignes 115
Sentit anlielatos — tantum medicamina possunt —
Pendulaque andaci mulcet palearia dextra,
Suppositosque jngo pondus grave cogit aratri
Ducere et insuetum ferro proscindere campum.
Mirantur Colchi : Minyae clamoribns augent 120

19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 69

Adiciuntque animos. Galea turn sumit aena v

Vipereos dentes, et aratos spargit in agros. -^ ^

Semina mollit humus valido praetincta veneno,

Et crescunt fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes.

Utque hominis speciem materna sumit in alvo, 125

Perque suos intus numeros componitur infans,

Nee nisi maturus communes exit in auras :

Sic ubi visceribus gravidae telluris imago

Effecta est hominis, f eto consurgit in arvo ;

Quodque magis mirum est, simul edita concutit arma. 130 ,

Quos ubi viderunt praeacutae cuspidis hastas

In caput Haemonii juvenis torquere parantes,

Demisere metu vultumque animumque Pelasgi.

Ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutum fecerat ilium,

Utque peti vidit juvenem tot ab hostibus unum, 135

Palluit et subito sine sanguine frigida sedit ;

Neve parum valeant a se data gramina, carmen

Auxiliare canit, secretasque advocat artes.

Ille gravem medios silicem jaculatus in hostes

A se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos. 140

Terrigenae pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres,

Civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Achivi,

Victoremque tenent avidisque amplexibus haerent.

Tu quoque victorem complecti, barbara, velles ;

Obstitk incepto pudor. At complexa fuisses ; 145

Sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae.

Quod licet, aspectu tacito laetaris, agisque

Carminibus grates et dis auctoribus horum.

Pervigilem superest herbis sopire draconem.
Qui crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis 150

Dentibus horrendus custos erat arboris aureae.
llunc postquam sparsit Lethaei gramine suci

70 METAMORPHOSES, VIII. 183-259.

Verbaque ter dixit placidos facientia somnos,
Quae mare turbatum, quae concita flumina sistunt,
Somnus in ignotos oculos sibi venit, et auro 155

Heros Aesonius potitur, spolioque superbus
Muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans
Victor Iolciacos tetigit cum conjuge portus.

20. The Death of Icarus.

VIII. 183-259.

Daedalus had fled from Athens to Crete, where he built the
labyrinth for Minos. Kept now against his will by Minos, he flies
across the sea ; his son Icarus, who flies with him, falls into the sea.

Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus
Exilium tactusque loci natalis amore,
Clausus erat pelago. " Terras licet " inquit " et undas 185
Obstruat : at caelum certe patet ; ibimus iliac.
Omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos."
Dixit, et ignotas animum dimittit in artes,
Naturamque no vat. Nam ponit in ordine pennas,
A minima coeptas, longam breviore sequenti, 190

Ut clivo crevisse putes : sic rustica quondam
Fistula disparibus paulatim surgit avenis.
Turn lino medias et ceris alligat imas,
Atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit,
Ut veras imitetur aves. Puer Icarus una 195

Stabat et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla,
Ore renidenti modo, quas vaga moverat aura,
Captabat plumas, flavam modo pollice ceram
Mollibat, lusuque suo mirabile patris
Impediebat opus. Postquam manus ultima coeptis 200

20. THE DEATH OF ICARUS. 71

Imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas
Ipse suum corpus, motaque pependit in aura.

Instruit et natum, " medio " que " ut limite curras,
Icare," ait " moneo, ne, si demissior ibis,
Unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat. 205

Inter utrumque vola. Nee te spectare Booten
Aut Helicen jubeo strict unique Orionis ensem :
Me duce carpe viam." Pariter praecepta volandi
Tradit et ignotas umeris accommodat alas.

Inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles, 210
Et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato
Non iterum repetenda suo, pennisque levatus
Ante volat, comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto
Quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido ;
Hortaturque sequi, damnosasque erudit artes, 215

Et mo vet ipse suas et nati respicit alas.
IIos aliquis tremula dum captat liarundine pisces.
Aut pastor baculo stivave innixus arator
Yidit et obstipuit, quique aethera carpere possent,
Credidit esse deos. Et jam Junonia laeva 220

Parte Samos fuerat Delosque Parosque relictae,
Dextra Lebintlius erat fecundaque melle Calymne,
Cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu,
Deseruitque ducem caelique cupidine tractus
Altius egit iter. Eapidi vicinia solis -< 225

Mollit odoratas, pennarum vincula, ceras.
Tabuerant cerae ; nudos quatit ille lacertos,
Remigioque carens non ullas percipit auras,
Oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen
Excipiuntur aqua : quae nomen traxit ab illo, 230

At pater infelix, nee jam pater, " Icare," dixit,
" Icare," dixit " ubi es ? qua te regione requiram ? "

72 METAMORPHOSES, VIII. 183-259.

"Icare" dicebat, pennas aspexit in undis,
Devovitque suas artes, corpusque sepulchro \
Condidit ; et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti. — ^ 235

Hunc miseri tumulo ponentem corpora nati
Garrula ramosa prospexit ab ilice perdix,
Et plausit pennis testataque gaudia cantu est :
Unica tunc volucris, nee visa prioribus annis,
Factaque nuper avis ; longum tibi, Daedale, crimen. 240
Namque huic tradiderat, fatorum ignara, docendam
Progeniem germana suam, natalibus actis
Bis pueruin senis, animi ad praecepta capacis.
Ule etiam medio spinas in pisce notatas
Traxit in exemplum, ferroque incidit acuto 245

Perpetuos dentes et serrae repperit nsum.
Primus et ex uno duo ferrea braccliia nodo
Vinxit, ut aequali spatio distantibus illis
Altera pars staret, pars altera duceret orbem.
Daedalus invidit, sacraque ex arce Minervae 250

Praecipitem misit, lapsum mentitus. At ilium
Quae fa vet ingeniis, excepit Pallas, avemque
Reddidit, et medio velavit in aere pennis.
Sed vigor ingenii quondam velocis in alas
Inque pedes abiit : nomen quod et ante, remansit. 255
ISTon tamen haec alte volucris sua corpora tollit,
Nee facit in ramis altoque cacumine nidos ;
Propter liumum volitat, ponitque in saepibus ova,
Antiquique memor metuit sublimia casus.

21. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 73

21. Philemon and Baucis.

VIII. 616-724.

Philemon and Baucis, an aged couple in Phrygia, entertain
Jupiter and Mercury, though they are " strangers " to them;
and they find that "they have thereby entertained" gods "un-
awares."

Obstipuere omnes, nee talia dicta probarunt ;

Ante omnesque Lelex, animo maturus et aevo,

Sic ait : " immensa est finemque potentia caeli

Non habet, et quicquid superi voluere, peractum est.

Quoque minus dubites, tiliae contermina quercus 620

Collibus est Phrygiis, modico circumdata muro :

Ipse locum vidi ; nam me Pelopeia Pittheus

Misit in arva, suo quondam regnata parenti.

Haud procnl hinc stagnum est, tell us habitabilis olim,

Nunc celebres mergis fulicisque palustribus undae. 625

Juppiter hue specie mortali, cumque parente

Venit Atlantiades positis caducifer alis.

Mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes :

Mille domos clausere serae. Tamen una recepit,

Parva quidem, stipulis et canna tecta palustri : 630

Sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon

Ilia sunt annis juncti juvenalibus, ilia

Consenuere casa ; paupertatemque f atendo V

Effecere levem nee iniqua mente ferendo. O

Nee refert, dominos illic, famulosne requiras : 635

Tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque jubentque.

Ergo ubi caelicolae placitos tetigere penates,
Summissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes,
Membra senex posito jussit relevare sedili,
5

.74 METAMORPHOSES, VIII. 616-724.

Quo superinjecit textum rude sedula Baucis. 640

Inde foco tepidum cinerem dimovit et ignes

Suscitat hesternos f oliisque et cortice sicco

ISTutrit et ad flammas anima producit anili ;

Multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto

Detulit et minuit, parvoque admovit aeno. 645

Quodque suus conjunx riguo collegerat horto,

Truncat holus foliis. Furca levat ille bicorni

Sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno,

Servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem

Exiguam, sectamque domat f erven tibus undis. 650

Interea medias fallunt sermonibus boras,
Concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva 655

Impositum lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis.
Vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo
Sternere consuerant : sed et haec vilisque vetusque
Vestis erat, lecto non indignanda saligno.
Accubuere dei. Mensam succincta tremensque 660
Ponit anus ; mensae sed erat pes tertius inpar :
Testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivum
Sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes.
Ponitur hie bicolor sincerae baca Minervae,
Conditaque in liquida corna autumnalia faece, 665

Intibaque et radix et lactis massa coacti,
Ovaque non acri leviter versata fa villa,
Omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus eodem
Sistitur argento crater f abricataque fago
Pocula, qua cava sunt, flaventibus illita ceris. 670

Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes,
Kec longae rursus referuntur vina senectae,
Dantque locum mensis paulum seducta secundis.
Hie nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis

'

)

21. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 75

Prunaque et in patulis redolentia mala canistris 675
Et de purpureis collectae vitibus uvae.
Candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus
Accessere boni nee iners pauperque voluntas.

Interea totiens haustum cratera repleri
Sponte sua, per seque vident succrescere vina : G80

Attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis
Concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon,
Et veniam dapibus nullisque paratibus orant.
Unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae,
Quern dis hospitibus domini mactare parabant. 685

Ille celer penna tardos aetate fatigat,
Eluditque diu, tandemque est visus ad ipsos
Confugisse deos. Superi vetuere necari :
'Di ' que 'sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas
Impia ' dixerunt ; i vobis immunibus liujus 690

Esse mali dabitur ; modo vestra relinquite tecta,
Ac nostros comitate gradus et in ardua montis
Ite simul.' Parent ambo, baculisque levati
Nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo.

Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta 695
Missa potest : flexere oculos, et mersa palude
Cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere.
Dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum,
Ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus
Vertitur in templum : f ureas subiere columnae, 700
Stramina flavescunt aurataque tecta videntur,
Caelataeque fores, adopertaque marmore tellus.
Talia turn placido Saturnius edidit ore :
' Dicite, juste senex et femina conjuge justo
Digna, quid optetis.' Cum Baucide pauca locutus, 705
Judicium superis aperit commune Philemon :

76 METAMOEPHOSES, IX. 1-97.

1 Esse sacerdotes delubraque vestra tueri
Poscimus ; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos,
Auferat hora duos eadem, nee conjugis unquam
Busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia.' 710

Vota fides sequitur. Templi tutela f uere,
Donee vita data est. Annis aevoque soluti ^/i
Ante gradus sacros cum starent forte, locique
Narrarent casus, frondere Philemona Baucis,
Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon. 715

Jamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus
Mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta ' vale ' que
i O conjunx ' dixere simul, simul abdita texit
Ora frutex. Ostendit adhuc Thymbreius illic
Incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos. 720

Haec mihi non vani, neque erat cur fallere vellent,
Narravere senes. Equidem pendentia vidi
Serta super ramos, ponensque recentia dixi,
i Cura pii dis sunt, et qui coluere, coluntur.' "

22. The "Wooing of Deianira.

IX. 1-97.

The river-god Achelous tells how Hercules contended with
him for the hand of Deianira, and how Hercules defeated him
and won the prize.

Quae gemitus truncaeque deo Neptunius heros
Causa rogat frontis. Cum sic Calydonius amnis
Coepit, inornatos redimitus harundine crines :
M Triste petis munus. Quis enim sua proelia victus
Commemorare velit ? Keferam tamen ordine. Nee tarn 5
Turpe fuit vinci, quam contendisse decorum est ;
Magnaque dat nobis tantus solacia victor.

22. THE WOOING OF DEIANIRA. 77

Nomine siqua suo tandem pervenit ad aures

Deianira tuas — quondam pulcherrima virgo

Multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum. 10

Cum quibus ut soceri domus est intrata petiti,

' Accipe me generum,' dixi l Parthaone nate : '

Dixit et Alcides : alii cessere duobus.

Ille Jovem socerum dare se, famamque laborum,

Et superata suae referebat jussa novercae. 15

Contra ego ' turpe deum mortali cedere : ' dixi —

Nondum erat ille deus — ' regem me cernis aquarum

Cursibus obliquis inter tua regna fluentum.

Nee gener externis liospes tibi missus ab oris,

Sed popularis ero et rerum pars una tuarum. 20

Tantum ne noceat, quod me nee regia Juno

Odit, et omnis abest jussorum poena laborum.'

Talia dicentem jamdudum. lumine torvo 27

Spectat, et accensae non fortiter imperat irae,
Verbaque tot reddit : ' melior mihi dextera lingua.
Dummodo pugnando superem, tu vinee loquendo,' 30
Congrediturque ferox. Puduit modo magna locutum
Cedere : rejeci viridem de corpore vestem,
Bracchiaque opposui, tenuique a pectore varas
In statione manus et pugnae membra paravi.
Ille cavis liausto spargit me pulvere palmis, 35

Inque vicem f ulvae tactu flavescit harenae.
Et modo cervicem, modo crura micantia captat,
Aut captare putes, omnique a parte lacessit.
Me mea def endit gravitas : f rustraque petebar ;
Haud secus ac moles, magno quam murmure fluctus 40
Oppugnant ; manet ilia, suoque est pond ere tuta.

Digredimur paulum, rursusque ad bella coimus,
Inque gradu stetimus, certi non cedere ; eratque

78 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 1-97.

Cum pede pes junctus, totoque ego pectore pronus

Et digitos digitis et frontem fronte premebam. 45

Non aliter vidi fortes concurrere tauros,

Cum pretium pugnae toto nitidissima saltu

Expetitur con junx : spectant armenta paventque

ISTescia, quern maneat tanti victoria regni.

Ter sine profectu voluit nitentia contra 50

Eeicere Alcides a se mea pectora : quarto

Excutit amplexus, adductaque bracchia solvit,

Impulsumque manu — certum est mihi vera fateri —

Protinus avertit, tergoque onerosus inliaesit.

Siqua fides, — neque enim ficta mihi gloria voce 55

Quaeritur — imposito pressus mihi monte videbar.

Vix tamen inserui sudore fluentia multo

Bracchia, vix solvi duros a pectore nexus.

Instat anhelanti, prohibetque resumere vires,

Et cervice mea potitur. Turn denique tellus 60

Pressa genu nostro est, et harenas ore momordi.

Inferior virtute, meas divertor ad artes,

Elaborque viro longum format us in anguem.

Qui postquam fiexos sinuavi corpus in orbes,

Cumque fero movi linguam stridore bisulcam, 65

Risit, et illudens nostras Tirynthius artes

i Cunarum labor est angues superare mearum,'

Dixit ' et ut vincas alios, Acheloe, dracones,

Pars quota Lernaeae serpens eris unus echidnae ?

Yulneribus fecunda suis erat ilia, nee ullum TO

De centum numero caput est impune recisum,

Quin gemino cervix herede valentior esset.

Hanc ego ramosam natis c caede colubris

Crescentemque malo clomui, vetuique renasci.

Quid fore te credas, falsum qui versus in aaguem T5

23. THE DEATH OF HERCULES. 79

Arma aliena moves ? quem forma precaria celat % '
Dixerat, et summo digitorum vincula collo
Inicit : angebar, ceu guttura forcipe pressus,
Pollicibusque meas pugnabam evellere fauces.

Sic quoque devicto restabat tertia tauri 80

Forma tnicis : tauro mutatus membra rebello.
Induit ille toris a laeva parte lacertos,
Admissumque trahens sequitur, depressaque dura
Cornua figit humo, meque alta sternit harena.
Nee satis hoc fuerat : rigidum f era dextera cornu 85
Dum tenet, infregit, truncaque a fronte revellit.
Naides hoc, pomis et odoro flore repletum,
Sacrarunt ; divesque meo Bona Copia cornu est."

Dixerat : et Nymphe ritu succincta Dianae,
Una ministrarum, fusis utrimque capillis, 90

Incessit totumque tulit praedivite cornu
Autumnum et mensas, felicia poma, secundas.
Lux subit ; et primo feriente cacumina sole
Discedunt juvenes : neque enim, dum flumina pacem
Et placidos habeant lapsus, totaeque residant, 95

Opperiuntur, aquae. Vultus Achelous agrestes
Et lacerum cornu mediis caput abdidit undis.

23. The Death of Hercules.

IX. 134-272.

u As when Alcides, from Oechalia crown'd
With conquest, felt the envenomM robe, and tore
Through pain up by the roots Thessalian pines ;
And Lichas from the top of Oeta threw
Into the Euboic sea." — u Paradise Lost," II. 542-546.

Longa fuit medii mora temporis : actaque magni
ilerculis implerant terras odium que novercae. 135

80 METAMOEPHOSES, IX. 134-272.

Victor ab Oechalia Cenaeo sacra parabat
Vota Jovi, cum fama loquax praecessit ad aures,
Deianira, tuas, quae veris addere falsa
Gaudet, et e minimo sua per mendacia crescit,
Amphitryoniaden Ioles ardore teneri. 140

Credit amans, venerisque novae perterrita fama
Indulsit primo lacrimis, fiendoque dolorem
Diffudit miseranda suum : mox deinde " quid autem
Flemus ? M ait " paelex lacrimis laetabitur istis.
Quae quoniam adveniet, properandum aliquidque no-
vandum est, 145

Dum licet, et nondum thalamos tenet altera nostros.
Conquerar, an sileam ? repetam Calydona, morerne ?
Excedam tectis? an, si nihil amplius, obstem?
Quid si me, Meleagre, tuam mem or esse sororem
Forte paro f acinus, quantumque injuria possit 150

Femineusque dolor, jugulata paelice testor ? "
Incursus animus varios habet : omnibus illis
Praetulit imbutam Kesseo sanguine vestem
Mittere, quae vires defecto reddat amori.
Ignaroque Lichae, quid tradat, nescia, luctus 155

Ipsa suos tradit, blandisque miserrima verbis,
Dona det ilia viro, mandat. Capit inscius heros,
Induiturque umeris Lernaeae viru& echidnae.

Tura dabat primis et verba precantia flammis,
Yinaque marmoreas patera fundebat in aras : 160

Incaluit vis ilia mali, resolutaque flammis
Herculeos abiit late diffusa per artus.
Dum potuit, solita gemitum virtute repressit.
Yicta malis postquam est patientia, reppulit aras,
Implevitque suis nemorosum vocibus Oeten. 165

Nee mora, letiferam conatur scindere vestem :

23. THE DEATH OF HERCULES. 81

Qua trahitur, trahit ilia cutem, foedumqne relatu,

Aut haeret membris frustra temptata revelli,

Aut laceros artus et grandia detegit ossa.

Ipse cruor, gelido ceu quondam lammina candens 170

Tincta laciij stridit coquiturque ardente veneno.

Nee modus est, sorbent avidae praecordia flammac,

Caeruleusque fluit toto de corpore sudor,

Ambustique sonant nervi ; caecaque medullis

Tabe liquefactis tendens ad sidera palmas 175

" Cladibus," exclamat " Saturnia, pascere nostris :

Pascere, et hanc pestem specta, crudelis, ab alto,

Corque ferum satia ; vel si miserandus et hosti,

Hoc est, si tibi sum, diris cruciatibus aegram

Invisamque animam natamque laboribus aufer. 180

Mors mihi munus erit : decet haec dare dona novercam.

Ergo ego f oedantem peregrino templa cruore

Busirin domui ? saevoque alimenta parentis

Antaeo eripui % nee me pastoris Hiberi

Forma triplex, nee forma triplex tua,Cerbere,movit? 185

Vosne, manus, validi pressistis cornua tauri ?

Vestrum opus Elis habet, vestrum Stymphalides undae,

Partheniumque nemus ? yestra virtute relatus

Thermodontiaco caelatus balteus auro,

Pomaque ab insomni concustodita dracone ? 190

Nee mihi Centauri potuere resistere, nee mi

Arcadiae vastator aper ? nee prof uit hydrae

Crescere per damnum geminasque resumere vires ?

Quid, cum Thracis equos humano sanguine pingues

Plenaque corporibus laceris praesepia vidi, 195

Yisaque dejeci, dominumque ipsosque peremi ?

His elisa jacet moles Nemeaea lacertis :

Hac caelum cervice tuli. Defessa jubendo est

82 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 134-272.

Saeva Jovis conjunx : ego sum indef essus agendo.
Sed nova pestis adest, cui nee virtute resisti 200

ISTec telis armisque potest. Pulmonibus errat
Ignis edax imis, perque omnes pascitnr artus.
At valet Eurystheus ! et sunt, qui credere possint
Esse deos ? " dixit, perque altum saucius Oeten
Haud aliter graditur, quam si venabula taurus 205

Corpore fixa gerat, factique refugerit auctor.
Saepe ilium gemitus edentem, saepe frementem,
Saepe retemptantem totas refringere vestes
Sternentemque trabes irascentemque videres
Montibus aut patrio tendentem bracchia caelo. 210

Ecce Liehan trepidum latitantem rupe cavata
Aspicit, utque dolor rabiem collegerat omnem,
" Tune, Licha," dixit * f eralia dona dedisti ?
Tune meae necis auctor eris ? " tremit ille, pavetque
Pallidus, et timide verba excusantia dicit. 215

Dicentem genibusque manus adhibere parantem
Corripit Alcides, et terque quaterque rotatum
Mittit in Euboicas tormento fortius undas.
Ille per aerias pendens induruit auras :
TJtque f erunt imbres gelidis concrescere ventis, 220

Inde nives fieri, nivibus quoque molle rotatis
Astringi et spissa glomerari grandine corpus,
Sic ilium validis actum per inane lacertis
Exsanguemque metu nee quicquam umoris habentem
In rigidos versum silices prior edidit aetas. 225

Nunc quoque in Euboico scopulus brevis emicat alto
Gurgite et humanae servat vestigia f ormae,
Quern, quasi sensurum, nautae calcare verentur,
Appellant que Liehan. At tu, Jovis inclita proles,
Arboribus caesis, quas ardua gesserat Oete, 230

23. THE DEATn OF HERCULES. 83

Inque pyram structis arcum pharetramque capacem
Regnaque visuras iterum Trojana sagittas
Ferre jubes Poeante satum, quo flamma ministro
Subdita ; dumque avidis comprenditur ignibus agger,
Congeriem silvae Nemeaeo vellere summam 235

Sternis, et imposita clavae cervice recumbis,
Haud alio vultu, quam si con viva jaceres
Inter plena meri redimitus pocula sertis.

Jamque valens et in omne latus diffusa sonabat,
Securosque artus contemptoremque petebat 240

Flamma suum : timuere dei pro vindice terrae.
Quos ita, sensit enim, laeto Saturnius ore
Juppiter alloquitur : " nostra est timor iste voluptas,
O superi, totoque libens mini pectore grator,
Quod memoris populi dicor rectorque paterque, 245
Et mea progenies vestro quoque tuta favore est.
Nam quam quam ipsius datur hoc immanibus actis,
Obligor ipse tamen. Sed enim, ne pectora vano
Fida metu paveant, istas despernite flammas !
Omnia qui vicit, vincet, quos cernitis, ignes ; 250

ISTec nisi materna vulcanum parte potentem
Sentiet : aeternum est a me quod traxit, et expers
Atque immune necis, nullaque domabile flamma.
Idque ego defunctum terra caelestibus oris
Accipiam, cunctisque meum laetabile factum 255

Dis fore confido. Siquis tamen Hercule, siquis
Forte deo doliturus erit, data praemia nolet,
Sed meruisse dari sciet, invitusque probabit."

Assensere dei : conjunx quoque regia visa est
Cetera non duro, duro tamen ultima vultu 260

Dicta tulisse Jovis, seque indoluisse notatam.

Interea, quodcumque f uit populabile flammae,

84: METAMORPHOSES, X. 1-77.

Mulciber abstulerat : nee cognoscenda remansit
Herculis effigies, nee quicquam ab imagine ductum
Matris habet, tantumque Jovis vestigia servat. 265

Utque novus serpens posita cum pelle senecta
Luxuriare solet, squamaque virere recenti :
Sic ubi mortales Tirynthius exuit artus,
Parte sui meliore viget, majorque videri
Coepit et augusta fieri gravitate verendus. 270

Quern pater omnipotens inter cava nubila raptum
Quadrijugo curru radiantibus intulit astris.

24:. Orpheus and Eurydice.

X. 1-77.

"Such strains as would have won the ear
Of Pluto, to have quite set free
The half-regained Eurydice."

Milton's "17 Allegro."

Inde per immensum croceo velatus amictu
Aethera digreditur, Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras
Tendit, et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur.
Adfuit ille quidem, sed nee sollemnia verba
Nee laetos vultus nee felix attulit omen. 5

Fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula f umo
TJsque fuit, nullosque invenit motibus ignes.
Exitus auspicio gravior : nam nupta per herbas
Dum nova naiadum turba comitata vagatur,
Occidit in talum serpentis dente recepto. 10

Quam satis ad superas postquam Ehodope'ius auras
Deflevit vates, ne non temptaret et umbras,
Ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendere porta :
Perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulcro

24. ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 85

Persephonen adiit inamoenaque regna tenentem 15

Umbrarum dominum, pulsisque ad earmina nervis

Sic ait : " o positi sub terra numina mundi,

In quern reccidimus, quicquid mortale creamur :

Si licet, et falsi positis ambagibus oris

Vera loqui sinitis, non hue, ut opaca viderem 20

Tartara, descendi ; nee uti villosa colubris

Terna Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri :

Causa viae conjunx, in quam calcata venenum

Vipera diffudit, crescentesque abstulit annos.

Posse pati volui, nee me temptasse negabo : 25

Vicit Amor. Supera deus hie bene notus in ora est :

An sit et hie, dubito ; sed et hie tamen auguror gsse,

Famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae, [fcimoris,

Yos quoque junxit Amor. Per ego haec l(5ca~plena

Per Chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regni, 30

Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata.

Omnia debentur vobis, paulumque morati

Serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam.

Tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima, vosque

Humani generis longissima regna tenetis. 35

Haec quoque, cum justos matura peregerit annos,

Juris erit vestri : pro munere poscimus usum.

Quod si fata negant veniam pro conjuge, certum est .

Nolle redire mihi : leto gaudete duorum."

Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem 40
Exsangues flebant animae : nee Tantalus undam
Captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis,
Nee carpsere jecur volucres, urnisque vacarunt
Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo.
Tunc primum lacrimis victarum carmine fama est 45
Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nee regia conjunx

86 METAMOEPHOSES, X. 1-77.

Sustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare :

Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes

Inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo.

Hanc simul et legem Rhodope'ius accipit Orpheus, 50

Ne flectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas

Exierit valles ; aut irrita dona futura.

Carpitur aeclivis per muta silentia trames,
Arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca,
Nee procul afuerunt telluris margine summae : 55

Hie, ne deficeret, metuens, avidusque videndi,
Flexit amans oculos : et protinus ilia relapsa est,
Bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere certus
Nil nisi cedentes infelix arripit auras.
Jamque iterum moriens non est de conjuge quicquam
Questa suo : quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam ?
Supremumque vale, quod jam vix auribus ille
Acciperet, dixit, revolutaque rursus eodem est.

Non aliter stupuit gemina nece conjugis Orpheus,
Quam tria qui timidus, medio portante catenas, 65

Colla canis vidit ; quern non payor ante reliquit,
Quam natura prior, saxo per corpus oborto :
Quique in se crimen traxit voluitque videri
Olenos esse nocens, tuque, o confisa figurae,
Infelix Lethaea, tuae, junctissima quondam 70

Pectora, nunc lapides, quos umida sustinet Ide.

Orantem frustraque iterum transire volentem
Portitor arcuerat ; septem tamen ille diebus
Squalidus in ripa Cereris sine munere sedit :
Cura dolorque animi lacrimaeque alimenta fuere. 75
Esse deos Erebi crudeles questus, in altam
Se recipit Ehodopen pulsumque aquilonibus Haemum.

25. HYACINTIIUS. 87

25. Hyacinthus.

X. 162-219.

. . . "that sanguine flower, inscribed with woe."

Milton's "Lycidas."

Te quoque, Amyclide, posuisset in aethere Phoebus,
Tristia si spatium ponendi fata dedissent.
Qua licet, aeternus tamen es : quotiensque repellit
Yer hiemem, Piscique Aries succedit aquoso, 165

Tu totiens oreris, viridique in caespite flores.
Te mens ante omnes genitor dilexit, et orbe
In medio positi caruerunt praeside Delphi,
Dum dens Enrotan immunitamque freqnentat
Sparten : nee citharae nee snnt in honore sagittae : 170
Immemor ipse sni non retia ferre recusat,
Non tenuisse canes, non per juga montis iniqui
Isse comes ; longaque alit assuetndine flammas.

Jamqne fere medius Titan venientis et actae
Noctis erat, spatioqne pari distabat utrimque : 175

Corpora veste levant, et suco pinguis olivi
Splendescunt, latiqne inennt certamina disci.
Quern prius aerias libratum Phoebus in auras
Misit, et oppositas disjecit pondere nubes.
Eeccidit in solidam longo post tempore terrain 180

Pondus, et exhibuit junctam cum viribus artem.
Protinus imprudens actusque cupidine lusus
Tollere Taenarides orbem properabat ; at ilium
Dura repercusso subjecit verbere tellus
In vultus, Hyaeinthe, tuos. Expalluit aeque 185

Quam puer, ipse deus, collapsosque excipit artus,
Et modo te refovet, modo tristia vulnera siccat,

88 METAMOEPHOSES, X. 162-219.

Nunc animam admotis fugientem sustinet lierbis.

Nil prosunt artes ; erat immedicabile vulnus.

Ut siquis violas riguove papaver in horto 190

Liliaque infringat, fulvis liaerentia lignis

Marcida demittant subito caput ilia gravatum,

Nee se sustineant, spectentque cacumine terram ;

Sic vultus moriens jaeet, et defecta vigore

Ipsa sibi est oneri cervix umeroque recumbit. 195

" Laberis, Oebalide, prima fraudate juventa,"
Phoebus ait " videoque tuum, mea crimina, vulnus.
Tu dolor es facinusque meum : mea dextera leto
Inscribenda tuo est ! ego sum tibi funeris auctor.
Quae mea culpa tamen ? nisi si lusisse vocari 200

Culpa potest, nisi culpa potest et amasse vocari.
Atque utinam merito vitam, tecumque liceret
Keddere ! quod quoniam f atali lege tenemur,
Semper eris mecum, memorique haerebis in ore.
Te lyra pulsa manu, te carmina nostra sonabunt : 205
Flosque novus scripto gemitus imitabere nostros.
Tempus et illud erit, quo se f ortissimus heros
Addat in hunc florem, folioque legatur eodem."

Talia dum vero memorantur Apollinis ore,
Ecce cruor, qui fusus humo signaverat herbas, 210

Desinit esse cruor, Tyrioque nitentior ostro
Flos oritur, formamque capit quam lilia, si non
Purpureus color his, argenteus esset in illis.
Non satis hoc Phoebo est — is enim fuit auctor honoris —
Ipse suos gemitus foliis inscribit, et AI AI 215

Flos habet inscriptum, funestaque littera ducta est.

Nee genuisse pudet Sparten Hyacinthon, honorque
Durat in hoc aevi, celebrandaque more priorum
Annua praelata redeunt Hyacinthia pompa.

26. ATALANTA'S RACE. 89

26. Atalanta's Kace.

X. 560-680.

Venus tells Adonis the story of the beautiful and fleet-footed
Atalanta, who would marry no suitor who could not vanquish
her in a race. At last Hippomenes outruns her and wins the
prize.

This story, too, is told in English verse by Mr. Morris, in his
11 Earthly Paradise," vol. i.

" Forsitan audieris aliquam certamine cursus 560

Yeloces superasse viros. Non f abula rumor
Ille f uit ; superabat enim ; nee dicere posses,
Laude pedum, formaene bono praestantior esset.
Scitanti deus liuic de conjuge ' conjuge ' dixit
' Nil opus est, Atalanta, tibi : fuge con jugis usum. 565
Nee tamen effugies, teque ipsa viva carebis.'
Territa sorte dei per opacas innuba silvas
Yivit, et instantem turbam violenta procorum
Condicione f ugat, nee ? sum potiunda, nisi ' inquit
* Victa prius cursu ; pedibus contendite mecum : 570
Praemia veloci conjunx thalamique dabuntur ;
Mors pretium tardis. Ea lex certaminis esto.'
Ilia quidem immitis : sed tanta potentia f ormae est,
Venit ad hanc legem temeraria turba procorum.

Sederat Hippomenes cursus spectator iniqui, 5Y5

Et ' petitur cuiquam per tanta pericula conjunx ? '
Dixerat, ac nimios juvenum damnarat amores.
Ut faciem et posito corpus velamine vidit,
Quale meum, vel quale tuum, si femina fias,
Obstipuit, tollensque manus 'ignoscite,' dixit 580

'Quos modo culpavi. Nondum mihi praemia nota,
Quae peteretis, erant.' Laudando concipit ignes,

90 METAMORPHOSES, X. 560-680.

Et, ne quis juvenum currat velocius, optat

Invidiaque timet. ' Sed cur certaminis hujus

Intemptata mihi fortuna relinquitur ? ' inquit 585

' Audentes deus ipse juvat.' Dum talia secum

Exigit Hippomenes, passu volat alite virgo.

Quae quamquam Scythica non setius ire sagitta

Aonio visa est juveni, tamen ille decorem

Miratur magis. Et cursus facit ille decorem. 590

Dum notat haec hospes, decursa novissima meta est, 597

Et tegitur festa victrix Atalanta corona.

Dant gemitum victi, penduntque ex foedere poenas.

Non tamen eventu juvenis deterritus horum 600

Constitit in medio, vultuque in virgine n'xo

' Quid facilem titulum superando quaeris inertes ?

Mecum confer ! ' ait ' seu me fortuna potentem

Fecerit, a tanto non indignabere vinci.

Namque mihi genitor Megareus Onchestius : illi 605

Est Neptunus avus : pronepos ego regis aquarum.

Nee virtus citra genus est : seu vincar, habebis

Hippomene victo magnum et memorabile nomen.'

Talia dicentem molli Schoeneia vultu

Aspicit, et dubitat, superari an vincere malit. 610

Atque ita £quis deus hunc formosis' inquit ^iniquus

Perdere vult, caraeque jubet discrimine vitae

Conjugium petere lioc ? non sum, me judice, tanti.

Nee forma tangor, — poteram tamen hac quoque tangi —

Sed quod adhuc puer est. Non me movet ipse, sed aetas.

Quid, quod inest virtus et mens interrita leti ?

Quid, quod ab aequorea numeratur origine quartus?

Quid, quod amat, tantique putat conubia nostra,

Ut pereat, si me f ors illi dura negarit ?

Dum licet, hospes, abi, thalamosque relinque cruentos.

26. ATALANTA'S RACE. 91

Conjugium crudele meum est. Tibi nubere nulla

Nolet ; et optari potes a sapiente puella.

Cur tamen est mihi cura tui, tot jam ante peremptis ?

Viderit ! intereat, quoniam tot caede procorum

Admonitus non est, agiturque in taedia vitae. 625

Occidet hie igitur, voluit quia vivere mecum,

Indignamque necem pretium patietur amoris ?

Non erit invidiae victoria nostra ferendae.

Sed non culpa mea est. Utinam desistere velles !

Aut, quoniam es demens, utinam velocior esses ! 630

At quam virgineus puerili vultus in ore est !

A ! miser Hippomene, nollem tibi visa fuissem !

Yivere dignus eras. Quod si felicior essem,

Nee mihi conjugium fata importuna negarent,

Unus eras, cum quo sociare cubilia vellem.' 635

Dixerat : utque rudis, primoque Cupidine tacta,
Quid facit, ignorans, amat et non sentit amorem.
Jam solitos poscunt cursus populusque paterque :
Cum me sollicita proles Neptunia voce
Invocat Hippomenes, ' Cytherea ' que ' comprecor, ausis
Adsit' ait 'nostris et quos dedit, adjuvet ignes.'
Detulit aura preces ad me non invida blandas ;
Motaque sum, fateor. Nee opis mora longa dabatur.
Est ager, indigenae Tamasenum nomine dicunt,
Telluris Cypriae pars optima, quam mihi prisci 645
Sacravere senes, templisque accedere dotem
Hanc jussere meis. Medio nitet arbor in arvo,
Fulva comam, fulvo ramis crepitantibus auro.
Hinc tria forte mea veniens decerpta ferebam
Aurea poma manu : nullique videnda nisi ipsi 650

Hippomenen adii, docuique, quis usus in illis.
Signa tubae dederant, cum carcere pronus uterque

92 METAMORPHOSES, X. 560-680.

Emicat,»et summam celeri pede libat harenam.

Posse putes illos sicco freta radere passu,

Et segetis canae stantes percurrere aristas. 655

Adiciunt animos juveni clamorque favorque,

Verbaque dicentum \ nunc, nunc incumbere tempus,

Hippomene, propera ! nunc viribus utere totis.

Pelle in oram, vinces : ' dubium, Megareius heros

Gaudeat, an virgo magis his Schoeneia dictis. 660

O quotiens, cum jam posset transire, morata est,

Spectatosque diu vultus in vita reliquit !

Aridus e lasso veniebat anhelitus ore,

Metaque erat longe. Turn denique de tribus unum

Fetibus arboreis proles Neptunia misit. 665

Obstipuit virgo, nitidique cupidine pomi

Declinat cursus, aurumque volubile tollit :

Praeterit Hippomenes : resonant spectacula plausu.

Ilia moram celeri cessataque tempora cursu

Corrigit, atque iterum juvenem post terga relinquit. 670

Et rursus pomi jactu remorata secundi,

Consequitur transitque virum. Pars ultima cursus

Pestabat. ' Nunc' inquit ' ades, dea muneris auctor ! '

Inque latus campi, quo tardius ilia rediret,

Jecit ab obliquo nitidum juvenaliter aurum. 675

An peteret, virgo visa est dubitare : coegi

Tollere, et adjeci sublato pondera malo,

Impediique oneris pariter gravitate moraque.

Neve meus sermo cursu sit tardior ipso,

Praeterita est virgo : duxit sua praemia victor." 680

27. THE DEATH OF ORPHEUS. 93

27. Toe Death of Orpheus.

XI. 1-84.

" Whom universal Nature did lament,
When, by the rout that made the hideous roar,
His gory visage down the stream was sent,
Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore."

Milton's "Lycidas."

Carmine dum tali silvas animosque f erarnm
Thre'icius vates et saxa sequentia ducit,
Ecce nurus Ciconum, tectae lymphata ferinis
Pectora velleribus, tumuli de vertice cernunt
Orphea percussis sociantem carmina nervis. 5

E quibus una, leves jactato crine per auras,
" En," ait " en hie est nostri contemptor ! " et hastam
Yatis Apollinei vocalia misit in ora,
Quae f oliis praesuta notam sine vulnere fecit.
Alterius telum lapis est, qui missus in ipso 10

Aere concentu victus vocisque lyraeque est,
Ac veluti supplex pro tarn furialibus ausis V

Ante pedes jacuit. Sed enim temeraria crescunt\

Bella, modusque abiit, insanaque regnat Erinys. 3

Cunctaque tela forent cantu mollita : sed ingens 15
Clamor et infracto Berecyntia tibia cornu
Tympanaque et plausus et Bacchei ululatus
Obstrepuere sono citliarae. Turn denique saxa
Non exauditi rubuerunt sanguine vatis.
Ac primum attonitas etiamnum voce canentis 20

Innumeras volucres anguesque agmenque ferarum
Maenades Orpliei titulum rapuere triumphi.
Inde cruentatis vertuntur in Orphea dextris

94 METAMOKPHOSES, XI. 1-84.

Et coeunt ut aves, si quando luce vagantem

Noctis avem cernunt. Structoque utrimque theatro 25

Ceu matutina cervus periturus harena

Praeda canum est, vatemque petunt et fronde virentes

Coniciunt thyrsos, non liaec in munera faetos.

Hae glaebas, illae direptos arbore ramos,

Pars torquent silices. Neu desint tela furori, 30

Forte boves presso subigebant vomere terram,

Nee procul liinc multo fructum sudore parantes

Dura lacertosi fodiebant arva coloni.

Agmine qui viso fugiunt, operisque relinquunt

Anna sui ; vacuosque jacent dispersa per agros 35

Sarculaque rastrique graves longique ligones.

Quae postquam rapuere ferae, cornuque minaces

Divulsere boves, ad vatis fata recurrunt,

Tendentemque manus atque illo tempore primum

Irrita dicentem nee quicquam voce moventem 40

Sacrilegae perimunt ; perque os, pro Juppiter ! illud

Auditum saxis intellectumque f erarum

Sensibus in ventos anima exbalata recessit.

Te maestae volucres, Orpheu, te turba ferarum,
Te rigidi silices, te carmina saepe secutae 45

Fleverunt silvae : positis te f rondnSus arbos
Tonsa comam luxit. Lacrimis quoque flumina dicunt
Increvisse suis : obstrusaque carbasa pullo
JNTaides et Dryades passosque babuere capillos.
Membra jacent di versa ,locis. Caput, Hebre, lyramque
Excipis : et — mirum ! — medio dum labitur amne,
Flebile nescio quid queritur lyra, flebile lingua
Murmurat exanimis, respondent flebile ripae.
Jamque mare invectae flumen populare relinquunt,
Et Methymnaeae potiuntur litore Lesbi. 55

27. THE DEATH OF ORPHEUS. 95

Hie ferns expositum peregrinis anguis harenis

Os petit et sparsos stillanti rore capillos.

Tandem Phoebus adest, morsusque inferre parantem

Arcet, et in lapidem rictns serpentis apertos

Congelat, et patulos, nt erant, indnrat hiatus. 60

Umbra snbit terras, et quae loca viderat ante,
Cuncta recognoscit : quaerensque per arva piorum
Invenit Eurydicen, cupidisque amplectitur ulnis.
Hie modo conjunctis spatiantur passibus ambo,
Nunc praecedentem sequitur, nunc praevius anteit, 65
Euiydicenque suam jam tuto respicit Orpheus.

Non impune tamen scelus hoc sinit esse Lyaeus :
Amissoque dolens sacrorum vate suorum,
Protinus in silvis matres Edonidas omnes,
Quae videre nefas, torta radice ligavit. 70

Quippe pedum digitos, in quantum quaeque secuta est,
Traxit, et in solidam detrusit acumina terram.
Utque suum laqueis, quos callidus abdidit auceps,
Crus ubi commisit volucris, sensitque teneri,
Plangitur, ac trepidans astringit vincula motu j 75

Sic, ut quaeque solo defixa cohaeserat harum,
Exsternata f ugam f rustra temptabat : at illam
Lenta tenet radix, exsultantemque coercet.
Dumque ubi sint digiti, dum pes ubi, quaerit, et ungues,
Aspicit in teretes lignum succedere suras. 80

Et conata femur maerenti plangere dextra,
Pobora percussit. Pectus quoque robora fiunt :
Pobora sunt umeri : longos quoque bracchia veros
Esse putes ramos, et non fallare putando.

96 METAMORPHOSES, XL 85-193.

28. Midas ; or, the King of the Golden Touch.
XI. 85-193.

]STec satis hoc Bacclio est : ipsos quoque deserit agros,
Cumque choro meliore sui vineta Timoli
Pactolonque petit ; quamvis non aureus illo
Tempore nee caris erat invidiosus harenis.
Ilunc assueta cohors satyri bacchaeque frequentant :
At Silenus abest. Titubantem annisque meroque 90
Ruricolae cepere Phryges, vinctumque coronis
Ad regem duxere Midan, cui Thracius Orpheus
Orgia tradiderat cum Cecropio Eumolpo.
Qui simul agnovit socium comitemque sacrorum,
Hospitis adventu festum genialiter egit 95

Per bis quinque dies et junctas ordine noctes.
Et jam stellarum sublime coegerat agmen
Lucifer undecimus, Lydos cum laetus in agros
Hex venit, et juveni Silenum reddit alumno.
Huic deus optandi gratum, sed inutile, fecit 100

Muneris arbitrium, gaudens altore recepto.
Ille, male usurus donis, ait ' effice, quicquid
Corpore contigero, fulvum vertatur in aurum.'
Adnuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvit
Liber, et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset. 105

Laetus abit gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros :
Pollicitique fidem tangendo singula temptat.
Vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virentem
Ilice detraxit virgam : virga aurea facta est.
Tollit humo saxum : saxum quoque palluit auro. 110
Contigit et glaebam : contactu glaeba potenti
Massa fit. Arentes Cereris decerpsit aristas :
Aurea messis erat. Demptum tenet arbore pomum :

28. MIDAS. 97

Hesperidas donasse putes. Si postibus altis
Admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur. 115

Ille etiam liquidis palmas ubi laverat undis,
Unda fluens palmis Danaen eludere posset.
Vix spes ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens
Omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri
Exstructas dapibus nee tostae frugis egentes : 120

Turn vero, sive ille sua Cerealia dextra
Munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant ;
Sive dapes avido convellere dente parabat,
Lammina fulva dapes, admoto dente, premebat.
Miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis : 125

Fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres.
Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque,
Effugere optat opes et quae modo voverat, odit.
Copia nulla famem relevat ; sitis arida guttur
Urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro. 130

Ad caelumque manus et splendida braccliia tollens,
6 Da veniam, Lenaee pater ! peccavimus ; ' inquit,
6 Sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno.'
Mite deum numen Bacchus peccasse fatentem
Eestituit, factique fide data munera solvit. 135

' Neve male optato maneas circumlitus auro,
Vade' ait <ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem,
Perque jugum montis labentibus obvius undis
Carpe viam, donee venias ad fluminis ortus ;
Spumigeroque tuum fonti, qua plurimus exit, 140

Subde caput, corpusque simul, simul elue crimen.'
Rex jussae succedit aquae. Yis aurea tinxit
Flumen, et humano de corpore cessit in amnem.
Nunc quoque jam veteris percepto semine venae
Arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glaebis. 145

98 METAMORPHOSES, XL 85-193.

Ille, perosus opes, silvas et rura colebat,
Panaque montanis habitantem semper in antris.
Pingue sed ingenium mansit ; nocituraque, ut ante,
Pursus erant domino stolidae praecordia mentis.
Nam freta prospiciens late riget arduus alto 150

Tmolus in ascensn, clivoque extensus utroque
Sardibus liinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis.
Pan ibi dum teneris jactat sua carmina nymphis
Et leve cerata modulatur harundine carmen,
Ausus Apollineos prae se contemnere cantus, 155

Judice sub Tmolo certamen venit ad impar.
Monte suo senior judex consedit, et aures
Liberat arboribus ; quercu coma caerula tantum
Cingitnr, et pendent circum cava tempora glandes.
Isque deum pecoris spectans ' in judice ' dixit 160

1 Nulla mora est.' Calamis agrestibus insonat ille :
Barbaricoque Midan — aderat nam forte canenti —
Carmine delenit. Post liunc sacer ora retorsit
Tmolus ad os Phoebi ; vultum sua silva secuta est.
Ille caput flavum lauro Parnaside yinctus 165

Verrit humum Tyrio saturata murice palla :
Instrictamque fidem gemmis et dentibus Indis
Sustinet a laeva : tenuit manus altera plectrum.
Artificis status ipse fait Turn stamina docto
Pollice sollicitat, quorum dulcedine captus 170

Pana jubet Tmolus citharae summittere cannas.
Judicium sanctique placet sententia montis
Omnibus : arguitur tamen atque in justa vocatur
Unius sermone Midae. Nee Delius aures
Humanam stolidas patitur retinere figuram : 175

Sed trahit in spatium, villisque albentibus implet,
Instabilesque imas facit et dat posse moveri.

29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 99

Cetera sunt liominis : partem damnatur in unam,
Induiturque aures lente gradientis aselli.

Ille quidem celare cupit, turpique pndore 180

Tempora purpnreis temptat velare tiaris.
Sed solitus longos ferro resecare capillos
Yiderat hoc famulus. Qui cum nee prodere visum
Dedecus auderet, cupiens efferre sub auras,
Nee posset reticere tamen, secedit, humumque 185

Effodit, et, domini quales aspexerit aures,
Voce refert parva, terraeque immurmurat haustae ;
Indiciumque suae vocis tellure regesta
Obruit, et scrobibus tacitus discedit opertis.
Creber harundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus 190

Coepit, et, ut primum pleno maturuit anno,
Prodidit agricolam : leni nam motus ab austro
Obruta verba refert, dominique coarguit aures.

29. Ceyx and Alcyone.

XL 410-748.

The poet Keats, in his "Endymion," thus alludes to the story
of Alcyone :

" O magic sleep ! O comfortable bird,
That broodest o'er the troubled sea of the mind,
Till it is huslied and smooth."

Interea f rat risque sui fratremque secutis 410

Anxia prodigiis turbatus pectora Ceyx,
Consulat ut sacras, hominum oblectamina, sortes,
Ad Clarium parat ire deum. Nam templa profanus
Invia cum Phlegyis faciebat Delphica Phorbas.
Consilii tamen ante sui, fidissima, certam 415

Te facit, Alcyone. Cui protinus intima frigus

100 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748.

Ossa receperunt, buxoque simillimus ora

Pallor obit, lacrimisque genae maduere profusis.

Ter conata loqui ter fletibus ora rigavit,

Singultuque pias interrumpente querellas 420

1 Quae mea culpa tuam,' dixit ' carissime, mentem

Yertit ? ubi est, quae cura mei prior esse solebat ?

Jam potes Alcyone securus abesse relicta ?

Jam via longa placet ? jam sum tibi carior absens %

At, puto, per terras iter est, tantumque dolebo, 425

Non etiam metuam, curaeque timore carebunt.

Aequora me terrent et ponti tristis imago,

Et laceras nuper tabulas in litore vidi,

Et saepe in tumulis sine corpore nomina legi.

Neve tuum fallax animum fiducia tangat, 430

Quod socer Hippotades tibi sit, qui carcere fortes

Contineat ventos, et, cum velit, aequora placet.

Cum semel emissi tenuerunt aequora venti,

Nil illis vetitum est, incommendataque tellus

Omnis, et omne fretum : caeli quoque nubila vexant 435

Excutiuntque feris rutilos concursibus ignes.

Quo magis hos novi, — nam novi et saepe paterna

Parva domo vidi — magis hoc reor esse timendos.

Quod tua si flecti precibus sententia nullis,

Care, potest, conjunx, nimiumque es certus eundi, 440

Me quoque tolle simul. Certe jactabimur una,

Nee nisi quae patiar, metuam ; pariterque f eremus,

Quicquid erit ; pariter super aequora lata feremur.'

Talibus Aeolidis dictis lacrimisque movetur
Sidereus conjunx : neque enim minor ignis in ipso est. 445
Sed neque propositos pelagi dimittere cursus, ^^
Nee vult Alcyonen in partem adhibere pericli ; — -
Multaque respondit timidum solantia pectus.

29. CEYX AND ALCYONE.

Non'tamen idcirco causam probat. Addidit illis

Hoc quoque lenimen, quo solo ilexit amantem :

' Longa quidem est nobis omnis mora : sed tibi juro

Per patrios ignes, si me modo fata remittent,

Ante reversurum, quam luna bis impleat orbem.' \^

His ubi promissis spes est admota recursus, Hi \
Protinns eductam navalibus aequore tingui, 4fi$T

Aptarique suis pinum jubet armamentis. ■~00m
Qua rursus visa, veluti praesaga f uturi,
Horruit Alcyone lacrimasque emisit obortas,
Amplexusqne dedit, tristique miserrima tandem
Ore ' vale ' dixit, collapsaque corpore toto est. 460

Ast juvenes, quaerente moras Ceyce, reducunt
Ordinibus geminis ad fortia pectora remos,
Aequalique ictn scindnnt f reta. Sustulit ilia
Umentes oculos, stantemque in puppe reeurva
Concussaque manu dantem sibi signa maritum 465

Prima videt redditque notas : ubi terra recessit
Longius, atque oculi nequennt cognoscere vultus,
Dam licet, insequitnr fugientem lumine pinum :
Haec quoque ut haud poterat, spatio summota, videri,
Vela tamen spectat summo fluitantia malo. 470

Ut nee vela videt, vacuum petit anxia lectum,
Seque toro ponit. Eenovat lectusque locusque
Alcyonae lacrimas, et quae pars, admonet, absit.
Portibus exierant, et moverat aura rudentes :
Obvertit lateri pendentes navita remos, 475

Cornuaque in summa locat arbore, totaque malo
Carbasa deducit venientesque accipit auras.

Aut minus, aut certe medium non amplius aequor
Puppe secabatur, longeque erat utraque tellus,
Cum mare sub noctem tumidis albescere coepit 480

102 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748.

Fluctibus et praeceps spirare valentius eunis.

' Ardua jamdudum demittite cornua,' rector

Clamat ' et antemnis totum subnectite velum.'

Hie jubet : impediunt adversae jussa procellae,

Nee sinit audiri vocem fragor aequoris ullam. 485

Sponte tamen properant alii subducere remos,

Pars munire latus, pars ventis vela negare :

Egerit trie fluctus, aequorque refundit in aequor,

Hie rapit antemnas. Quae dum sine lege geruntur,

Aspera crescit hiems, omnique e parte feroces 490

Bella gerunt venti fretaque indignantia miscent.

Ipse pavet, nee se, qui sit status, ipse fatetur

Scire ratis rector, nee quid jubeatve, vetetve :

Tanta mali moles, tantoque potentior arte est.

Quippe sonant clam ore viri, stridore rudentes, 495

Undarum incursu gravis unda, tonitribus aether.

Fluctibus erigitur caelumque aequare videtur

Pontus, et inductas aspergine tangere nubes ;

Et modo, cum fulvas ex imo verrit arenas,

Concolor est illis, Stygia modo nigrior unda : 500

Sternitur interdum, spumisque sonantibus albet.

Ipsa quoque his agitur vicibus Trachinia puppis :
Et nunc sublimis veluti de vertice montis
Despicere in valles imumque Acheronta videtur :
Nunc, ubi demissam curvum circumstetit aequor, 505
Suspicere inferno summum de gurgite caelum.
Saepe dat ingentem fluctu latus icta fragorem,
Nee levius pulsata sonat, quam ferreus olim
Cum laceras aries ballistave concutit arces.
Utque solent sumptis incursu viribus ire 510

Pectore in arma f eri protentaque tela leones :
Sic ubi se ventis admiserat unda coortis,

29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 103

Ibat in arma ratis, multoque erat altior illis.

Jamque labant cunei, spoliataque tegmine cerae

Rima patet, praebetque viam letalibus undis. 515

Ecce cadunt largi resolutis nubibus imbres,
Inque fretum credas totum descendere caelum,
Inquc plagas caeli tumefactum ascendere pontum.
Vela madent nimbis, et cum caelestibus undis
Aequoreae miscentur aquae. Caret ignibus aether, 520
Caecaque nox premitur tenebris hiemisqne suisque.
Discutiunt tamen has praebentque micantia lumen
Fulmina : f ulmineis ardescunt ignibus undae.

Dat quoque jam saltus intra cava texta carinae
Fluctus : et ut miles, numero praestantior omni, 525
Cum saepe assiluit defensae moenibus urbis,
Spe potitur tandem, laudisque accensus amore
Inter mille viros murum tamen occupat unus :
Sic ubi pulsarunt noviens latera ardua fluctus,
Vastius insurgens decimae ruit impetus undae, 530

Nee prius absistit fessam oppugnare carinam,
Quam velut in captae descendat moenia navis.
Pars igitur temptabat adhuc invadere pinum,
Pars maris intus erat. Trepidant haud setius omnes,
Quam solet urbs, aliis murum fodientibus extra 535
Atque aliis murum, trepidare, tenentibus intus.
Deficit ars, animique cadunt : totidemque videntur,
Quot veniant fluctus, ruere atque irrumpere mortes.

Non tenet hie lacrimas ; stupet hie ; vocat ille beatos,
Funera quos maneant ; hie votis numen adorat, 540
Bracchiaque ad caelum, quod non videt, irrita tollens
Poscit opem : subeunt illi fratresque parensque,
Huic cum pignoribus domus, et quod cuique relictum est.
Alcyone Ceyca movet ; Ceycis in ore

104: METAMOKPHOSES, XL 410-748.

Nulla nisi Alcyone est : et cum desideret unam, 545
Gaudet abesse tamen. Patriae quoque vellet ad oras
Pespicere, inque domum supremos vertere vultus :
Yerum ubi sit, nescit ; tanta vertigine pontus
Fervet, et inducta piceis e nubibus umbra
Omne latet caelum, duplicataque noctis imago est. 550

Frangitur incursu nimbosi turbinis arbor ;
Frangitur et regimen : spoliisque animosa superstes
Unda, velut victrix, sinuataque despicit undas :
Nee levius, quam siquis Athon Pindumve revulsos
Sede sua totos in apertum everterit aequor, 555

Praecipitata cadit, pariterque et pondere et ictu
Mergit in ima ratem, cum qua pars magna virorum,
Gurgite pressa gravi neque in aera reddita, f ato
Functa suo est. Alii partes et membra carinae
Trunca tenent. Tenet ipse manu, qua sceptra solebat, 5 GO
Fragmina navigii Ceyx, socerumque patremque
Invocat lieu ! frustra. Sed plurima nantis in ore
Alcyone conjunx. Illam meminitque refertque :
Illius ante oculos ut agant sua corpora fluctus,
Optat, et exanimis manibus tumuletur amicis. 565

Dum natat, absentem, quotiens sinit hiscere fluctus,
Nominat Alcyonen, ipsisque immurmurat undis.
Ecce super medios fluctus niger arcus aquarum
Frangitur, et rupta mersum caput obruit unda.
Lucifer obscurus, nee quern cognoscere posses, 570

Ilia nocte fuit : quoniamque excedere caelo
Non licuit, densis texit sua nubibus ora.

Aeolis interea tantorum ignara malorum
Dinumerat noctes : et jam, quas induat ille,
Festinat vestes, jam quas, ubi venerit ille, 575

Ipsa gerat, reditusque sibi promittit inanes.

29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 105

Omnibus ilia quidem superis pia tura f erebat :

Ante tamen cunctos Junonis templa colebat,

Proque viro, qui nullus erat, veniebat ad aras,

Utque foret sospes conjunx suus, utque rediret, 580

Optabat, nullumque sibi praeferret. At illi

Hoc de tot votis poterat contingere solum.

At dea non ultra pro functo morte rogari
Sustinet ; utque manus f unestas arceat aris,
' Iri, meae ' dixit i fidissima nuntia vocis, 585

Vise soporiferam Somni velociter aulam,
Exstinctique jube Ceycis imagine mittat
Somnia ad Alcyonen veros narrantia casus.'
Dixerat : induitur velamina mille colorum
Iris, et arcuato caelum curvamine signans 590

Tecta petit jussi sub nube latentia regis.

Est prope Cimmerios longo spelunca reeessu,
Mons cavus, ignavi domus et penetralia Somni :
Quo nunquam radiis oriens mediusve cadensve
Phoebus adire potest. Nebulae caligine mixtae 595
Exhalantur humo dubiaeque crepuscula lucis.
Non vigil ales ibi cristati cantibus oris
Evocat Auroram, nee voce silentia rumpunt
Sollicitive canes canibusve sagacior anser.
ISTon fera, non pecudes, non moti flamine rami, 600
Humanaeve sonum reddunt convicia linguae.
Muta quies habitat. Saxo tamen exit ab imo
Eivus aquae Lethes, per quern cum murmure labens
Invitat somnos crepitantibus unda lapillis.
Ante fores antri fecunda papa vera florent 605

Innumeraeque herbae, quarum de lacte soporem
Nox legit et spargit per opa^cas umida terras.
Janua, ne verso stridores cardine reddat,

106 METAMOEPHOSES, XI. 410-748.

Nulla domo tota ; custos in limine nullus.

At medio torus est ebeno sublimis in antro, 610

Plumeus, unicolor, pullo velamine tectus ;

Quo eubat ipse deus membris languore solutis.

Hunc circa passim varias imitantia formas

Somnia vana jacent totidem, quot messis aristas,

Silva gerit frondes, ejectas litus liarenas. 615

Quo simul intravit, manibusque obstantia virgo
Somnia dimovit, vestis fulgore reluxit
Sacra domus : tardaque deus gravitate jacentes
Yix oculos tollens, iterumque iterumque relabens
Summaque percutiens nutanti pectora mento, 620

Excussit tandem sibi se, cubitoque levatus,
Quid veniat, — cognovit enim — scitatur. At ilia :
' Somne, quies rerum, placidissime, Somne, deorum,
Pax animi, quern cura f ugit, qui corpora duris
Fessa ministeriis mulces reparasque labori ! 625

Somnia, quae veras aequent imitamine formas,
Herculea Trachine jube sub imagine regis
Alcyonen adeant, simulacraque naufraga fingant.
Imperat hoc Juno.' Postquam mandata peregit,
Iris abit : neque enim ulterius tolerare vaporis 630

Yim poterat, labique ut somnum sensit in artus,
Effugit, et remeat per quos modo venerat arcus.

At pater e populo natorum mille suorum
Excitat artificem simulatoremque figurae
Morphea. ]STon illo jussos sollertius alter 635

Exprimit incessus vultumque sonumque loquendi ;
Adicit et vestes et consuetissima cuique
Verba. Sed hie solos homines imitatur ; at alter
Fit fera, fit volucris, fit longo corpore serpens.
Hunc Icelon superi, mortale Phobetora vulgus 640

29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 107

Nominat. Est etiam diversae tertius artis
Phantasos ; ille in humum saxumque undamque trabem-
Quaeque vacant anima, fallaciter omnia transit. [que,
Iiegibus lii ducibusque suos ostendere vultus
Nocte solent, populos alii plebemque pererrant. 645
Praeterit hos senior, cunctisque e fratribus unum
Morphea, qui peragat Thaumantidos edita, Somnus
Eligit : et rursus molli languore solutus
Deposuitque caput, stratoque recondidit alto.

Ille volat nullos strepitus facientibus alis 650

Per tenebras, intraque morae breve tempus in urbem
Pervenit Haemoniam ; positisque e corpore pennis
In faciem Ceycis abit, sumptaque figura
Luridus, exanimi similis, sine vestibus ullis,
Conjugis ante torum miserae stetit : uda videtur 655
Barba viri, madidisque gravis fluere unda capillis.
Turn lecto incumbens, fletu super ora refuso,
Haec ait : i agnoscis Ceyca, miserrima conjunx ?
An mea mutata est f acies necc ? respice ! nosces,
Inveniesque tuo pro conjuge conjugis umbram. 660
Nil opis, Alcyone, nobis tua vota tulerunt :
Occidimus ; falso tibi me promittere noli.
ISTubilus Aegaeo deprendit in aequore navem
Auster, et ingenti jactatam flamine solvit :
Oraque nostra, tuum frustra clamantia nomen, 665

Implerunt iluctus. Non haec tibi nuntiat auctor
Ambiguus, non ista vagis rumoribus audis :
Ipse ego fata tibi praesens mea naufragus edo.
Surge, age, da lacrimas, lugubriaque indue, nee me
Indeploratum sub inania Tartara mitte.' 670

Adicit his vocem Morpheus, quam conjugis ilia
Crederet esse sui ; fletus quoque fundere veros

108 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748.

Yisus erat, gestumque manus Ceyeis habebat.

Ingemit Alcyone lacrimans, movet atque lacertos

Per somnum, corpusque petens amplectitur auras ; 675

Exclamatque l mane ! quo te rapis % ibimus una.'

Voce sua specieque viri turbata soporem

Excutit: et primo, si sit, circumspicit, illic,

Qui modo visus erat : nam moti voce ministri

Intulerant lumen. Postquam nori invenit usquam, 680

Percutit ora manu, laniatque a pectore vestes,

Pectoraque ipsa f erit. Nee crines solvere curat ;

Scindit, et altriei, quae luctus causa, roganti

1 Nulla est Alcyone, nulla est ' : ait ' occidit una

Cum Ceyce suo ! Solantia toliite verba ! 685

Naufragus interiit. Vidi agnovique, manusque

Ad discedentem, cupiens retinere, tetendi.

Umbra f uit. Sed et umbra tamen manifesta virique

Yera mei. Non ille quidem, si quaeris, habebat

Assuetos vultus, nee quo prius, ore nitebat. 690

Pallentem nudumque et adhuc umente capillo

Infelix vidi. Stetit hoc miserabilis ipso

Ecce loco ' — et quaerit, vestigia siqua supersint.

c Hoc erat, hoc, animo quod divinante timebam,

Et ne, me fugiens, ventos sequerere, rogabam. 695

At certe vellem, quoniam periturus abibas,

Me quoque duxisses. Multum fuit utile tecum

Ire mihi : neque enim de vitae tempore quicquam

Non simul egissem, nee mors discreta fuisset.

Nunc absens perii, jactor quoque fluctibus absens, 700

Et sine te me pontus habet. Crudelior ipso

Sit mihi mens pelago, si vitam ducere nitar

Longius, et tanto pugnem superesse dolori.

Sed neque pugnabo, nee te, miserande, relinquam ;

29. OEYX AND ALCYONE. 109

Et tibi nunc saltern veniam comes. Inque sepulehro 705
Si non urna, tamen junget nos littera : si non
Ossibus ossa meis, at nomen nomine tangam.'

Plura dolor prohibet, verboque intervenit omni
Plangor, et attonito gemitus e corde trahuntur.

Mane erat : egreditur tectis ad litus, et ilium 710
Maesta locum repetit, de quo spectarat euntem.
Dumque moratur ibi, dumque ' hie retinacula solvit,
Hoc mihi discedens dedit oscula litore ' dixit,
Quae dum tota locis reminiscitur acta, fretumque
Prospicit : in liquida, spatio distante, tuetur 715

Nescio quid quasi corpus, aqua. Primoque, quid illud
Esset, erat dubium. Postquam paulum appulit unda,
Et, quamvis aberat, corpus tamen esse liquebat,
Qui f oret, ignorans, quia naufragus, omine mota est,
Et, tamquam ignoto lacrimam daret, * lieu ! miser,' inquit
' Quisquis es, et siqua est conjunx tibi ! ' fluctibus actum
Fit propius corpus. Quod quo magis ilia tuetur,
Hoc minus et minus est mentis. Jam jamque propinquae
Admotum terrae, jam quod cognoscere posset,
Cernit : erat conjunx. ' Hie est ! ' exclamat, et una 725
Ora comas vestem lacerat, tendensque trementes
Ad Ceyca manus ' sic, o carissime conjunx,
Sic ad me, miserande, redis ? ' ait. Adjacet undis
Facta manu moles, quae primas aequoris iras
Frangit et incursus quae praedelassat aquarum. 730

Insilit hue. Mirumque fuit potuisse? volabat,
Percutiensque levem modo natis aera pennis,
Stringebat summas ales miserabilis undas,
Dumque volat, maesto similem plenumque querellae
Ora dedere sonum tenui crepitantia rostro. 735

Ut vero tetigit mutum et sine sanguine corpus,

110 METAMORPHOSES, XII. 39-63.

Dilectos artus amplexa recentibus alis,
Frigida nequiquam duro dedit oscula rostro.
Senserit hoc Ceyx, an vultum motibus undae
Tollere sit visus, populus dubitabat. At ille 740

Senserat. Et tandem, superis miserantibus, ambo
Alite mutantur. Fatis obnoxius isdem
Tunc quoque mansit amor, nee conjugiale solutum
Foedus in alitibus. Coeunt, fiuntque parentes :
Perque dies placidos hiberno tempore septem 745

Incubat Alcyone pendentibus aequore nidis.
Tunc jacet unda maris : ventos custodit et arcet
Aeolus egressu, praestatque nepotibus aequor.

30. The House of Fame.

XII. 39-63.

Orbe locus medio est inter terrasque fretumque
Caelestesque plagas, triplicis confinia mundi : 40

Unde quod est usquam, quamvis regionibus absit,
Inspicitur, penetratque cavas vox omnis ad aures.
Fama tenet, summaque domum sibi legit in arce,
Innumerosque aditus ac mille foramina tectis
Addidit, et nullis inclusit limina portis. 45

Nocte dieque patet. Tota est ex aere sonanti ;
Tota fremit, vocesque refert, iteratque quod audit.
Nulla quies intus, nullaque silentia parte.
Nee tamen est clamor, sed parvae murmura vocis :
Qualia de pelagi, siquis procul audiat, undis 50

Esse solent ; qualemve sonum, cum Juppiter atras
Increpuit nubes, extrema tonitrua reddunt.
Atria turba tenet : veniunt leve vulgus euntque ;
Mixtaque cum veris passim commenta vagantur

30. TIIE HOUSE OF FAME. m

Milia rumorum, confusaque verba volutant. 55

E quibus hi vacuas implent sermonibus aures,

Hi narrata ferunt alio, mensuraque ficti

Crescit, et auditis aliquid novus adicit auctor.

Illic Credulitas, illic temerarius Error

Vanaque Laetitia est consternatique Timores, CO

Seditioque repens dubioque auctore Susurri.

Ipsa, quid in caelo rerum pelagoque geratur

Et tellure, videt, totumque inquirit in orbem. ^M

31. Acis, Galatea, and the Cyclops.

XIII. 750-897.

The Cyclops Polyphemus, jealous of Acis, who is loved by
Galatea, hurls a rock at him, and so crushes him to death.

Acis erat Fauno nymphaque Symaethide cretus, 750
Magna quidem patrisque sui matrisque voluptas,
Nostra tamen major, nam me sibi junxerat uni.
Pulcher et octonis iterum natalibus actis
Signarat dubia teneras lanugine malas.
Hunc ego, me Cyclops nulla cum fine petebat : 755
Nee, si quaesieris, odium Cyclopis, amorne
Acidis in nobis f uerit praesentior, edam :
Par utrumque f uit. Pro, quanta potentia regni
Est, Venus alma, tui ! nempe ille immitis et ipsis
Horrendus silvis, et visus ab hospite nullo 760

Impune, et magni cum dis contemptor Olympi,
Quid sit amor, sentit, validaque cupidine captus
Uritur, oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum.
Jamque tibi formae, jamque est tibi cura placendi
Jam rigidos pectis rastris, Polypheme, capillos ; 765

112 METAMOKPHOSES, XIII. 750-897.

Jam libet hirsutam tibi falce recidere barbam,
Et spectare f eros in aqua, et componere vultus.
Caedis amor feritasque sitisque immensa cruoris
Cessant, et tutae veniuntque abeuntque carinae.
Telemus interea Siculam delatus ad Aetnen, 770

Telemus Eurymides, quern nulla fefellerat ales,
Terribilem Polyphemon adit, ' lumen ' que, i quod unum
Eronte geris media, rapiet tibi ' dixit ' Ulixes.'
Risit et ' O vatum stolidissime, f alleris,' inquit :
6 Altera jam rapuit:' Sic frustra vera monentem 775
Spernit, et aut gradiens ingenti litora passu
Degravat, aut fessus sub opaca revertitur antra.

Prominet in pontum cuneatus acumine longo
Collis ; utrumque latus circumfluit aequoris unda.
Hue ferus ascendit Cyclops, mediusque resedit ; 780
Lanigerae pecudes, nullo ducente, secutae.
Cui postquam pinus, baculi quae praebuit usum,
Ante pedes posita est, antemnis apta ferendis,
Sumptaque harundinibus compacta est fistula centum,
Senserunt toti pastoria sibila montes, 785

Senserunt undae. Latitans ego rupe, meique
Acidis in gremio residens, procul auribus liausi
Talia dicta meis auditaque verba notavi :

" Candidior folio nivei, Galatea, ligustri,
Floridior pratis, longa procerior alno, 790

Splendidior vitro, tenero lascivior haedo,
Levior assiduo detritis aequore conchis,
Solibus hibernis, aestiva gratior umbra,
Nobiiior palma ac platano conspectior alta,
Lucidior glacie, matura dulcior uva 795

Mollior et cygni plumis et lacte coacto,
Et, si non f ugias, riguo formosior horto :

31. AOIS, GALATEA, AND THE CYCLOPS. 113

Saevior indomitis eadem Galatea juvencis,

Durior annosa quercu, fallacior undis,

Lentior et salicis virgis et vitibus albis, 800

His immobilior scopulis, violentior amne,

Laudato pavone superbior, acrior igni,

Asperior tribulis, f eta truculentior ursa,

Surdior aequoribus, calcato immitior hydro,

Et, quod praecipue vellem tibi demere possem, 805

Non tantum cervo Claris latratibus acto,

Yerum etiam ventis volucrique f ugacior aura !

At bene si noris, pigeat fugisse, morasque

Ipsa tuas damnes et me retinere labores.

Sunt milii, pars montis, vivo pendentia saxo 810

Antra, quibus nee sol medio sentitur in aestu,

Nee sentitur hiems ; sunt poma gravantia ramos ;

Sunt auro similes longis in vitibus uvae,

Sunt et purpureae : tibi et has servamus et illas.

Ipsa tuis manibus silvestri nata sub umbra 815

Mollia fraga leges, ipsa autumnalia corna

Prunaque, non solum nigro liventia suco,

Yerum etiam generosa novasque imitantia ceras.

Nee tibi castaneae me conjuge, nee tibi deerunt

Arbutei fetus : omnis tibi serviet arbor. 820

Hoc pecus omne meum est ; multae quoque vallibus er-

Multas silva tegit, multae stabulantur in antris. [rant,

Nee, si forte roges, possim tibi dicere, quot sint.

Pauperis est numerare pecus. De laudibus harum

Nil mihi credideris : praesens potes ipsa videre, 825

Ut vix circumeant distentum cruribus uber.

Sunt, fetura minor, tepidis in ovilibus agni ;

Sunt quoque, par aetas, aliis in ovilibus haedi.

Lac mihi semper adest niveum. Pars inde bibenda

114 METAMORPHOSES, XIII. 750-897.

Servatur, partem liquefacta coagula durant. 830

Nee tibi deliciae faciles, vulgataque tantum

Munera contingent, dammae, leporesque, caperque,

Parve columbarum, demptusve cacumine nidus :

Inveni geminos, qui tecum ludere possint,

Inter se similes, vix ut dignoscere possis, 835

Villosae catulos in summis montibus ursae :

Inveni et dixi " dominae servabimus istos."

Jam modo caeruleo nitidum caput exime ponto,

Jam, Galatea, veni, nee munera despice nostra.

Certe ego me novi, liquidaeque in imagine vidi 840

Nuper aquae ; placuitque milii mea forma videnti.

Aspice, sim quantus. Non est hoc corpore major

Juppiter in caelo : nam vos narrare soletis

Nescio quern regnare Jovem. Coma plurima torvos

Prominet in vultus, umerosque, ut lucus, obumbrat.

Nee mea quod rigidis horrent densissima saetis

Corpora, turpe puta : turpis sine frondibus arbor :

Turpis equus, nisi colla jubae flaventia velent. 848

Barba viros hirtaeque decent in corpore saetae. 850

IJnum est in media lumen mihi front e, sed instar

Ingentis clipei. Quid ? non haec omnia magno

Sol videt e caelo ? Soli tamen unicus orbis.

Adde, quod in vestro genitor meus aequore regnat.

Hunc tibi do socerum. Tantum miserere, precesque 855

Supplicis exaudi : tibi enim succumbimus uni.

Quique Jovem et caelum sperno et penetrabile fulmen,

Nerei', te vereor : tua f ulmine saevior ira est.

Atque ego contemptus essem patientior hujus,

Si fugeres omnes. Sed cur Cyclope repulso 860

Acin amas, praefersque meis amplexibus Acin ?

Hie tamen placeatque sibi, placeatque licebit,

81. AOIS, GALATEA, AND THE CYCLOPS. 115

Quod nollem, Galatea, tibi : modo copia detur !
Sentiet esse mihi tanto pro corpore vires.
Viscera viva traham, divulsaqiie membra per agros, 865
Perque tuas spargam — sic se tibi misceat ! — undas.
Uror enim, laesusque exaestuat acrius ignis,
Cumque suis videor translatam viribus Aetnam
Pectore f erre meo : nee tu, Galatea, moveris."

Talia nequiquam questus — nam cuncta videbam — 870
Surgit, et ut taurus vacca furibundus adempta,
Stare nequit, silvaque et notis saltibus errat :
Cum ferus ignaros nee quicquam tale timentes
Me videt atque Acin, ' video ' que exclamat ' et ista
Ultima sit, faciam, Veneris concordia vestrae.' 875

Tantaque vox, quantam Cyclops iratus habere
Debuit, ilia fuit. Clamore perhorruit Aetne.
Ast ego vicino pavefacta sub aequore mergor ;
Terga fugae dederat con versa Symaethius heros :
1 Adf er opem, Galatea, precor, mihi ! f erte parentes,' 880
Dixerat, < et vestris periturum admittite regnis.'
Insequitur Cyclops, partemque e monte revulsam
Mittit, et extremus quamvis pervenit ad ilium
Angulus is molis, totum tamen obruit Acin.
At nos, quod solum fieri per fata licebat, 885

Fecimus, ut vires assumeret Acis avitas.
Puniceus de mole cruor manabat, et intra
Temporis exiguum rubor evanescere coepit,
Fitque color primo turbati fluminis imbre,
Purgaturque mora. Turn moles taetra dehiscit, 890
Vivaque per rimas proceraque surgit harundo,
Osque cavum saxi sonat exsultantibus undis :
Miraque res, subito media ten us extitit alvo
Incinctus juvenis flexis nova cornua cannis,

116 METAMORPHOSES, XY. 871-879.

Qui, nisi quod major, quod toto caerulus ore, 895

Acis erat. Sed sic quoque erat tamen Acis, in amnem
Versus ; et antiquum tenuerunt flumina nomen.'

32. The Epilogue.

XY. 871-879. v^

Jamque opus exegi, quod nee Jovis ira nee ignis
Nee poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas.
Cum volet, ilia dies, quae nil nisi corporis hujus
Jus habet, incerti spatium milii finiat aevi :
Parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis 875

Astra ferar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum.
Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris,
Ore legar populi, perque omnia saecula fama,
Siquid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam.

AMORES

1. The Poet's Defense of himself.
I. 15.

The poet vindicates the noble offices of his art, and predicts
the immortality of his own Muse.

Quid mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obicis annos,

Ingeniique vocas carmen inertis opus ?
Non me more patrum, dum strenua sustinet aetas

Praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi,
Nee me verbosas leges ediscere, nee me 5

Ingrato vocem prostituisse f oro.
Mortale est, quod quaeris, opus. Mihi fama perennis

Quaeritur, in toto semper ut orbe canar.
Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide,

Durn rapidas Simois in mare volvet aquas. 10

Vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebit,

Dum cadet incurva falce resecta ceres.
Battiades semper toto cantabitur orbe :

Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet.
Nulla Sophocleo veniet jactura cothurno. 15

Cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit.
Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena

Vivent et meretrix blanda, Menandros erit

118 AMORES, I. 15.

Ennius arte carens animosique Actius oris

Casurum nullo tempore nomen habent. 20

Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas,

Aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci?
Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti,

Exitio terras cum dabit una dies.
Tityrus et fruges Aenei'aque arma legentur, 25

Roma triumphati dum caput orbis erit.
Donee erunt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma,

Discentur numeri, culte Tibulle, tui.
Gallus et hesperiis et Gallus notus eois,

Et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit. 30

Ergo cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri

Depereant aevo, carmina morte carent.
Cedant carminibus reges regumque triumphi,

Cedat et auriferi ripa benigna Tagi.
Vilia miretur vulgus. Mihi flavus Apollo 35

Pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua,
Sustineamque coma metuentem frigora myrtum :

Atque ita sollicito multus amante legar.
Pascitur in vivis Livor. Post fata quiescit,

Cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos. 40

Ergo etiam cum me supremus-adederit ignis,

Vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit.

2. The Death of Tibullus.
III. 9.

Memnona si mater, mater ploravit Achillem,

Et tangunt magnas tristia fata deas,
Flebilis indignos, Elegeia, solve capillos.

A, nimis ex vero nunc tibi nomen erit !

2. THE DEATn OF TIBULLUS. 119

Ille tui vates operis, tua fama, Tibullus 5

Ardet in exstructo, corpus inane, rogo.
Ecce, puer Veneris fert eversamque pharetram

Et fractos arcus et sine luce facem.
Aspice, demissis ut eat miserabilis alis,

Pectoraque infesta tundat aperta manu. 10

Excipiunt lacrimas sparsi per colla capilli,

Oraque singultu concutiente sonant.
Fratris in Aeneae sic ilium funere dicunt

Egressum tectis, pulclier Iule, tuis.
Nee minus est confusa Yenus moriente Tibullo, 15

Quam juveni rupit cum ferus inguen aper.
At sacri vates et divum cura vocamur !

Sunt etiam, qui nos numen habere putent !
Scilicet omne sacrum mors importuna j3rofanat.

Omnibus obscuras inicit ilia manus. 20

Quid pater Ismario,# quid mater profuit Orplieo ?

Carmine quid victas obstipuisse f eras ?
Aelinon in silvis idem pater, aelinon, altis

Dicitur invita concinuisse lyra.
A dice Maeoniden, a quo, ceu fonte perenni, 25

Yatum Pieriis ora rigantur aquis.
Ilunc quoque summa dies nigro submersit Averno :

Diffugiunt avidos carmina sola rogos.
Durat opus vatum : Trojani fama laboris,

Tardaque nocturno tela retexta dolo : 30

Sic Nemesis longum, sic Delia nomen habebunt,

Altera cura recens, altera primus amor.
Quid vos sacra juvant ? quid nunc Aegyptia prosunt

Sistra ? quid in vacuo secubuisse toro ?
Cum rapiant mala fata bonos, ignoscite fasso, 35

Sollicitor nullos esse putare deos.

120 AMORES, III. 9.

Yive pius, moriere. Pius cole sacra, colentem

Mors gravis a templis in cava busta trahet.
Carminibus confide bonis : jacet, ecce, Tibullus :

Yix manet e toto parva quod urna capit. 40

Tene, sacer vates, flammae rapuere rogales,

Pectoribus pasci nee timuere tuis ?
Aurea sanctorum potuissent templa deorum

Urere, quae tantum sustinuere nefas.
Avertit vultus Erycis quae possidet arces. 45

Sunt quoque, qui lacrimas continuisse negant.
Sed tamen hoc melius, quam si Phaeacia tellus

Ignotum vili supposuisset liumo.
Hinc certe madidos fugientis pressit ocellos

Mater, et in cineres ultima dona tulit : 50

Hinc soror in partem misera cum matre doloris

Yenit, inornatas dilaniata comas :
Cum que tuis sua junxerunt Nemesisque priorque

Oscula, nee solos destituere rogos.
Delia descendens ' f elicius ' inquit ' amata 55

Sum tibi : vixisti, dum tuus ignis eram.5
Cui Nemesis ; quid ' ait ' tibi sunt mea damna dolori ?

Me tenuit moriens deficiente manu.'
Si tamen e nobis aliquid nisi nomen et umbra

Restat, in Elysia valle Tibullus erit. 60

Obvius hide venias, hedera juvenalia cinctus

Tempora, cum Calvo, docte Catulle, tuo.
Tu quoque, si falsum est temerati crimen amici,

Sanguinis atque animae prodige Galle tuae.
His comes umbra tua est. Siqua est modo corporis umbra,

Auxisti numeros, culte Tibulle, pios.
Ossa quieta, precor, tuta requiescite in urna,

Et sit humus cineri non onerosa tuo !

3. FAREWELL TO LOVE-SONGS. 121

3. Farewell to Love-Songs.
III. 15.

Quaere novum vatem, tenerorum mater Amorum :

Raditur hie elegis ultima meta meis :
Quos ego composui, Peligni ruris alumnus :

Nee me deliciae dedecuere meae.
Siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres, 5

Non modo militiae turbine factus eques.
Mantua Vergilio gaudet : Verona Catullo.

Pelignae dicar gloria gentis ego,
Quam sua libertas ad honesta coegerat arma,

Cum timuit socias anxia Roma manus. 10

Atque aliquis spectans hospes Sulmonis aquosi

Moenia, quae campi jugera pauca tenent,
' Quae tantum' dicet ' potuistis ferre poetam,

Quantulacumque estis, vos ego magna voco.'
Culte puer, puerique parens Amathusia culti, 15

Aurea de campo vellite signa meo.
Corniger increpuit thyrso graviore Lyaeus :

Pulsanda est magnis area major equis.
Imbelles elegi, genialis musa, valete,

Post mea mansurum fata superstes opus ! 20

FASTI.

1. RoMULUS AND KeMUS.
II. 383-422.

Silvia Yestalis caelestia semina partu

Ediderat, patruo regna tenente suo.
Is jubet auferri parvos et in amne necari. 385

Quid facis ? ex istis Romulus alter erit !
Jussa recusantes peragunt lacrimosa ministri,

Flent tamen, et geminos in loca jussa ferunt.
Albula, quern Tiberim mersus Tiberinus in undis

Reddidit, hibernis forte tumebat aquis. 390

Hie, ubi nunc fora sunt, lintres errare videres,

Quaque jacent valles, Maxime Circe, tuae.
Hue ubi venerunt, neque enim procedere possunt

Longius, ex illis unus et alter ait :
' At quam sunt similes ! at quam f ormosus uterque ! 395

Plus tamen ex illis iste vigoris habet.
Si genus arguitur voltu, nisi fallit imago,

Nescio quern vobis suspicer esse deum.5
1 At si quis vestrae deus esset originis auctor,

In tarn praecipiti tempore ferret opem. 400

Ferret opem certe, si non ope mater egeret,

Quae facta est lino mater et orba die.

2. THE DEIFICATION OF ROMULUS. 123

Nata simul, moritura simul, simul ite sub undas

Corpora ! ' desierat, deposuitque sinu.
Vagierunt ambo pariter. Sensisse putares. 405

Hi redeunt udis in sua tecta genis.
Sustinet impositos summa cavus alveus unda.

Heu quantum fati parva tabella tulit !
Alveus in limo silvis appulsus opacis

Paulatim fluvio deficiente sedet. 410

Arbor erat. Remanent vestigia, quaeque vocatur

Rumina nunc ficus, Romula ficus erat.
Venit ad expositos, mirum ! lupa foeta gemellos.

Quis credat pueris non nocnisse feram ?
Non nocuisse parum est, prodest quoque. Quos lupa

Perdere cognatae sustinuere manus ! [nutrit,

Constitit, et cauda teneris blanditur alumnis,

Et fingit lingua corpora bina sua.
Marte satos scires. Timor abfuit, ubera ducunt,

Nee sibi promissi lactis aluntur ope. 420

Ilia loco nomen fecit, locus ipse lupercis.

Magna dati nutrix praemia lactis habet.

2. The Deification of Romulus.
II. 475-512.

Proxima lux vacua est. At tertia dicta Quirino. 475

Qui tenet hoc nomen, Romulus ante fuit :
Sive quod hasta curis priscis est dicta Sabinis,

Bellicus a telo venit in astra deus :
Sive suo regi nomen posuere Quirites :

Seu quia Romanis junxerat ille Cures. 480

Nam pater armipotens postquam nova moenia vidit,

Multaque Romulea bella peracta manu,

124 FASTI, II. 475-512.

' Juppiter,' inquit f habet Romana potentia vires :

Sanguinis officio non eget ilia mei.
Redde patri natum. Quamvis intercidit alter, 485

Pro se proque Eemo qui mihi restat, erit.
1 Unus erit, quern tu tolles in caerula caeli,'

Tu mihi dixisti. Sint rata dicta Jovis.'
Juppiter annuerat. Nutu tremef actus uterque

Est polus, et caeli pondera movit Atlas. 490

Est locus, antiqui Capreae dixere paludem :

Forte tuis illic, Romule, jura dabas.
Sol fugit, et removent subeuntia nubila caelum,

Et gravis effusis decidit imber aquis.
Hinc tonat, hinc missis abrumpitur ignibus aether. 495

Fit fuga. Hex patriis astra petebat equis.
Luctus erat, falsaeque patres in crimine caedis :

Haesissetque animis forsitan ilia fides :
Sed Proculus Longa veniebat Julius Alba,

Lunaque fulgebat, nee facis usus erat, 500

Cum subito motu saepes tremuere sinistrae :

Eettulit ille gradus, horrueruntque comae.
Pulcher et humano major trabeaque decorus

Romulus in media visus adesse via,
Et dixisse simul : f Prohibe lugere Quirites, 505

Nee violent lacrimis numina nostra suis.
Tura ferant, placentque novum pia turba Quirinum,

Et patrias artes militiamque colant.'
Jussit, et in tenues oculis evanuit auras.

Convocat hie populos, jussaque verba refert. 510

Templa deo fiunt. Collis quoque dictus ab illo est,

Et referunt certi sacra paterna dies.

3. LUCRETIA. 125

3. LUCRETIA.

II. 710-758.

Traduntur ducibus moenia nuda suis. 710

Ecce, nefas visu, mediis altaribus anguis

Exit, et exstinctis ignibus exta rapit.
Consulitur Phoebus. Sors est ita reddita, i Matri

Qui dederit princeps oscula, victor erit.'
Oscula quisque suae matri properata tulerunt, 715

Non intellecto credula turba deo.
Brutus erat stulti sapiens imitator, ut esset

Tutus ab insidiis, dire Superbe, tuis.
Hie jacens pronus matri dedit oscula Terrae,

Creditus offenso procubuisse pede. 720

Cingitur interea Komanis Ardea signis,

Et patitur lentas obsidione moras.
Dum vacat, et metuunt hostes committere pugnam,

Luditur in castris, otia miles agit.
Tarquinius juvenis socios dapibusque mcroque 725

Accipit. Ex illis rege creatus ait :
6 Dum nos difficilis pigro tenet Ardea bello,

Nee sinit ad patrios arma referre deos,
Ecquid in officio torus est socialis ? et ecquid

Conjugibus nostris mutua cura sumus ? ' 730

Quisque suam laudat. Studiis certamina crescunt,

Et fervent multo linguaque corque mero.
Surgit cui dederat clarum Collatia nomen :

' Non opus est verbis, credite rebus ! ' ait.
i !N"ox superest. Tollamur equis, Urbemque petamus ! '

Dicta placent, frenis impediuntur equi.
Pertulerant dominos. Kegalia protinus illi

Tecta petunt. Custos in fore nullus erat.

126 FASTI, IV. 809-862.

Ecce nurum regis fusis per coll a coronis

Inveniunt posito pervigilare mero. 740

Inde cito passu petitur Lucretia. Nebat,

Ante torum calathi lanaque mollis erat.
Lumen ad exiguum f amulae data pensa trahebant :

Inter quas tenui sic ait ipsa sono :
' Mittenda est domino, nunc, nunc properate, puellae !

Quamprimum nostra facta lacerna manu.
Quid tamen auditis ? nam plura audire potestis :

Quantum de bello dicitur esse super ?
Postmodo victa cades. Melioribus, Ardea, restas,

Improba, quae nostros cogis abesse viros ! 750

Sint tantum reduces ! Sed enim temerarius ille

Est meus, et stricto quolibet ense ruit.
Mens abit, et morior, quotiens pugnantis imago

Me subit, et gelidum pectora frigus habet.'
Desinit in lacrimas, intentaque fila remittit, 755

In gremio voltum deposuitque suum.
Hoc ipsum decuit, lacrimae decuere pudicae,

Et facies animo dignaque parque fuit.
6 Pone metum, venio ! ' conjnnx ait. Ilia revixit,

Deque viri collo dulce pependit onus. 700

4. The Building of Home.
IV. 809-8G2.

Jam luerat poenas f rater ISTumitoris, et omne

Pastorum gemino sub duce volgus erat. 810

Contrahere agrestes et moenia ponere utrique
Convenit. Ambigitur, moenia ponat uter.

i Nil opus est ' dixit ' certamine 5 Eomulus ' ullo :
Magna fides avium est. Experiamur aves.'

4. TIl£ BUILDING OF ROME. 127

Res placet. Alter adit nemorosi saxa Palati : 815

Alter Aventinum mane cacumen init.
Sex Remus, hie volucres bis sex videt ordine. Pacto

Statur, et arbitrium Romulus urbis habet.
Apta dies legitur, qua moenia signet aratro.

Sacra Palis suberant, inde movetur opus. 820

Fossa fit ad solidum. Fruges jaciuntur in ima,

Et de vicino terra petita solo.
Fossa repletur humo, plenaeque imponitur ara,

Et novus accenso f ungitur igne focus.
Inde premens stivam designat moenia sulco : 825

Alba jugum niveo cum bove vacca tulit.
Vox f uit haec regis : ' Condenti, Juppiter, urbem

Et genitor Mavors Vestaque mater, ades !
Quosque pium est adhibere deos, advertite cuncti !

Auspicibus vobis hoc mihi surgat opus. 830

Longa sit huic aetas dominaeque potentia terrae,

Sitque sub hac oriens occiduusque dies.5'
Ille precabatur. Tonitru dedit omina laevo

Juppiter, et laevo fulmina missa polo.
Augurio laeti jaciunt fundamina cives, 835

Et novus exiguo tempore murus erat.
Hoc Celer urget opus, quern Romulus ipse vocarat,

4 Sint ' que, ' Celer, curae ' dixerat ' ista tuae.
Neve quis aut muros, aut factam vomere fossam

Transeat, audentem talia dede neci.' 840

Quod Remus ignorans humiles contemnere muros

Coepit, et i His populus ' dicere ' tutus erit ? '
Nee mora, transiluit. Rutro Celer occupat ausum. ^

Ille premit duram sanguinulentus humum.
Haec ubi rex didicit, lacrimas introrsus obortas 845

Devorat, et clausum pectore volnus habet.

128 FASTI, IV. 809-862.

Flere palara non volt, exemplaque fortia servat,

' Sic ' que ' meos muros transeat hostis ' ait
Dat tamen exequias. Nee jam suspend ere fletum

Sustinet, et pietas dissimulata patet. 850

Osculaque applicuit posito suprema f eretro,

Atque ait, ' Invito f rater adempte, vale ! '
Arsurosque artus unxit. Fecere, quod ille,

Faustulus et maestas Acca soluta comas.
Turn juvenem nondum facti Severe Quirites. 855

Ultima plorato subdita flamma rogo est.
Urbs oritur— quis tunc hoc nlli credere posset ? —

Yictorem terris impositura pedem.
Cuncta regas, et sis magno sub Caesare semper :

Saepe etiam pluris nominis hujus babe : 860

Et quotiens steteris domito sublimis in orbe,

Omnia sint umeris inferiora tuis.

TKISTIA.

1. The Poet's Departure from Rome.
I. 3.

Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago,

Qua mihi supremum tempus in urbe f uit,
Cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui,

Labitur ex oculis nunc quoque gutta meis.
Jam prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar 5

Finibus extremae jusserat Ausoniae.
Nee spatium f uerat, nee mens satis apta parandi :

Torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora.
Non mihi servorum, comitis non cura legendi,

Non aptae prof ugo vestis opisve fuit. 10

JSTon aliter stupui, quam qui Jovis ignibus ictus

Vivit, et est vitae nescius ipse suae.
Ut tamen hanc animi nubem dolor ipse removit,

Et tandem sensus convaluere mei,
Alloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos, 15

Qui modo de multis unus et alter erant.
Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat,

Imbre per indignas usque cadente genas.
Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa sub oris,

Nee poterat fati certior esse mei. 20

130 TRISTIA, I. 3.

Quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonabant,

Formaque non taciti funeris intus erat.
Femina virque meo, pueri quoque, f unere maerent :

Inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet.
Si licet exemplis in parvo grandibus uti, 25

Haec facies Trojae, cum caperetur, erat.
Jamque quiescebant voces hominumque canumque,

Lunaque nocturnos alta regebat equos.
Hanc ego suspiciens, et ab hac Capitolia cernens,

Quae nostro frustra juncta fuere lari, 30

' Numina vicinis liabitantia sedibus,' inquam,

Jamque oculis nunquam templa yidenda meis,
Dique relinquendi, quos urbs tenet alta Quirini,

Este salutati tempus in omne mihi !
Et quanquam sero clipeum post vulnera sumo, 35

Attamen hanc odiis exonerate fugam,
Caelestique viro, quis me deceperit error,

Dicite. Pro culpa ne scelus esse putet.
Ut quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor,

Placato possum non miser esse deo.' 40

Hac prece adoravi superos ego. Pluribus uxor,

Singultu medios impediente sonos.
Ilia etiam ante lares passis prostrata capillis

Contigit extinctos ore trementefocos,
Multaque in adversos effudit verba penates 45

Pro deplorato non valitura viro.
Jamque morae spatium nox praecipitata negabat,

Versaque ab axe suo Parrhasis arctos erat.
Quid f acerem ? blando patriae retinebar amore :

Ultima sed jussae nox erat ilia fugae. 50

A ! quotiens aliquo dixi properante, ' Quid urgues !

Yel quo f estines ire, vel unde, vide ! '

1. THE POET'S DEPARTURE FROM ROME. 131

A ! quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere

Horam, propositae quae foret apta viae.
Ter limen tetigi, ter sum revocatus, et ipse 55

Indulgens animo pes mihi tardus erat.
Saepe vale dieto rursus sum multa locutus,

Et quasi discedens oscula summa dedi.
Saepe eadem mandata dedi, meque ipse fefelli,

Respiciens oculis pignora cara meis. [quam,

Denique, ' Quid propero ? Scythia est, quo mittimur,' in-

' Roma relinquenda est. TJtraque justa mora est. *
Uxor in aeternum vivo mihi viva negatur,

Et domus et fidae dulcia membra domus,
Quosque ego fraterno dilexi more sodales, 65

O mihi Thesea pectora juncta fide !
Dum licet, amplectar. Nunquam fortasse licebit

Amplius. In lucro est quae datur hora mihi.'
Nee mora, sermonis verba imperfecta relinquo,

Complectens animo proxima quaeque meo. 70

Dum loquor et flemus, caelo nitidissimus alto,

Stella gravis nobis, Lucifer ortus erat.
Dividor haud aliter, quam si mea membra relinquam,

Et pars abrumpi corpore visa suo est.
Sic doluit Metus tunc, cum in contraria versos 75

Ultores habuit proditionis equos.
Turn vero exoritur clamor gemitusque meorum,

Et feriunt maestae pectora nuda manus.
Turn vero conjunx, umeris abeuntis inhaerens,

Miscuit haec lacrimis tristia dicta suis : 80

1 Non potes avelli. Simul, a ! simul ibimus,' inquit :

i Te sequar et conjunx exulis exul ero.
Et mihi facta via est. Et me capit ultima tellus :

Accedam profugae sarcina parva rati.

132 TRISTIA, III. 7.

Te jubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira, 85

Me pietas. Pietas haec mihi Caesar erit.
Talia temptabat, si cut temptaverat ante,

Yixque dedit victas utilitate manus.
Egredior, sive illud erat sine funere ferri,

Squalidus immissis hirta per ora comis. 90

Ilia dolore aniens tenebris narratur obortis

Semianimis media procubuisse domo :
Utque resurrexit foedatis pulvere turpi

Crinibus, et gelida membra levavit humo,
Se modo, desertos modo eomplorasse penates, 95

Nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri ;
Nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeve meumve

Yidisset structos corpus habere rogos,
Et voluisse mori, moriendo ponere sensus,

Kespectuque tamen non voluisse mei. 100

Vivat ! et absentem, quoniam sic fata tulerunt,

Yivat ut auxilio sublevet usque suo.

2. To his Daughter Perilla.
III. T.

Yade salutatum, subito perarata, Perillam,

Littera, sermonis fida ministra mei !
Aut illam invenies dulci cum matre sedentem,

Aut inter libros Pieridasque suas.
Quicquid aget, cum te scierit yenisse, relinquet, 5

Nee mora, quid venias quidve, requiret, agam.
Yivere me dices, sed sic, ut vivere nolim,

Nee mala tarn longa nostra levata mora :
Et tamen ad Musas, quamvis nocuere, reverti,

Aptaque in alternos cogere verba pedes. 10

2. TO HIS DAUGHTER PERILLA. 133

Tu quoque, die, studiis communibus ecquid inhaeres,

Doctaque non patrio carmina more canis ?
Nam tibi cum fatis mores natura pudicos

Et raras dotes ingeniumque dedit.
Hoc ego Pegasidas deduxi primus ad undas, 15

Ne male fecandae vena periret aquae.
Primus id aspexi teneris in virginis annis,

Utque pater natae duxque comesque fui.
Ergo si remanent ignes tibi pectoris idem,

Sola tuum vates Lesbia vincet opus. 20

Sed vereor, ne te mea nunc f ortuna retardet,

Postque meos casus sit tibi pectus iners.
Dum licuit, tua saepe mihi, tibi nostra legebam :

Saepe tui judex, saepe magister eram :
Aut ego praebebam factis modo versibus aures, V 25

Aut, ubi cessaras, causa ruboris eram. — ^

Forsitan exemplo, quia me laesere libelli,

Tu quoque sis poenae facta ruina meae.
Pone, Perilla, metum. Tantummodo femina non sit

Devia, nee scriptis discat amare tuis. 30

Ergo desidiae remove, doctissima, causas,

Inque bonas artes et tua sacra redi.
Ista decens facies longis vitiabitur annic,

liugaque in antiqua f ronte senilis erit :
Inicietque manum formae damnosa senectus, 35

Quae strepitum passu non faciente venit.
Curnque aliquis dicet, ' Fuit haec f ormosa,' dolebis,

Et speculum mendax esse querere tuum.
Sunt tibi opes modicae, cum sis dignissima magnis :

Finge sed immensis censibus esse pares, 40

Nempe dat id cuicumque libet fortuna rapitque,

Irus et est subito, qui modo Croesus erat.

134: * TRISTIA, IV. 10.

Singula quid ref eram ? nil non mortale tenemus

Pectoris exceptis ingeniique bonis.
En ego, cum patria caream vobisque domoque, 45

Kaptaque sint, adimi quae potuere mihi,
Ingenio tamen ipse raeo comitorque f ruorque :

Caesar in hoc potuit juris habere nihil.
Quilibet hanc saevo vitam mihi finiat ense,

Me tamen extincto fama superstes erit, 50

Dumque suis septem victrix de montibus orbem

Prospiciet domitum Martia Roma, legar.
Tu quoque, quam studii maneat felicior usus,

Effuge venturos, qua potes, usque rogos !

3. The Poet's Life.
IY. 10.

f

Hie ego qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum,

Quern legis ut noris, accipe posteritas.
Sulmo mihi patria est, gelidis uberrimus undis,

Milia qui novies distat ab Urbe decern.
Editus hinc ego sum, nee non nt tempora noris, 5

Cum cecidit f ato consul uterque pari :
Si quid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres,

Non modo fortunae munere factus eques.
Nee stirps prima fui. Genito sum fratre creatus,

Qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat. 10

Lucifer amborum natalibus adfuit idem :

Una celebrata est per duo liba dies.
Haec est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae,

Quae fieri pugna prima cruenta solet.
Protinus excolimur teneri, curaque parentis 15

Imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte viros.

3. THE POET'S LIFE. 135

Frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo,

Fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori.
At mini jam puero caelestia sacra placebant,

Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus. 20

Saepe pater dixit, ' Studium quid inutile temptas ?

Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.'
Motus eram dictis, totoque Helicone relicto

Scribere conabar verba soluta modis.
Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos, 25

Et quod temptabam dicere, versus erat.
Interea tacito passu labentibus annis

Liberior fratri sumpta mihique toga est,
Induiturque umeris cum lato purpura clavo,

Et studium nobis quod f uit ante, manet. 30

Jamque decern vitae frater geminaverat annos,

Cum perit, et coepi parte carere mei.
Cepimus et tenerae primos aetatis honores,

Deque viris quondam pars tribus una fui.
Curia restabat. Clavi mensura coacta est : 35

Ma jus erat nostris viribus illud onus.
Nee patiens corpus, nee mens fuit apta labori,

Sollicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram.
Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sorores

Otia, judicio semper amata meo. 40

Temporis illius colui fovique poetas,

Quotque aderant vates, rebar ad esse deos.
Saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo,

Quaeque necet serpens, quae juvet herba, Macer.
Saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes, 45

Jure sodalicio qui mihi junctus erat.
Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis

Dulcia convictus membra fuere mei.

136 TKISTIA, IV. 10.

Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures,

Dam ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra. 50

Vergilium yidi tantum. Nee amara Tibullo

Tempus amicitiae fata dedere raeae.
Successor f uit hie tibi, Galle : Propertius illi :

Quart us ab his serie temporis ipse fui.
Utque ego ma j ores, sic me coluere minores, 55

Notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est.
Carmina cum primum populo juvenilia legi,

Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit.
Moverat ingeninm totam cantata per Urbem

Nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi. 60

Multa quidem scripsi. Sed quae vitiosa putavi,

Emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi.
Tunc quoque, cum fugerem, quaedam placitura cremavi,

Iratus studio carminib usque meis.
Molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis 65

Cor mihi, quodque levis causa moveret, erat.
Cum tamen hie essem, minimoque accenderer igne,

Nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit.
Paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor

Est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit. 70

Illi successit, quamvis sine crimine conjunx,

Non tamen in nostro firma f utura toro.
Ultima, quae mecum seros permansit in annos,

Sustinuit conjunx exulis esse viri.
Filia me mea bis prima f ecunda juventa, 75

Sed non ex uno conjuge, fecit avum.
Et jam complerat genitor sua fata, novemque

Addiderat lustris altera lustra novem.
Non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademptum

Ille fuit. Matri proxima justa tuli. 80

3. THE POET'S LIFE. 137

Felices ambo tempestiveque sepulti,

Ante diem poenae quod periere meae !
Me quoque felicem, quod non viventibus illis

Sum miser, et de me quod doluere nihil.
Si tamen extinctis aliquid nisi nomina restat, 85

Et gracilis structos effugit umbra rogos :
Fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae

Et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra foro,
Scite, precor, causam, nee vos mihi fallere fas est,

Errorem jussae, non scelus, esse fugae. 90

Manibus hoc satis est. Ad vos, studiosa, revertor,

Fectora, qui vitae quaeritis acta meae.
Jam mihi canities pulsis melioribus annis

Venerat, antiquas miscueratque comas,
Postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva 95

Abstulerat decies praemia victor equus,
Cum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas

Quaerere me laesi principis ira jubet.
Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae

Indicio non est testificanda meo. 100

Quid ref eram comitumque nef as f amulosque nocentes ?

Ipsa multa tuli non leviora fuga.
Indignata malis mens est succumbere, seque

Praestitit invictam viribus usa suis.
Oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae, 105

Insolita cepi temporis arm a manu.
Totque tuli casus pelagoque terraque, quot inter

Occultum stellae conspicuumque polum.
Tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto

Juncta pharetratis Sarmatis ora Getis. 110

Hie ego finitimis quamvis circumsoner armis,

Tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo.

138 TRISTIA, IV. 10.

Quod quamvis nemo est, cujus referatur ad aures,

Sic tamen absumo decipioque diem.
Ergo quod vivo, durisque laboribus obsto, 115

Nee me sollicitae taedia lucis habent,
Gratia, Musa, tibi. Nam tu solacia praebes,

Tu curae requies, tu medicina venis.
Tu dux et comes es. Tu nos abducis ab Histro,

In medioque mihi das Helicone locum. 120

Tu mihi, quod rarum est, vivo sublime dedisti

Nomen, ab exequiis quod dare fama solet.
Wee qui detrectat praesentia, Livor iniquo

Ullum de nostris dente momordit opus.
Nam tulerint magnos cum saecula nostra poetas, 125

Non fuit ingenio fama maligna meo.
Cumque ego praeponam multos mihi, non minor illis

Dicor et in toto plurimus orbe legor.
Si quid habent igitur vatum praesagia veri,

Protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus. 130

Sive favore tuli, sive hanc ego carmine famam

Jure, tibi grates, candide lector, ago.

NOTES.

NOTES

METAMOKPHOSES.

I. The Creation.
I. 1-88.

1. Fert animus, my mind leads (me), I purpose. Mutatas formas,

changed forms, or changes of forms. It is a Latin expression for the
Greek word metamorphoses, transformations. Such changes of form the
poet purposes to describe as he finds in the Greek and Roman Mytholo-
gy : men changed to divine forms, as Hercules or Romulus ; or gods
changed to human forms ; or men changed into beasts, or into trees, and
the like.

2. Et illas, also those, i. e , as all other things which undergo change.

3. Aspirate, used often of winds which arc favorable, and so gener-
ally in the sense of favor. Primaque mwkii9 from the very origin of

the world. Mundus means first order, k6o-/jlos, and then the orderly world.

7. Ch&OS (from xa^w)» first yawning space, and then used for form-
less matter ; as in the second verse of Genesis, " the earth was without
form, and void."

90 Discordia, adjective agreeing with semina, which, meaning seeds,
expresses what we call elements.

10-14. The names Titan, Phoebe, Amphitrite, are here personifica-
tions for Sun, Moon, and Sea.

13* Ponderibus — suis. The plural in ponderibus is used, because the
weights of the parts of the whole are thought of, and as equal to one an-
other, i. e., in equilibrium ; balanced by its own weights, or held in equili-
brium ; so also in Horace, Ep. i. 6, 51.

14. Amphitrite ; the line is a spondaic hexameter, examples of which

are common in this poem. Margfnc ; without the preposition in, with

the idea of place, as often in poetry.

* The grammatical references (II. or Gr.) are to the Latin Grammar of Professor
Albert Harkness, revised edition of 1831.

142 METAMORPHOSES, I. 1-88.

15, 16. Utque — sic, and as — so; though — yet.

IT. Nulli 5 here neuter ; but in prose nullae rei is more common.

Sua refers to nulli ; H. 449, 2.

20. Sine pondere 5 = eis quae sine pondere sunt.

23. IAquidum — caelum, the clear heavens, in distinction from the
denser atmosphere below (spisso — aere). It is called aether in lines 15 and
67, and ignea vis in line 26, as if of the same nature as fire.

24. Quae, i. e., caelum, terras, undas, aer. Caeco — acervo ; a cir-
cumlocution for chaos, caeco being used passively, as no one thing in it
could be distinguished from another ; the blind mass.

26. Join thus : ignea et sine pondere vis — caeli.

27. Summaque — in arce ; arx, a citadel, is used often for a high
place, and for height ; here the same as " firmament " in Genesis ; and in
the v erg firmament.

31. Possedit, from possido, and so having an active or causative sense,
just as the simple verb sido is distinguished from sedco ; took possession of.

34. Non aeqnalis, to be taken together.

37. Terrae, dative with ace. litora ; the verb circumdo has also the
construction of abl. (litoribus) with ace. terram.

39. Obliqnis, winding ; declivia, down-running.

40. Qnae, sc. flumina ; ipsa, sc. terra.

42. Kipis, the banks of rivers, litora, the shores of the sea ; though
they are sometimes interchanged by the poets.

43. Subsidere, from subsldo. See above, n. on line 31 ; literally, to
set themselves down, to sink.

45-48. Division of the heavens into five zones, to which correspond
five zones on the earth's surface.

45. Dextra, sinistra, relatively to the equator.

46. Quinta, same as media in 1. 49.

47. Onus inclnsnm, i. e., the earth, as encompassed by the heavens.
50. Totidem, sc. zonas. IJtramqne, i. e., on either hemisphere be-
tween the torrid and the frigid zone. Ilaupt reads utrwmquc.

52. His, i. e., plagis terrestribus.

56. Cum fulminibus ; the preposition instead of et f ulmina ; and the
winds that cause the cold as well as the lightning. The idea seems to have
been that the winds cause the lightning by means of the friction of the
clouds.

57. His, sc. ventis. Habendum is used in the sense of having under
control, and non passim implies that only in certain places were the winds
allowed such control.

1. THE CREATION. 143

58-60. Nunc with emphasis, and explained by cum scqq., since, etc.;

and quin lament depends upon obsistitur, according to H. 504, 4. Fra-

tmm ; the Winds were personified as sons of Astraeus and Aurora.

61* The Nahaiaei were an Arabian people.

62. Juga, etc., refers to the range of mountains in India. Mat uti-

nis ; a spondaic line.

63. Vesper, used in a local sense for the West, only by the poets.

64. Septemque trionem, for septemtrionemque ; the dactyl of the
fifth place makes the division by que necessary. The constellation of the
Wain or the Great Bear, consisting of seven stars, five for the Wain and
two for the steers; the name of it was called, rather irregularly, septem
triones, and then in the sing, septemtrio.

66. "The South wind (aquaticus auster, 2, 285) brings with it rain in
Greece and Italy. Hence the Greek name for it, called by the Romans
Notus, cf. vorls, moisture." Haupt.

67. Haec, i. e., acra, nubes, ventos. Super governs hacc, the preposi-
tion coming after, as not unfrequently with the poets, especially in dis-
syllabic words.

72. Animantibus. The ancients ascribed to the stars life and even

reason. Formae deorum ; the gods were conceived as having bodily

forms.

76. Animal ; because a living being ; but sanclius, because nobler, as
endowed with reason, made in the image of God ; diviner.

77. Deerat, a dissyllable. Quod — posset, of such nature that it

might be able, H. 503, i.

80. Nuper, as described in line 22, terris abscidit undas.

81. Cognati ; because, before the dividing of chaos, the heavens had
been mingled with earth.

82. Iapeto ; four syllables, as the / of Greek words is never to be
pronounced as J. Ovid follows the myth, which represents Prome-
theus, the son of the Titan Iapetus, as fashioning man from earth and
water.

83. Moderantum ; the genitive in um instead of ium, on account of

the metre ; but see II. 158, 2. In effigiem — deorum. In the same way

as the gods were conceived as appearing in human form among men, so,
as here, man is made in the image of the gods, reminding us of the words
in Genesis 1, 26, " Let us make man in our image."

85. Caelumque videre, sc. eum, referring to homini, as the subject
of videre. Comp. Cic. de Amicitia, c. 21, caelestium ordinem contem-
plantes.

144: METAMORPHOSES, I. 89-150.

2. The Four Ages.
I. 89-150.

89-150. In Verg. Georg. 1, 125 seqq., and in Tibullus, i. 3, 35 seqq.,
the golden or good age is that of Saturn, which is followed by that of
Jupiter. Hesiod has five ages, the golden, silver, brazen, the fourth with-
out name, and the iron. Aratus has three, the golden, silver, and iron.
Ovid has drawn in part from these poets. The designation of the periods
by the metals from gold downward manifestly teaches the fall of the race
from a golden innocence to successive stages of moral degeneracy. In
like manner this idea of four ages is taught in the Zendavesta or sacred
books of the ancient Persians, and in those of the Hindoos, both Brah-
manic and Buddhistic, and in the Sagas of the ancient Germans ; also in
the legends of the Aegyptians.

89-112. The Golden Age.

89. Anrea 5 the first word of the sentence is the emphatic one, as if

we should say in English, with gold was the first age sown. Yindicc nul-

lOj abl. absolute, and may be rendered, toil/tout any to punish.

91,92. Poena metusque 5 penalty and fears, i. e., fears of penalty.

Verba miliaria — aere 5 in reference to laws, as of the Twelve

Tables, which on brazen tablets were fixed on the Capitol and other
public places.

93. Erant 5 an indefinite subject understood, as in English they. An-
other reading is vindice, instead of judice.

91. Suis, its own, in opposition to pcregrinum.

98. Direeti. The tuba was straight, and the cornu curved. Aeris,
denoting the material, is in the genitive, after the analogy of the gen. of
quality. H. 396, v.

101. Ipsa, in the first place because emphatic, of itself ; as opposed
to what followed, it is = tellus inarata.

104. Arbuteos foetus 5 the fruit of the arbutus or wild strawberry,
like the fraga or common strawberry, but larger. Legebant 5 the sub-
ject indefinite, as above erant, 1. 93.

105. Corna, the fruit of the wild cornel-tree, a horn-like cherry, be-
cause so hard. Mora, blackberries, the fruit of the rubeta (pi.).

108. Jovis arbore 5 i. e., the oak, one species of which bears acorns
which are edible.

108. Semine ; for semente, sowing, i. e., without sowing on the part
of any one.

2. THE FOUR AGES. 145

110# Nee renovatns, i. e., et non rcnovatus, and without renewal.

Cauebat (from ciineo), whitened.

111. Fluniina, etc., figurative for abundance ; the ncctaris itself figu-
rative for wine. So of the land of promise in Exodus, 3, 8, " a land flow-
ing with milk and honey."

112. Stillabant ; the honey was thought of, as in the golden age dis-
tilling like dew from the trees.

113-124. The Silver Age.

113. Saturno. Saturnus, a god of the ancient Italians, was after-
ward identified with the Greek Kronos.

114. Snbiit 5 the final syllable is long, its original quantity. So also
below, iv. 712, abilt ; x. 15, adilt ; xi. 14, abilt.

116. Contraxit 5 before, as said on 1. 107, the spring was perpetual.

117. Another spondaic line.

118. Excgit. The ex in the verb (literally, out) gives the verb the
meaning of bringing to an end ; brought the year to an end through winters,
etc. Hence it comes to mean finish.

121. Snbiere ; an indefinite subject again; they. The sub in the
compound verb is well fitted to these primitive homes, as described in
the next line.

122. Cortice 5 bark, but properly the outer, while liber is the word
for the inner.

123. Ccrcalia 5 because Ceres was supposed to have given men the
seeds, and to have taught them agriculture ; thus we call now the differ-
ent grains Cereals.

125-140. The Brazen and the Iron Age.

128. Venae; limits acvum as a gen. of characteristic; an age of a
worse vein. H. 396, v.

133. Qoaeqne 5 the antecedent is carlnae, which is used figuratively

for naves. Stfctfcrant — altis 5 in reference to the trees, of which the

ships were made.

134. Insultaverc $ with the primary meaning of the word as a com-
pound of salto ; danced upon ; with something, too, of the meaning of
our derived word insult, as the ships, as it were, despised the danger.
So, also, contemner e (literally, not to fear) is used by Tibullus, i. 3, 37,
nondum pinus contempserat undas.

135. Prius ; limits communem ; — lumina and auras, drawn by at-
traction in the ace. to humum ; though regularly it would read, ecu lu-
mina solis et aurae communia sunt.

136. Lioiite means here a boundary, -Mensor is the surveyor.

8

146 METAMORPHOSES, I. 244-312.

13T. Segetes, ace. as object of poscebatur, as posco in the active
governs two accusatives. H. 3*14.

139. Stygiisque — umbris 5 the realm of the Shades, where the Styx
flows ; thought of as in the very depths of the earth. Styx, the Gr. 2rtf|,
the hateful river. So Milton, in the line (" Paradise Lost," ii. 519) " Ab-
horred Styx, the flood of deadly hate.11

140. Malorum is objective genitive. II. 396, III.

112. tTtroque5 i. e., both iron and gold. In what sense is it true of
gold?

145. Non socer a genero 5 perhaps, as Haupt suggests, in allusion to
Caesar and Pompeius.

147. Lurida $ so called from the effect of aconite on the complexion
of those who are poisoned by it.

148. Inquirit 5 i. e., of astrologers-, as he is impatient for his father's
death, and for the possession of his property.

150. Ultima ; in the better times the gods dwelt among men ; but one
after another left the degenerate earth, Astraea, the goddess of justice,
the Dike of the Greeks, being the last to take her flight. Astraea, the
daughter of Jupiter and Themis, was placed as Virgo among the con-
stellations.

3. The Flood.

I. 244-312.

244-312. Traditions of a flood, similar to the one here given by Ovid,
are found among many and very diifcrent nations. Buttmann has treated
of these traditions in his Mythologus, I. 180 seqq., and also Jacob Grimm
in his German Mythology, 541 seqq. The similarity of them all to the
Biblical narrative is striking.

244. Dicta Jovis. In the preceding passage Jupiter had declared

his purpose, in a council of the gods, to destroy the world. Pars 5 i. e.,

of the gods.

245. Partes ; here in the sense of their part, or their duty, which
they fulfill as members of the council. «

250. Quaerentes 5 ace. subject of trcpidare. Fore depends upon a

word of saying suggested by vetat.

254. Sacer ; as the dwelling-place of the gods.

255. Axis ; here put for caelum itself, as in 6, 64, longum caelum.

256. In fatis ; it was the opinion of some of the philosophers, espe-
cially the Stoics, that the world, having arisen from fire, would also be

3. THE FLOOD. 147

dissolved in fire. Such an opinion Ovid represents as an utterance of
the fates. What is the derivation of fatum ?

250. Cyclopum ; the fabled sons of Uranus and the Earth, hurled to
Tartarus by Saturn, and then rescued by Jupiter, for whom they after-
ward forged thunderbolts. Homer represents them in the Odyssey as a
giant race in Sicily. Later they wTere fancied as Vulcan's workmen in
his smithy in Aetna, or in Lipara.

262. Aeoliis ; from Aeolus, the god of the winds, fabled, as in Vergil,
Aen. i, 52, to hold them in caves in the Aeolian or Liparaean islands, near

Sicily. Aquiloncm ; this wind is shut up as it brings clear and dry

weather. On Noium see n. 1. 66.

261. Alis 5 the winds, from their swiftness, often are winged with
the poets ; so, also, in Hebrew poetry, Psalm xviii. 10, upon the wings of
the wind.

265. Vultnm ace. of the part., Gr. § 378.

266. Barba, sc. est ; canis — capillis; preposition omitted ; seen. 1.14.

26T. Sinns ; the personification is thus kept up, as the wind is cloud-
clad, as it were, and the sinus are the folds of his dress, as so often used
of the toga.

269. Aethfcre, the upper air, and so = caelo.

271. Conelpit, draws to itself as the Iris, or rainbow, was thought to
draw up the moisture from the earth ; as in Verg. Georg. i. 38, Mbit
ingens arcus. So Homer often represents Iris as the messenger of
Juno, and, as such, forming the rainbow for her bright path through the
heavens.

273. Vota, put for the crops, as the object of his hopes ; the whole

may be rendered, and the farmer mourns over his prostrate hopes.

Pfcrit— inltns, comes to naught.

274. Sao, i. e., as hi* own peculiar abode ; not content with what is
furnished by the heavens, he avails himself, too, of the resources of the
sea.

275. Frater; Neptune, represented, like all sea-deities, as of the
color of the sea itself.

276. Tecta, the depths of the sea as Neptune's abode.

279. Dttmos, the caves and clefts of the earth, where the waters

arise. M©I$, the rocky mass which, like a dam or a dike, confines the

waters.

280. In this line, and the two next ones, the image is drawn from
horses, the reins flung loose upon the streams (immittite habenas\ the bits
let go from the moutlis of the springs (fontibus or a relaxant), and then the

148 METAMORPHOSES, I. 313-415.

rivers (amnes to be supplied with hi) rolling down in unbridled course
(defrenato — cursu).

283. Tridentc ; here, and below 330, trieuspide telo, the trident, the
three-pronged spear of Neptune, is the symbol of his power. So, too, in
Homer, with whom also he is the earth-shaker, ewoviydios.

286, 287. Cam satis, together with the crops = et sata. So, also, cum
— sacris. Sacra for the images of the gods, which are kept in the pene-
tralia, or innermost part of the house.

289. Hujus refers to domus, and limits culmen.

290. Turres, towers, here used for high, tower-like buildings.
292. Deerant, as in 1. 77.

296. Summa— in ulmo, on the top of the elm. So Horace, 0. i. 2, 9,
summa — idmo, also in describing the flood.

299. Mftdo qua, where just now ; observe the contrasts in the cor-
responding places of the two lines, graciles and deformes, capellae and
phocae.

302. Nereides, the daughters of the sea-god Nereus.

303. Agltataque, i. e., by the swaying waves.

305. Nee vires fulminis, i. c., the wild boar, strong as he is, unequal
to contend with the lightning.

306. Ablato, carried away by the flood.

307. 308. Quaesitisqne, etc. And having long sought for places on
the (solid) earth, where it may be given (her) to stand. Compare the de-
scription in Genesis, viii. 9, " But the dove found no rest for the sole of
her foot."

309, 310. Observe the climax from tumulos, the hills, to montana
cacumina, the tops of the mountains. Novi, strange, because never be-
fore there.

4. Deucalion and Pyrrha.

I. 313-415.

313. Aftnios, etc. Phocis, a district between Mount Oeta, in Thessaly,
and Bocotia, was also called Aonia, from the Aones who formerly in-
habited it.

316. Vertici&us — duofous, the two spurs of Mount Parnassus, so fa-
mous in ancient story, between which flowed the fountain of Castalia. At
the foot of the mount was Delphi, the seat of the oracle.

318. Deucalion was the son of Prometheus, and his wife Pyrrha the
daughter of Epimetheus. Deucalion had been the ruler of Phthia, in

4. DEUCALION AND PYRRIIA. HO

Thessaly, and by his son Ilcllen was the founder of the race of the
Ilcllcnes.

320. Coryddas. Behind the above-mentioned heights of Parnassus
was a cave called Coryeus, which was sacred to the nymphs and to Bac-
chus.

321. Thfcmin. Themis, the goddess of justice, was also a prophetess.
The Delphic oracle was presided over first by Gaea, the mother of The-
mis, then by Themis, afterward by Phoebe, and finally by Phoebus Apollo.

330. Positoqne \ in the sense of deposito, and having laid aside.

TricuspWe ; see n. on tridente, 283.

331. Mnlcct, soothes, quiets the waters. Prof and tun, for mare, the

deep.

332. Fmerds; ace. of part, as above 265, vultum. Mnrice, prop-
erly the shell-fish from which the purple dye was obtained, is here used
for concha, or any sea-shell.

333. Tritona. Triton, a sea god subordinate to Neptune, and, with

some of the poets, son of Neptune and Amphitrite. Concliac sonanti.

The use of spiral shells for horns is not uncommon now on the Mediter-
ranean coasts.

336. Turbine — lino ; the lowest bend of the winding (torlilis) horn is
narrowest and serves for the mouthpiece, and from this the horn grows
larger with the other bends.

337. Afcra ; used of the Triton's breath as he blows the horn.

338. I'troqne, i. e., oriente et occidente, in the East and the West.

340. ContXgit ; the subject is a pronoun referring to bucina. Rc-

eeptas, the expression in prose for sounding a retreat is rcceptui canere.

341. Plenos capit. The rivers are still full, as they flow, but are kept
within their beds.

346. DXem longam. Dies here feminine, as it means time. M-

datii, i. e., undis, as the next line shows that they are still clothed with
leaves.

349. Terras is the subject, and is used with agcre silentia after the
analogy of agerc vitam, aetatem, and the like ; lying in profound silence.

352. Patruelis ; Prometheus and Epimetheus, the fathers respectively
of Deucalion and Pyrrha, were brothers.

353. Deinde ; a dissyllable.

355. Turba ; peculiarly, and not without a turn of wit in the expres-
sion, is turba here used of two persons ; so, also, in vi. 200, Latonac iur-

bam ; we two make up t/ie crowd of all the lands. Possedit, as above,

1.31.

150 METAMORPHOSES, I. 313-415.

356* Haec — fiduria, even this pledge, i. e., that we alone survive.

Adhuc non=nondum, not yet, and followed in next line by etiam nunc,
now also.

358. Quid — fftret, animi limits quid ; what courage would you have?
Fatis, by the fates, i. e., if fate had rescued you alone.

360. Quo consolante dftleres5=quis te dolentem consolaretur.

363. Paternis ; i. e., of Prometheus.

365. Nunc ; i. e., as things now are.

367. Placuit, it pleased them, they determined.

369. Cephisldas, of the Cephisus, which has its sources in the range
of Parnassus, in Phocis, and flows into the lake Copais.

370. lTt — sic; though — yet.

371. Irroravere, bedewed ; render sprinkled upon ; when they had
drawn (libatos) water, and sprinkled it upon, etc. It was necessary to
purify themselves by washing in the running water, before coming to the
shrine.

374. Palleuant; used to express the contrast to the before bright
and cheerful aspect of the temple ; now it wears a dull look, and is over-
grown with moss.

376. Hiimi, for the construction, Gr. § 426, 2. Oscftla; the deriva-
tion and primary meaning of the word ? Also of numina in the next line ?

380. With res and an adj., as secundae, adversae, and here mersae, the
condition of things is described as fortunate or unfortunate, and so=
fortune or misfortune ; come to our help in our misfortunes from the flood.

382. Velate, etc. The head was to be veiled in sacred transactions,
to avoid all distraction ; and the ungirding the dress was a token of the
unloosing of all bonds, and so signified entire submission.

386. Detque, etc. Bet depends upon rogat, Gr. § 498, II., and 499, 2.

Pavetque. It was deemed sacrilegious to disturb the remains of the

buried dead ; and the poet fitly represents the woman as yet more sensi-
tive to the impiety than the man.

388. Caecis — latebris ; the sense of the words was hidden, as in a rid-
dle ; the whole may be rendered : hidden in blind riddles.

390. The patronymics here are adroitly used to indicate that the cun-
ning of the parents is inherited by the children.

391. Sollcrtia, from sollers, sollus=totus, and ars; all art, sagacity.

Nobis, in the sense of the singular, my sagacity ; but what is the

construction of the dative ?

395. Augurio ; as an augury is a sign by which something is to be
known, it comes to mean, as here, interpretation.

5. PYTIIOK 151

400. Credat — sit ; the subj. is potential ; ivho could believe this, unless
the old tradition (oldness) were the witness?

401. Ponerc, for deponere, as above, 1. 330, posito.

401i The ut is concessive, as above, 370 ; though a certain form of
man may be seen, yet it is not clear to the sight.
406. Exacta; see n. on exigerc, i. 118.
408. Corpdris, of flesh.
410. Vena ; the word is used of stone also, as is our word vein.

413. Feminaj collectively for the sex.

414. Durum. So, also, in Verg. Georg. 1, 61, unde homines nati, du-
rum genus.

5. Python.

I. 434-451.

434. Ergo. The poet has been describing the discordant harmony
(discors concordia) of the forces of nature, and especially of moisture and
heat, in producing different species of animals. The ergo, therefore, now
takes up and carries forward the narrative.

435. Solibns, surfs rays.

438. Nollet, sc. te genuisse. The imperf. represents the wish as im-
possible of fulfillment. Python (the Gr. Tlvduv), according to olden

legend the dragon that guarded the Delphic shrine ; also called son of
earth. Ovid seems to have added the fiction of the creature as a growth
of the slimy earth, simply to make a transition to his next story.

440. De monte, i. e., Parnassus.

441. Arcftgaens, one of the many names of Apollo, as in Gr.
apyvp6ro^os, god of the silver bow, and many others.

444. Nigra, black, from the poisonous blood, veneno.

446. Celfcbri certamine, abl. of characteristic. Lndos. The Pyth-
ian games were celebrated, in historic times, every four years at Delphi.

447. Pytliia, sc. certamina; but, as here, the noun is generally
omitted.

448. Mann — rotave, referring respectively to contests in boxing, run-
ning, and chariot-racing.

450. Longo — erine. As the god of youthful beauty, Apollo is thus
generally figured with long, flowing locks. So the epithet intomus, and
others like it.

152 METAMORPHOSES, I. 452-567.

6. Daphne.

I. 452-567.

452. Peneia. So, too, it was a legend that the oldest Delphic shrine
of Apollo was a hut of laurel-branches, brought from Tempe, the valley
of the Peneus.

454. Delias, from the island of Delos, the place of his fabled birth
and worship.

455. Cornua, Cupid's bow, tipped with horn, or as made of two horns
put together ; called also sometimes in the sing., cornu.

456. Tibij sc. est. What have you to do ?

457. Ista, those of yours, which you are carrying.

460. Iiiniiuieris, as above, 443, mille.

461. Face, torch ; in poetry, as in sculpture and in painting, Cupido

or Amor often carries a torch, with which he kindles love. NescXft quos,

here, as usual, with something of contempt, as loves which Apollo cares
not for.

462. Landes, i. e., his bow and quiver, as above, 441, arcitenens.

463. FIgat, potential may, but in the concessive sense of though it
may ; with the mens arcus in next line supply fiyet.

465. Observe the quantities in tua gloria nostra, and the consequent
case for each.

466. Eliso \ from e and lacdo, whence elide, elision, and many other
cognate English words ; having parted the air zvith the beating of his

467. Impiger, tvith siviftness of flight ; the adj. at the beginning cf
the line goes straight to constitit arcc, whither the winged god is flying.

469. Operum, effects; this duplicity of the arrows seems to be the
invention of Ovid.

473. Medullas (from medius\ the marrows ; i. e., the very heart of
Apollo.

474. Nomen &mantis , i. e., the very name of lover is hateful ; she
will not have it.

476. Exuvlis ; i. e., as a huntress ; a rival of Phoebe or Diana in
this, as well as in being innupta.

477. On sine lege, Haupt compares the expression, which occurs in
Ovid II. 413, vitta coercuerat neglecta alba capillos.

479. Mm drum avfti; Gr. 397, 3, Note 4; the pathless icoods.

480. II y men, or Hymcnacus, the god of marriage. The word, the

6. DAPIINE. 153

Gr. vy.riv, was originally the name of the song at bridals ; hence Hymen
is made by the poets the son of Calliope.

483. Taedas jugales, bridal torches, by which the bride was brought
home on the wedding-day.

484. Ori; ace. of part; is suffused in face.

485. Patris, etc., and clinging to her father's neck with coaxing arms.

487. Pate>, i. e., Jupiter, the father of Diana; her father.

488. Istc, that grace of yours ; the poet, by a sudden turn, addresses

the maiden herself, as if she were present. Quod optas is the subject

of esse.

491. Sna, his own ; sua referring to ilium.

492. Adftlentnr. The Romans were wont to burn the stubble, in
order thereby to improve the soil. Adolcrc is often used of the burn-
ing of incense, but here in the general sense.

494. Jam sub lace, i. e., at daybreak.

498. Quid, etc. ; that is, how beautiful they must be, if they are
dressed, if so attractive now ?

499. Oscula, here in the literal sense of the diminutive of os ; lips ;
but seldom so used. Non — S&tis, is not enough ; he longs to kiss them.

501. MSdia — parte ; abl. after the compar. plus.

502. Observe the quantities, si qua and fugit, and consequently the
case of the one, and the tense of the other, word.

507. Quaeque, by apposition to the preceding nominatives ; but in
prose the order would be suos quacque ; why ?

513. A nn en ta, herds, as oxen; greges, flocks, as sheep ; " I am not an
unkempt (horridus) shepherd," / do not tend here herds and flocks.

516. Clarfts, in Ionia, where were a temple and oracle of Apollo;

hence the name Clarius deus. Teaetlos, an island in the Aegean, off

the coast of Troas, where also was a temple of Apollo. Patara, a city

in Lycia, was also celebrated for Apollo's worship.

517-524. Apollo proclaims himself the god of prophecy (per me —
patet), of music (concordant — ncrvis), of the bow (ccrta — fecit), and of
medicine (invenlum — artes).

518. Concordant expresses the harmonious accompaniment of the
song and the strings (nervos) of the instrument.

520. Y&f-uo, i. e., free hitherto from love.

523. Amftr, (my) love, as appears from the next line.

526. Camqne ipso verba, i. e., both himself and his words.

530. Sfcd fcnim. The sed belongs to sequitur in 1. 532, and cnim to
sustinet. But the god follows, etc., for he bears (it) no longer to lose, etc.

154 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

532. Admisso passu* Admittere or immittere is often used with
habenas, to give (a horse) the rein ; and so figuratively here, with quick-
ened pace.

533. G alliens. The Gallic hounds were much valued for the chase.

535. Inhaesuro, in the dat., limits similis, like to; i. e., as if about to

fasten upon the hare. Jam janiquc expresses the creature's eagerness

of expectation.

536. Vestigia, here means the feet. Stringit, grazes, is close upon.

541. Tergdque — imnilnet, and is close upon the back.

547. I have followed Haupt in the reading, though most MSS. have
another line (546), thus : Qua nimium placui, tcllus, ait hisce, vel istam,
Quae facit ut laedar, mutando perde figuram.

548. Yix — fiiilta may be rendered like our nom. independent, her
prayer hardly finished ; and so occupat has its proper sense of being
beforehand with a person or thing. Before the prayer was fairly finished
the transformation begins.

551. The juxtaposition of the words velox, pigris, helps very much
the expression of contrast, the swift foot, and the dull roots.

552. R&manet, only the beauty of the maiden remains in the bright-
ness of the laurel-leaf. Haupt compares Ovid, 14, 720, nitida lauru.

556. Eefugit, etc., "It loves the shade, and so shuns the sun's
kisses."

560. Dncibus. The Roman general, when triumphing, was adorned

with the laurel. Triumphum, i. e., lo triumphc, as in Hor., 0. iv. 2,

49; also Ovid, Tristia, 4, 2, 51. The Triumphus was personified, and
thus addressed with the shout.

562. Postibus Angustis ; of the Palace of Augustus, on the Palatine,
on each side of which stood a laurel-tree.

565. Semper, i. e., as an evergreen. ,

566. Paean $ f r. the Gr. Uaicav or Tlaidv, which was a name of Apollo ;
also of Aesculapius. In the Iliad it is the name of the physician of
Jupiter.

7. Phaethon.

I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

748. Huie 5 refers to lo, the story of whom had just been told by the
poet: how she was changed into a heifer, and was driven by the jealousy
of Juno over the earth ; how finally she ended her wanderings in Egypt,
where, together with her son Epaphus, she was worshiped. The Greeks

7. PHAETHOK 155

identified Io and Epaphus with the Aegyptian Isis and Serapis. Tan-
dem 5 i. e., after all that had been suffered by his mother and himself, at
last.

750. Animis, the plural expresses the fullness of spirit, as we also
say, in good spirits ; here, in proud feelings.

752. SIM ; i. c, to him, as the son of Jupiter. Phocboqne. The

sun-god, in Gr. Helios, though by some Greek writers distinguished from
Apollo, yet is generally one and the same with him.

753. Inaxhldcs. Inachus, king of Argos, was the father of Io.

754. Imagine means here the notion, and falsi expresses the idea that
his descent from Phoebus is only an invention of his mother. So in ii.
37, falsa — sub imagine ; render, with tlw false notion of (Phoebus being)
your sire.

757. Hie ; the pronoun in the sense of " that one " points to a person
as one well known; and so~7, who am usually free of speech and impetu-
ous, was (in this case) silent.

761. Assfcre caelo ; in imitation of the Koman legal phrase asserere
in libcrtatem, to assert or maintain one's liberty ; so here, and vindicate
my heavenly descent.

763. Merops was the husband of Clymene. Taedas (see n. on 1.

483) stands here for the fortunate marriages of the sisters of Phaethou,
the Heliades.

761. Traderct \ the subj. in dependence upon oravit, with the omis-
sion of ut ; Gr. 493, 2.

765. Clymfenc, subject of porrexit, and the clause ambiguum, etc.
(with est omitted), is thrown in. Clymene, it is uncertain whether moved
the more by the entreaties, or, etc.

766. Dicti — criminis, at the charge uttered against her, i. c., that she
had made up the story of Phaethon's birth.

771. Neget, etc., deny me the sight of him, which is equivalent to de-
nying one the light of life, as appears from the next line.

774. Construe domus undc oritur, etc. The subject of oritur is pater,
to be supplied from the adj. palrios.

777. Coneipit — mente. Acthera, the upper air, or the heavens, the
abode of the gods. With concipile the meaning is that he conceives of,
has the thought of, the heavens in his mind as if he were there already ;
and, with the thought of the heavens in his mind, he passes his own Aethio-
pians, etc.

156 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

II. 1-339.

2. Pyropo ; irvpooirSs, a mixture of gold and copper.

3* Cnjus, to be construed with fastigia and with cbur in the sense of
decorations sculptured in ivory.

5. Mulciber, an epithet of Vulcan ; derived, perhaps, from mulcere,

as the god of fire, qui aes mulcet. Hlic, i. e., on the valvae, which were

embossed, as described in the next following lines.

8. Habet, i. e., as represented by the artist.

9. Ambignnm, dubious ; Proteus was a sea-god, who had the power
of taking on various forms ; hence our word Protean.

10. Aegeona, called also Briareus, a fabulous sea-god, having an hun-
dred arms, and represented as borne on the backs of whales.

11. Doris was the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys, and wife of the
sea-god Nereus ; their daughters (natas) were called hence Nereides.

12. Mole, meaning primarily any solid mass, may here be used of
the shore, or some huge rock in the sea.

13. Una, etc., they have not one and the same face, and yet not differ-
ent ; they have a family likeness.

18. Sign a, the signs of the Zodiac.

19. Clymgneia — proles ; so used of the mother, as his descent from
Phoebus was in question (dubitati).

26. Ilorae, here the Hours (not, as usual, the seasons), and subject to
the god of day (Dies). So also below, 118. All these — Dies, Mensis,
etc. — arc conceived by the poet as persons, and attendant upon the
sun-god.

28. Nulla, lightly clad, as expressive of the heat of summer.

29. UviSj in allusion to the vintage of the autumn season.

30. Canos— capillos ; for the ace, II. 378.

31. Incle, i. c., ex solio. Loco, abl. of specification with medius.

32. OcnliSj with those eyes.
37. Imagine $ see n. i. 754.

39. Animis — nostris, from my mind, nostris being used for meis, and
animi in the plural, because the uncertainty (errorem) touches all his
feelings and thoughts, his whole mind.

43. Veros — ortus, has declared your real origin ; for a similar reason
as 29, animis, ortus here in the plural, as his brother is thought of in
reference to his father, and also his mother ; and their ancestry also.

46. Palus ; the Styx, called palus because of the sluggishness of its
current ; so, also, in iv. 434, Styx — iners. For the long us in palus, Gr.

7. PHAETHOK 157

581, IX. 1. Jnranda, by which the gods have to swear. The passive

juranda is used, as the accusative is sometimes used in the active,
instead of per with the ace. ; so below, 101, Stygias juravimus undas.

Incognita, because the sun's light does not reach the lower world.

0< ulis, figuratively of the sun's rays.

48. AHpednm. Also in Greek poetry and art, the steeds of the sun's
chariot are winged ; but Ovid uses alipedum only as poetic for swift-fooled,
So also below, 153, 159.

51. McjI — tua; Rash did my word (promise) become through yours
(your request).

53. Non — v 6 1 nut as \ what you will have is not safe.

54, 55. Et quae — convfcniant ; and of such sort as arc not suited, etc. ;
the relative =talia munera ut non, etc. ; Gr. 503, 1. Istis, those pow-
ers of yours.

57. Etiam, even. Snperis limits fas, and fas expresses what is

allowed by divine law ; right.

58. Placfcat, in the subjunctive depends upon licebit, with ut omitted;
Gr. 499, 2.

59. Axe, used here for curru.

62. Non agat, may not drive, with the force of the potential in the
subj.

63. Prima, the first of the way. Qua. with the subj. cnitantur,

as above, quae, 54.

65, 66. Mini ipsi limits yft, and videre is the subject of fit ; I, myself,
often become alarmed to see, etc.

68. Etiam, to be construed with Tcthys sold. TJicn, also, Tcthys her-
self is icont to fear.

70. Ycrtigine caelum. Vertigo, from vcrtcre. to turn, means a turn-
ing or whirl (hence our word vertigo). The heavens constantly revolv-
ing from west to cast, and carrying with them the fixed stars ; the sun,
with the planets, in the opposite direction ; hence below, of the sun, nitor
in adversum.

73. Rapido \ from the nearness here of rapitur caelum the primary
meaning of the adj. is more readily noticed. Orbi, i. e., of the heav-
ens ; the word limits contrarius.

74, 75. Finge — eurrns ; fancy the chariot given (to you). Rtttatis

— ptflis, the wheeling poles ; poli, taken for the heavens, as the extremities
of the axis of the heavens, in the same way as axis itself, ciius axis {the
swift-revolving axis). Nc seems to be herc=ita ut non.

76-78. Forsitan, etc. Perhaps you are expecting to see many fine

158 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

things on your way, as groves and cities and shrines rich in gifts (donis

limits ditia) ; no, your way is beset with snares and perils. Ammo

limits concipias. For mas f era rum, the shapes of wild beasts ; referring,

in illustration of the dangers of the way, to the signs of the Zodiac, five
of which arc then mentioned, the Taurus, Sagittarius or Archer, Leo,
Scorpio, and Cancer.

80. The position of per, as parted from the noun which it governs, is
not unusual in poetry.

81. Haemdniosque anus; in allusion to the sign of Sagittarius or
the Archer, who was figured as a Centaur. The Centaurs lived in Thes-
saly, which was called also Haemonia, from a king Haemon, father of
Thessalus.

83. Scorpiftn, Greek ace. from the Gr. Scorpios. Aliter, in a differ-
ent direction.

84-86. Tibi limits in promptu, in readiness, which has here the force
of an adj. prompium, ready, easy ; nor for you is it easy to govern, etc.
Promptus, from promo, which is a compound of emo, and means, literally,

to bring out. Thus, prompius, brought out, prompt, easy. Ignlbus,

the abl. of cause, limits animosos.

89. Cave ; Gr. 581, IV. 3. The que in rcsque connects corrige with
cave.

91. Tlmendo, by fearing (for you). Posses ; the force of the Im-
perfect (in the subj.) with utinam ? See Gr. 483, 2.

101. Indus, for the ace. see n. above on 46.

101. Prfcmit, insists upon his purpose.

105. Qua lleuit, so far as he might ; limiting cunctatus.

107. Summae — rdtae, of the extremity of the wheel, its rim.

109. Juga, the yoke. Chrysdlithi, literally (from the Greek) gold

stone, topaz. Gemmae, and the (other) jewels, aliae being omitted.

110. Phoebo, figurative for sole ; by the refection of Sol threw back
bright lights.

111. Magnanimus, high-spirited.

113. Plena rosarum,/w# of rosy light.

114. Agin in a cogit ; chases the troops.

115. Ndvissimus ; last (of all) leaves his post in the heavens.

116. Quern, referring to Lucifer. Vidit agrees with a pronoun

which refers to Titan. On Titan see n. i. 10.

111. Extremae, loaning, in its last quarter.

118. On Horis see n. above on 26.

120. Ambroslae suco. They are the horses of a god, and so in a

7. PHAETHOK 159

sense divine, and fed with a divine food. Ovid fancies the ambrosia as
a plant, and its juice as the food of the gods. So in Metam. iv. 215,
where also the poet is speaking of the horses of the sun ; Ambrosiam
pro gramine habcnt.

123. Patientia, able to bear ; with the gen. for which see Gr. 399,
ii. Rapidae, swift-consuming.

127. Fortius $ i. e., the bit* (loris) more than the spurs (stimulis).

128. Volentes, sc. properare.

129. Dircctos, etc., straight across the Jive zones.

130. Sectns, etc. The order of the words (and especially the word
itself obliquum) is in contrast with direcios, etc. Cut obliquely with a broad
bend is the path ; render, the path cuts obliquely with a wide curve. The
poet describes the sun's path, or the Ecliptic, as bounded by three zones,
the torrid zone and the two temperate zones.

132. Arcton, the constellation of the Bear, which is near the North
Tole.

133. Hae, sc. via.

133. Manifcsta 5 the poet fancies a plain path through the heavens,
marked by the track of the wheels. So also below, 167, trilum — spa-
tium.

135. Nec premc, neither drive too loiv, i. e.,near the horizon, nor force
the chariot upwards through the heights of the sky. Cursum is the object
of both verbs. On the expressions for the two extremes, and also the
safe mean, compare Horace, 0. ii. 10.

136, 137. Altius, too high; inferins, too low. The preposition in
egressus implies the getting out of the right track into one too high or
too low.

138, 139. Here, too, the extremes are to be shunned ; and now, of
too far to the right, and too far to the left, the former toward the Serpent,
which winds (torlum) through the heavens, between the Great and Little
Bear in the north (as in Metam. iii. 45, geminas qui separat Arctos), the
latter toward the Altar, which lies low (prcssani), near the South Pole.

141. Juvet, con s 11 la t, in the subj. depending upon oplo, ut being

omitted. Tibi. What is the difference in the meaning between the

dat. (tibi) with consulo, and the ace. ?

142. Hesperio litore ; tWepoy, Hesperus, vesper ; and so the evening,

western. Metae means primarily the cones of a fir-tree, and then the

three conical posts set up at either end of the spina of a race-course,
around which the chariots ran. Here the word (metas) is figurative for the
bounds of the course of the Night across the sky, at the extreme west,

160: METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-7*9. II. 1-339.

the shore of the western ocean. Now that Night has run her course, the
Sunmws^ begin his (poscimur).

147. Dum belongs to adstas as well as to potcs.

149. Quae has lumina for its antecedent, and with species expresses
purpose. Sine, imperative.

150. Hie, referring to Phaethon. The chariot is light (levcm), as it
bears now only a youth's body, and not that of Phoebus.

153. The names, from the Greek, are all significant. Pyrois, irvp6eis,
the Fiery ; Eous, 'H$os (but the Roman poets, as here, shorten the first
syllable), the Early (of the dawn) ; Aethon, Afowv, the Burning ; Phlegon,
QXeyoov, the Flaming.

155. Repagula ; the barriers, the sun's course being thought of as a
race. Comp. in Hebrew poetry, as said of the sun, "And rejoiceth, as a
strong man, to run a race." Ps. xix. 5.

156. Tethys, the goddess of the ocean. Since the sun is seen arising
from the ocean in the morning, and sinking into it at evening, the poet
naturally represents Tethys as letting go the barriers (quae reppulit) for
the sun's free course (copia) over the world.

160. Practcrcunt, pass. The poet has still in mind the image of a
race. They are swifter than the winds, and leave them behind.

161. Levc, the emphatic place at the beginning gives the adj. the

stronger meaning of too light. Quod with the subj. posset is=tale ut

id ; and not such as the horses of the Sun could recognize, i. c., as their
usual weight. Gr. £03, i.

163. Jnstc — pondcrc, regular weight, in the same sense as Justus h
used with triumphus and cxercitus.

165. Dat — saltus, gives leaps, =salit, leaps. Oncrc, abl. with

vacuus by Gr. 414, hi.

168. Quo prins $ the antecedent is ordine ; as before.

169, 170. The qua — flectat depends upon scit, as well as qua sit iter.

Nee — illis, nor if he knew, could he master them. We should expect

the imperfect sciret — imperarct ; but the poet, cither because of the pre-
ceding present tenses, or because he chooses to represent the scire as
possible, uses the present.

171. Trioncs 5 see n. i. G4.

172. Yetito ; because the constellation of the Wagon or the Wain
(the septem trioncs, the seven stars in the Great Bear) is always above
the horizon.

173. Glaciali, icy, nsjunctam — Arcton, in 1. 132, for the North Pole.
Serpens, same as Anguis, in 1. 138, where see note.

7. PHAETHON. 161

17G. Boote. Bootes, Gr. fSodorris, the ox-driver, the constellation
just behind the Wagon. He is called tardus, from his slow and late set-
ting. This constellation is also called Arctophylax, when the Wagon is
thought of as the Bear.

179. Penitns penitnsqne, deep and yet deeper ; like Milton's " In the
depths a lower deep."

181. Per tan turn lumen, in the midst of so much light darkness arose
before his eyes ; " dark with excess of light."

182. Mallet. Comp. n. on nollet, i. 438.

184. Merdpis, sc. filius. Merops was the husband of Clymenc. Phac-
thon would now gladly claim an humbler birth.

185. Finns, for navis, as the ships were so often made of pine.

Yicta, i. e., by the storm on sea.

186. Frcna — rector. The expressions arc transferred from a chariot
to a ship, from driving to sailing.

187. Quid — faciat; what is he to do? a rhetorical question. See
Gr. 486, II.

189. Fatum — est, for him it is not fated. What is the primary
meaning of fari, and how is it connected in meaning with our word
fate i

192. Nee noniina; not knowing their names, he can not call to them.

193. Yario ; used in reference to the many stars and constellations ;
the spangled heavens. For miracula, and in the next line simulacra f era-
rum, see n. on 78.

195. Conc&vat; an unusual word for curvat ; curves his claws into
tivo bows.

197. Dnornm 5 according to the earlier view, which Ovid follows, the
Scorpion filled the space of two twelfths of the Zodiac ; but later his
claws were fashioned into the sign of the Libra.

198. Sndore venenij veneni, because from the Scorpion; sudor c, on
account of the heat ; he sweats poison.

199. Cnrvatii enspide, the curved (pointed) siing, at the end of the
Scorpion's tail.

202. Exspatiantur, stray from the track, from ex and spaiium, whence
our word expatiate.

204. Hac corresponds to qua, with via understood. Sine lege, law-
lessly.

207. Spatio, in a track ; the abl. with the omission of in, as often in
poetry.

208. Suis, abl. with comparative inferius ; lower down than her own.

162 METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

Fraternos, i. e., of the Sun, as Artemis or Diana and her brother

Apollo were synonymous with Luna and Sol.

210. Quaeque subject of est understood ; but ut — altissima may be
rendered according to its height. The usual construction would require
ita maxime with corripitur.

211. Agit rimas; an expression not uncommon with Ovid; so in
Metam. x. 512, Arbor agit rimas; but in iv. 65, the noun is used with
duco ; it splits and gets cracks in it.

213. Suo damno, to its own damage.

214. Parva, i. c., the things he has already mentioned arc small mat-
ters for complaint ; but he goes on to say that great cities and entire races
are consumed.

217. In the enumeration which here follows, alike of mountains and
rivers, the poet seems to follow no particular order, but only illustrates
the universal conflagration. Aihos, in Macedonia ; Tmolus, in Lydia ;
Oete, in Thessaly.

218, 219. Ide (or Ida) in Phrygia, Helicon in Boeotia, and Hacmos in
Thrace.

221. Eryx, in Sicily, Cynthus, on the island of Delos, and Olhrys, in
Thessaly, as also (below) Ossa, Pindus, and Olympus.

222. Rhoddpe, in Thrace, and Mimas, in Ionia.

223. 224. Dindyma, also Dindymus, in Phrygia, Mycale, in Ionia ;
Cithacron, in Boeotia, was the seat of the worship of Bacchus (nalus ad
sacra) ; Caucasus (with ardet) illustrates the allusion to the cold climate
of Scythia.

226. Appenninus in the spondaic line makes a fitting rhythmic end-
ing to the long catalogue of names.

230. Ore trahit, inhales.

233. Eat, sit, subjunctives of indirect question, in dependence upon
ncscit.

235. Tunc limits vocato. Credunt has an indefinite subject under-
stood, as in English, they believe. In corpora snmma, i. e., to the

surface; the belief was, that from the blood thus drawn to the sur-
face and becoming black from the heat the people got their dark com-
plexion.

237. As in 1. 123 rapidae Jlammae meant the swift-consuming fame,
so here raptis umoribus, the swift-consumed moisture.

238-240. Nymphae — deflevere, the nymphs with disheveled hair be-
wailed the loss of the springs and lakes. Passis from pando. Dirce,
a fountain near Thebes ; Amymdne} a fountain and river flowing into

T. PIIAETHON. 163

Lake Lcrna, in Argolis (Argos) ; and Pirune in Corinth, the old name of
which was Ephyre.

242. Tanais, the Don. This river and the other rivers here are per-
sonified as river-gods. Hence mediis in undis.

243. Peneos, which rises on Pindus in Thessaly ; a river which forms

the valley of Tempo. Caicns, in Mysia, in the district of Teuthrania

( Teuthranteus\ which got its name from a mythical king, Teuthras.

244. Ismenos, near Thebes in Boeotia. Erymanthns, in Arcadia,

and the epithet comes from the city of Phegia, by which it flows. Ob-
serve the hiatus in the fifth foot, the o in Phegiaco being preserved from
elision ; this is common with Ovid in using Greek words.

245. Xanthos, or Scamander, the famous Trojan river. Itcrum, be-
cause Ilomer, in II. 21, 342, represents it as set on fire by order of Juno.
Lyeormas, in Aetolia.

246. Maeandros, in Phrygia. The syllabic re in recurvatis expresses
the many-winding course of the river ; whence our word meander.

247. Mclas, in Thrace, from /zeAas, the black river. The Mygdones

were emigrants from Thrace into Phrygia. Taenariiis, from Tacnarus,

the southern promontory of Laconia ; and so the Eurotas is here called
Taenarian instead of Laconian. The us in Taenarius is long, because
from the Gr. word which ends long. Gr. 581, IX. 3. The line is spon-
daic.

249. Thermodon, in Pontus ; Ganges, the well-known river of India.
Phasis, in Colchis, and Histcr (so better spelled than Ister),the modern
Danube.

250. Alpheos, in Elis. Sperchftfdgs, from the river Spcrcheos, in

Thessaly ; for the short quantity es, Gr. 581, VI. 3.

252, 253. Maeonia was the old name for Lydia, the home of the
river Cayster. Celebrdrant, here in the primary sense of celebro, which
has in it the idea of great numbers, and so of filling a place with any-
thing ; had filled ivith their song ; so in Lucretius, i. 4.

The word volucrcs refers to the swans, which so early as Homer's time
(in Iliad, 2, 461) gave celebrity to the banks of the Cayster.

255. Adhnc latet. It is a playful fancy of the poet, that the Nile
hides its head (caput for the head-waters of the river) from terror; but
the fact of the sources of the Nile being unknown is one that is often
mentioned by ancient writers. The discovery of these sources was re-
served for these modern days.

257. Ismarfos, from Ismarus, a mountain in Thrace. Supply amnes
from the next line.

164: METAMORPHOSES, I. 748-779. II. 1-339.

25 8. HespMosque, literally of the evening (vespers), and so western ;

and here in relation to Greece, the rivers of the West. Thybrin, the

Grecian, and also the poetic, form for Tiberim.

261. Regem, i. e., Pluto with Proserpine. Terret, the light (lumen)

terrifies, as something never before seen in the lower world.

262. The subject of est is id, which is to be supplied as the antece-
dent of quod.

261. Augent. The mountains which arise form new islands, thus
increasing the number of the Cyclades in the Aegean Sea. For the short
final syllable in Cycladas see Gr. 581, V. 2.

265. Cnrvi describes the curve of their backs, as they just project
above the surface of the water.

267. Resupina, stretched out on their backs upon the surface of the
deep, as is the habit of seals.

269. Doridaque, etc. Sec n. above, 1. 11.

272-274. lit erat circnmdata, surrounded, as she was ; in accordance
with the ancient idea that the earth was encompassed by the sea.

276. Opposuitque, etc. ; to shield her eyes from the heat.

277. Infra qnam. Infra has in it a comparative sense, lower than, a
use of the word not unknown in prose. liutfuit, following esse, seems to
be a very tame expression for Ovid to use.

278. Sicca is well applied to voce, because when the throat is dry we
notice it directly in the voice. But Merkel has the reading sacra.

270. Si placet hoc, if this is your pleasure.

280. Periturae, sc. mihi ; let me, if destined to perish by the forces of
fire, perish by your fire.

281. Clademque — Ifcvarc ; as if the thought that Jove himself were
the author of her destruction would be an alleviation ; and to lighten my
calamity by the thought (of thee) as its author.

282. Vix, etc. ; scarcely indeed for these very words do I open my

mouth; so also in i. 181, ora — solvit. The preposition in expresses

purpose.

283. Prcsserat, the heat had closed her mouth.

285. Fructus, figurative for praemia; such rewards as these, such
thanks (honorem) as this do you give in return (refers) for my fruitfulncss,
and for the service I render ?

288. Alimcnta is in apposition to fruges.

290. Fac in the sense of put the case, suppose. With nndac sup-
ply from the next line mcruerunt.

291. Frater \ Neptune, Jupiter's brother. Sortc ; in allusion to

7. PHAETHON. 165

the myth, that after the fall of Saturn, his three sons, Jupiter, Neptune,
and Pluto, drew lots for their respective shares in their father's dominion,
and to Neptune fell, as his share, the sea.

293. M$& is used objectively, as if mci (gen.); if you are touched by
good-will neither towards your brother nor towards me.

294. it, yet at least. Utrnmque, sc. polum.

296. Atlas ; the poet follows the ancient fancy of Atlas, the son
of the Titan Iapetus, supporting the arch of the heavens upon his
shoulders.

300. Rernm — snmmae, i. e.,for the ivelfare of the world.

301. Haec ; it is implied that she had spoken only these things, and no
more, for, etc., neque enim, etc.

303. Rettulit — in se. The poet, departing from the personifica-
tion of tcllus, mingles here the plain with the figurative. Manibus ;

if the word were manibus, with the first syllable short, what would
be the meaning ? Compare the meaning of this line with that in L
139.

301. Ipsnm, i. e., Phoebus.

308. Interitura, sc. esse, depends upon testatus.

311. Libratum, etc. The image is that of poising a spear or other
weapon before hurling it {librare) ; and dextra — ab aure, because in such
poising the uplifted hand would of course be on the right and near the
ear. So Vergil, ix. 417, summa telum librabat ab aure, where the spear
was poised from the tip of the ear.

313. Expulit. By the figure called zeugma the verb is made to
do double duty, first with rotis, to which alone it properly applies,
and then with anima ; we should expect with anima such a word as
privavit.

318. Vestigia, the fragments, which are traces that once they belonged
to a chariot ; so sometimes vestigia urbis, of a ruined city.

322. Pot ait is used in an aoristic sense, as not unfrequcntly of things
which are wont to take place.

323. Divcrso ; in the western world, far off from the original home
of Phaethon.

324. Eridaans, a mythical river, mentioned by Ilesiod, and also by
Herodotus, the latter placing it in the extreme west of Europe, and de-
scribing it as a river where amber was found. Aeschylus and Euripides
also have it in their tragedies, connecting it sometimes with the Rhone,
and sometimes with the Po. Famantiaque — ora.

326. Corpora ; used instead of the singular.

166 METAMORPHOSES, II. 340-360.

328. Excidit. The word is skillfully chosen to express both his fall
and his failure ; and magnis tamen comes in with like skill ; yet great ivas
the venture i?i which he failed.

329. Nam, etc., as a reason for the father's not doing this last office
to his son.

331. In urn, etc., that one day went without the sun.
333. Quaecnmqne — dicenda, the prayers and other services usual at
a burial.

335. Sinus, ace. of the part, with laniata. Sinus primarily means
the folds of the dress. Such tearing of the dress, also of the hair, is
often mentioned as a token of grief. Percensuit, wandered over.

336. Artus, the limbs ; here put for the body.

33T. Peregrina. The being buried in a foreign land is mentioned as
an aggravation of the misfortune.

8. The IIeliades.
II. 340-360.

341. Muncra, in apposition to lacrimas. Pectora, ace. of the part.

343. Adsternimtur, used in a middle or reflexive sense ; throw them-
selves upon his tomb.

346. PhaetMsa ; the name of Phaethon's sister, the Shining bright.
A similar name of another sister in 349, Lampetie, from X&inreiv, the
Flaming. Other poets mention other sisters, in number (in all) some-
times five, sometimes seven.

351. Baec, subject of dolet in the next line.

352. Fieri, are becoming, are turning into.

356. Msi limits eat ; except to go, etc. Hnc makes the antecedent

to quo.

363. Cortex — yenit. Ere she has said the last words, the bark closes
her mouth.

364. Stillata, the fact, well known to the ancients, that amber was
an exudation from trees, undoubtedly gave rise to this fancy of Ovid's.
Comp. Tacitus, Germania, c. 45.

365. Lucidus amnis, the Eriddnus. See n. above, 324.

366. Gcstanda, to wear, i. e., in the form of ornaments. Nnrns,

often used in poetry, as here, for young women.

9. CYCNUS. GRIEF OF PHOEBUS. 167

9. Cycnus. Grief op Phoebus.

II. 367-400.

367. Monstro, used of anything unusual in nature, and here of the

strange transformation , which has just been described. Stheneleia,

the offspring of Sthcnelus ; related, as mentioned in next line, to Clymcne
{materno).

369. Propior, yet nearer in mind (by friendship), i. e., than in blood.

370. The Ligures inhabited that part of the Italian coast which now
comprises Nice, the southern part of Piedmont, Genoa, and the western
parts of Parma and Piacenza.

372. Sororibns, i. e., of Phaethon, who, now turned to poplar-trees,
made the forest larger.

373. Viro, dat. limiting est tcnuata ; Gr. 384, 4, Note 2. This is a
regular Latin construction, as the dative expresses the relation to viro
of the verb's action.

375. Junctnra, i. e., of skin.

376. T$net OS, holds the place of the mouth ; rostrum is, of course, the
subject.

377. Joviquc seems to be added in its original sense of Juppitcr, as
the father of day or of light (Dics-pitcr). The root is div (brightness,
bright light), also djav — djov — djuv ; and thus (D)jov-is, Jup-patcr, Jup-
piter. So Dics-piter=Di(v)es-(old gen.) pSter.

380. Quae colat; subjunctive of purpose, to dwell in, chooses the
rivers — for his dwelling.

381. Sqnalidus ; from the custom of the Romans to wear squalid
dress as a token of grief, squalidus comes to mean in mourning. The
word is here transferred from human relations to divine.

382. Deficit orbem, when he fails, i. e., when he withdraws himself
from — the icorld, as in an eclipse.

385. Satis limits irrcquieta, and aevi limits principiis.

387. Mini with actorum as dat. of the agent.

388. Qnilibet alter, let another ^ whoever you please.

390. Ipse, let himself ; the supremacy of Jove making the mention

of the name unnecessary. It saltern — ponat, that at least he may lay

aside ; i. o, that while thus occupied he may give over the sending of
thunderbolts that bereave fathers of their sons.

400. Objeetat ; and reproaches them with the death of his son, literally,
casts at— as illis limits both verbs in the line. Imputat, imputes, charges
it to them.

168 METAMOEPHOSES, II. 760-796.

10. The House op Envy.
II. 760-796.

760, Haupt mentions the personification of Envy by the Greek poet
Callimachus, in his Hymn to Apollo. But in this passage the conception
of Envy and her house is original with Ovid.

761. Petit agrees with a pronoun referring to Minerva. Hnjus

limits clomus.

761. The subjunctives in the line with quae, which has the force of
talis ut ea ; of such sort that it, etc., Gr. 503, I.

765. Belli, with mctuenda, a poetic genitive, which, however, some-
times occurs also in Tacitus. Gr. 399, III. Virago. See n. vi. 130 ;

but here the word is used in a good sense ; heroine.

767. Extrema cnsplde, with the point of her spear.

769. Alimenta ; her own poisonous nature is fed by this poisonous
food.

770. Yisaque, ablative ; from the sight of her.

771. Pigre, used adverbially ; slowly.

771. Ingemuit, etc. ; from envy at the superiority of the goddess.

776. Acies ; with the negative nusquam = obliquus (as below, 787,
obliquo lumine; and as in Horace, Epp. i, 14, 37, obliquo oculo ; and
Verg. Aen. xi, 337, Invidia obliqua. Acies (acer, ak), sharpness (edge),
and then sharp vision. Envy always looks askance.

778. Nisi quern, except {that) ivhich.

780. Ingratos, etc., unwelcome (to her) ; and pines at seeing them.

781. Carpit; carps (at others), and (in so doing) wears herself away.
So Thomson (Seasons, Spring, 283) : " Base envy withers at another's joy."

782. Odfcrat agrees with a pronoun referring to Tritoriia ; quamvis
qualifies oderat, and tamen qualifies adfata est. The goddess has the epi-
thet from the brook Triton in Boeotia, near which she was worshiped.
A. later myth connects it with the Libyan river Triton.

786. Reppulit ; the goddess bounds upward in her flight, as behind
her she strikes her spear into the ground.

788. Successurmn governs Minervae, dative ; that it is to succeed or
go well for Minerva ; that Minerva is to succeed, i. e., in her plan against
Aglauros.

791. Arccm \ the citadel or Acropolis of Athens for the city itsslf ; as
so often Arx is used for Capitolium, and for Roma. For Tritonida, see
n. above, line 782.

11. CADMUS AND THE DRAGON'S TEETH. 169

T95. Ingcniis, with men of genius. The poet transfers back to the
mythic days the historic glories of Athens.

796. A striking passage, in illustration of an envious nature. She
can scarce help weeping at the sight of prosperity.

11. Cadmus and the Dragon's Teeth.
III. 14-137.

14. Vix bene 5 see above, n. ii. 47. Castalio — antro, the cave at

Delphi, where was the shrine of Apollo ; called Castalian, from the neigh-
boring stream of Castalia, in the waters of which all who came to consult
the oracle had first to bathe. Cadmus had asked the oracle where and
how he was to find his sister Europa, who had been carried away by
Jupiter. The oracle directs him to Boeotia, where he finds and slays the
dragon of Mars.

17. Subsfcqirftnr, follows close. Legit is used in the same sense as
carpit ; tracks her steps ; and prcsso — gradu expresses the slow pace with
which he follows.

19. Cephisi; see n. i. 369. Panopc, a town on the Cephisus.

21. Impiilit auras, shook the air.

25. Figit, imp'ints kisses.

27. Libandas, here used simply in the sense of drawing water ; to
fetch waters to be drawn, which they were to draw from the living springs.

30. Lapidum compagibns, by the joinings of its stones, i. e., by its
stones, xchich were compactly fastened together. They thus formed a low
arch.

31. Fecnndus agrees with specus. Species represents the place simply
as a cavity in the ground ; but antrum adds the idea of a place to live in,
like our word grotto.

32. Martins, so called because fable made the creature the offspring
of Mars. Cristis et auro, by hendiadys for golden scales.

35. Qaem, to be construed with lucum. Tyria — profeeti, a circum-
locution for Tyrians, those who came of Tyrian descent.

43. Media plus parte = plus quam parte, more than by the half, more
than half Gr. 417, 1, note 2. For the abl., Gr. 423.

44. Tanto corpore, abl. of characteristic. So also quanto, sc. corpore.
For the antecedent of qui, in next line, supply ille serpens. The poet
makes a comparison between the size of this dragon and that of the con-
stellation of the Anguis, ivhich lies between the Two Bears, the Greater and
the Lesser.

9

170 METAMORPHOSES, III. 14-137.

46. Nee mora, sc. est ; and = sine mora.

49. Adflati — Yeneni may be rendered of its poisonous breath.

50. Sol altissimus, the sun at high noon.

52. Tegumen — erat? he had for his covering.

56. Spatiosi corporis $ gen. of characteristic, § 396, IV. Render huge-
bodied.

59. Moliirem, from mola, a mill, means first a stone for a mill, and
then, as here, a stone as big as a millstone.

61. Wins, i. e., molaris. Ardiia celsis. Here may be observed the

difference in meaning of these two adjectives, arduus, high in the sense
of steep and difficult of access ; celsus (excelsus) (from cell-, the stem of
cello) high, in the sense of being thrust up, and so of something that is
prominent. Is cum in this line a preposition or conjunction?

63. Loricae, in gen. limiting modo, after the manner of a shield, as
ivith a shield.

66. Lentae means here pliant.

70. Idqac refers to the hostile, and is the object of labefccit. Hostile,
from hasta, is the shaft of the spear.

71. Vix — eripait, with difficult!/ got it out of his bach Fcrrum ta«

Eicn, yet the iron point, etc. With great exertion the creature loosened
the spear, yet the point stuck fast in his bones.

76. Yitiatas really expresses the result of inficit, and co is to be sup-
plied as antecedent to ywe=ita inficit ut eo vitientur ; render, infects the
air with the poisonous breath which, etc.

78. Cingitar has a reflexive sense, encircles itself in the folds (spiris).

78. Exstat; the preposition expresses his standing out from the
ground.

79. Impete, an old abl. form from the obsolete impes ; has the same
meaning as the common form impetu. Impciis (gen.) also occurs.

81. Spollo, i. e., the lion's hide, which serves Cadmus as a shield.

83. Praetenta (from tendo), stretched out in front of him. Farit,

etc. The dragon seeks, but to no purpose {inania), to bite the hard
iron ; the sharp point, fastening in his jaws, brings out the poisonous
blood.

87, 88. Se retrahebat, retreated. Dabat retro, drew back. Sc-

dere, to sit, to sink deep ; an unusual construction of the infinitive with
arcere; but it is=non sinebat, and by retiring prevented the blow from
sinking deep.

90, 91. Donee, etc. Until the son of Agenor hurled his spear into his
throat, and following him up close (usque) pressed him hard. Dam,

11. CADMUS AND THE DRAGON'S TEETII. 171

until ; following donee, and having the same meaning, dum is rather care-
lessly used by the poet. Ennti, sc. ei, referring to serpens.

92. Robftrc $ this word, which means strength, as in 1. 94, is applied,
as here, to the quercus, because of the strength of the trunk of the oak,

93. Imae, the end of the tail, because the dragon is hanging from the
tree.

94. The tree is represented as groaning at the strength of its trunk
(sua robora) being lashed by the end of the serpcnVs tail. The object of
gemuit is the expression flagellari robora.

98. Et tu5 you also, an allusion to the fabled transformation of Cad-
mus to a serpent. To this Milton alludes : " Never since of serpent-kind
lovelier, not those that in Illyria changed Hermione and Cadmus." Para-
dise Lost, ix. 505.

100. Rigcbant, stood on end.

102. Motaeque — ierrae ; translate the motae as a verb ; and bids
him turn up the soil, and to plant in it the teeth of the viper.

105. Jnssos — dentes, the teeth which he was ordered to sow. Semina,

by apposition to dentes. '

108. Fide majns, by apposition to glaebac — mover i ; a thing beyond

10T. Primaqne is followed by mox — mox, in the next two lines. The
sharp points of the spears make the sharp edge or line, acies, that first
appears above the soil. The root of acies is ak, which means sharpness.
Thus it comes to be used for battle-line, and then for battle, and for army
in battle-line.

108. Cono. Conus, whence our word cone, means first a fir-cone, then
the cone-like top of the helmet, and then, as here, the crest of horse-hair
which waved from it. It was painted, colored (picto), as in Yerg. Aen.
9, 50, crista rubra.

111. Tollnntnr. In the ancient theatres the curtain (aulaea) was
fastened to a roller below the stage, and so was raised at the closing of
a play.

112. Signa, the figures on the curtain, which are wont first to show
the face, and then the rest by degrees.

114. Ponunt; the subject is still signa. lino in margine, at the

lowest border.

117. Civilibns — bellis, our civil wars ; the men were brothers, as it
were, having sprung from the same sowing.

120. Lcto deiieiat. Here is an instance of the original meaning
of do, dere, to place, to put, as distinct from do, dare, to give ; thus it

172 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 55-166.

means, with leto, the same as our expression, to put to death ; had put to
death.

121. Exspirat, in its literal meaning of breathe out ; auras=animam ;
modo, just now, as the men had just come into life.

122. SuOj their own, in distinction from any other than themselves.
_Mwfe=pugna, in their fight with one another.

123. Subiti, who had suddenly sprung into being.

124. Brevis — sortita 5 spatium is the object of sortita ; but, as the
English idiom is different, render, to whom was allotted only a brief space
of life.

126. Quinque supcrstitibus, abl. absolute.

12?. Tritonidis ; see n. ii. 783.

129. Sidonian is the same as Phoenician, as Sidon was a chief town
of Phoenicia, and Agenor was the Phoenician king.

132. Sftefcri. Harmonia or Hcrmione, the wife of Cadmus, was the
fabled daughter of Mars and Venus.

135. Hos refers to nepotes ; i. c., Cadmus lived to see his grandchil-
dren quite grown up.

136, 137. The sentiment of these lines, that no man may be pro-
nounced happy till his whole course of life is run, is ascribed to Solon by
Herodotus, i, 32. It occurs also in a fine passage in Sophocles, the last
words of the Oedipus Tyrannus, which describe the end of the ill-fated
Oedipus. The sentiment finds its significance here in the disasters which
afterward befell Cadmus and his race.

12. Pyramds and Thisbe.

IV. 55-166.

Read Shakespeare's version of this story in his " Midsummer Night's
Dream," Act V.

58. Coctilibns muris, with ivalls of burnt brick; coctilibus from
coquo. IJrbem, Babylon.

59. JVotitiam, acquaintance. Gradns, sc. amoris, steps of love.

60. Taedae 5 see n. i. 483. As taeda is equivalent to tacda jugalis, a
marriage torch, the poet will say : they ivould have been duly joined in
marriage, but —

61. The antecedent of quod is the following line.

62. Captis, as in English, taken with a person ; they iccre taken with
one another in equally ardent love.

65. Olim; we may see here the original force of this word. It is

12. PYRAMUS AND THISBE. 173

archaic for the locative of illc, and=illo tempore; olim cum, at that
(former) time, when it zoas made (or making). At the time the wall was
made, it had got split in some way, and there was a little crack still in it.
See note on ii. 211.

69. Et fecistis, and made it a passage for the voice. Iliad refers to

iter ; and safe through that were wont to pass in slightest whisper (your)
caressing words.

74. Quantum erat, what great thing would it have been for you to let
us, etc. In Latin the indie, imp. is used where we should have expected
the subjunctive pluperfect. Sineres with ut is the subj. of result.

75. With pater es, ut is to be supplied from ut sineres. Vel is felt here
in its full force, as coming from vellc—or if you would ; and so coming
to mean at least.

78. Diversa, agreeing with sede.

79. Parti, i. e., of the wall.

80. ]Von — contra, that did not reach through to the other side.

84, 85. Ut — temptent ; used here in the primary sense, to try, like
our word attempt ; to attempt. Fallere, to escape the notice of.

87. Neve ; the negative ne belongs only to sit errandum ; and, that
they may not have to go wrong (so as to miss one another) while walking
(spatiantibus), etc. With what does spatiantibus agree, and in what con-
struction ?

88. Ninus was the husband of Semiramis. Busta, primarily the place
where a corpse was burned, here means the tomb. As Shakespeare has it,
" To meet at Ninus1 tomb, there, there, to woo."

92. Aquis (praccipitatur) ; dative =in oceanum.

93. Vcrsato — cardine ; here the same as having opened the door, as
the door in opening and shutting turns on its hinges.

95. Pervenit — sedit 5 a change from present to perfect.

97. Oblita, from oblino, not oblita (see below, iv. 677), from obli-
viscor. What is the construction of rictus?

101. Fugit — reliquit; again a change of tense.

103, 104. Redit — laniavit 5 here, too, a change of tense. Bum in
prose, also, is joined with the present, even when the principal verb is in
the past tense. Sine ipsa 5 i. e., Thisbe ; without their (owner) herself.

110. Nostra^, in opposition to ilia (Thisbe), and refers to Pyramus.

111. Jussi — venires ; unusual, for jussi tc venire. See H. 535, II.
note, and 499, 2.

115. Optarc neccm, to long for death; i. e., not to be willing to put
one's self to death.

174: METAMOEPHOSES, IV. 563-003.

117. Notac agrees with vesti ; and, having shed tears over (he well-
knoivn garment, kissed it.

118. Accipe, etc. ; drink now my blood also.
121 • Hnmo is a poetical construction for humi.
122. Fistula means here a icater-pipe.

124. Eijacnlatur, in its proper sense, as derived from jacio. How is
our word ejaculate derived from it ?

131 5 132. Utquc — sic, though — yet. She recognizes the form of the
tree, but is perplexed by the color of the fruit.

131. BnxOj etc. ; in allusion to the yellowish pale color of the box-
tree. The same simile occurs in xi. 417.

138. ladignos ; cs immeritos, innocent. Claro5 clear, means here

loud.

139. Comas, accusative; II. 378.

141. Vultifous ; here, and 144, vultus, why the plural?

146. Visaque — ilia. Observe the quantity ; at the sight of her closed
them again.

148. E»ar 5 by metonymy for the scabbard, which was made of ivory.

153. Sola agrees with morte ; and the subject of poteris is the ante-
cedent of qui.

155. Mens, vocative; but if parens had been expressed, the form
would have been mi. Parcntes, i. e., the patres.

15T. Noa invideatiSj sc. mihi, or nobis, the direct object being com-
poni ; the two words make one thought — not grudge, i. e., grant ; hence
ut non, instead of ne, after rogali.

159. Unius; for the quantity of the penult, Gr. § 577, 3.

160. Pnllos; pullatus is the common expression for "in mourning.',
Sec below, line 105, ater.

164. Tamen ; sad as was the fate of these lovers, yet, etc.
166. Urna. The ashes of the departed were collected in an urn after
the body had been burned.

13. Cadmus and Hermione.
IV. 563-003.

Cadmus and Hermione depart from Thebes to Illyria, and there are
changed into serpents.

563. Natam — nepotcm ; i. e., Ino and her son Melicertes. As Ino, in
madness, threw herself and her son into the sea, they were said to have
become sea-deities; Ino as Leucothee, and Melicertes as Palaemon.

14. ANDROMEDA'S RELEASE. 175

564. Malornm ; the deaths of his grandsons, Actaeon and Penthcus,
and of his daughters, Autonoe, Agave, Semele, and Ino.

566. Locornm ; he ascribes his misfortunes to the place, not to him-
self (sua, in line 56V).

572. Fnerat, pluperfect, because the slaying of the dragon had pre-
ceded the sowing of the dragon's teeth.

574. Si — certii ira. Ovid makes him pray, that if the gods arc to
avenge the dragon by an anger so sure in its punishment, he may himself
be changed to a serpent, that thus the miseries which pursue him may
come to an end.

575, 576. Serpens, appositive to ipse ; as a serpent. So, also, in the
next line serpens is appositive to the subject of tenditur.

590. Nada agrees with what, and why ?

596. Sinns, folds or bosom of a dress; and then, as perhaps here,
used for the bosom itself.

600. Juncto voluniine, i. e., together, or by the side of one another.
603. Qttidque , the que connects meminere with lacdunt.

14. Andromeda's Release.
IV. 663-752.

663. Hippdtades, Aeolus, the mythical son or grandson of Hippotes.

666. Parte — pedes, i. e., loth his feet. Telo — unco, a crooked,

sickle-shaped sword, which had been given him by Mercury, called below,
121,falcato ense. Accingitur is reflexive: girds himself with, girds on.

667. Talaribas, the winged sandals, also the gift of Mercury.

669. Cephcaqne — arva, the fields of Cephcus ; he was king of Aethi-
opia.

670. Linguae. Cassiope had boasted that her daughter Andromeda
surpassed the Nereids in beauty.

671. Pocnas ; the penalty of her mother's rash speech was the expos-
ure of Andromeda to the sea-monster, sent up by Neptune to ravage the

land. Amnion, the Libyan oracle, had given Ccpheus the cruel response,

that the land could be delivered only by his giving up his daughter as a
prey to the monster.

672. Braceliia, ace. of part with reUgatam.

673. -Abaut hides. Perseus was the son of Danae, the daughter of
Acrisius, and Acrisius was the son of Abas.

675. Tr&hit inscius ignes, without knowing it, (he) it on fire with love.
678. Istis — catenis, of those chains of yours.

176 METAMORPHOSES, IV. 663-752.

685. Instanti, sc. ei, referring to Perseus. Sua is emphatic ; it was

not faults of her own, but her mother's, that had to be told.

686. Yideretur, imperfect and in dependence upon indicat ; but in-
dicat is historic present. Gr. 495, II.

687. Maternae in sense belongs to fiducia ; her mother's confidence in
her (i. e., Andromeda's) beauty.

695. Lacrimarnm — est. Observe the emphatic place of lacrimarum ;
for tears a long time will possibly await you ; for bearing aid, etc.

697. Si peterem, if I were to woo her ; but with that he is not content,
but he will win her by desert {addere meritum, 701, 702). Observe, too,
the emphatic pronoun ego ; if I, Perseus, the son of Jove, etc. ; then he
would be preferred to all others ; but he will do more.

698. Clansam — auro. Acrisius had shut up his daughter Danae in a
brazen chamber, as he had been told by oracle that he would be slain by
the son of his daughter ; but Jupiter gained access to her chamber in the
form of a golden shower. Comp. Horace (on the power of gold), 0. iii.
16, 7, 8.

699. Gorgftnis • Medusa, one of the three Gorgons, who was slain by
Perseus, as related by Ovid in this book, 770 seqq. Her locks of hair had
been turned by Minerva into snakes.

702. Dotibus. Dos, primarily dowry, used, as here, for endowments,
gifts.

703. Mca — mca. With what does the first agree ?
706. Rostro, in the abl. limits sulcat.

709, 710. Quantum — caeli. Caeli limits quantum as a partitive gen-
itive ; the meaning is, that he was as far off from the rocks as a Balearic

sling's throw. PI umbo, the bullet of lead, hurled by the sling. The

people of the Balearic islands in the Mediterranean were famous stingers.

715. Pracbentem Pliocbo; as Phocbo= soli, the whole means in Eng-
lish sunning.

716. Aversum, sc. eum, referring to draconem, " comes down upon him
from behind.11

718. Per inane, through the void, i. e., the air, as inane is used for aer.

719. Frfcmentis, sc. ejus, referring to draconem.

720. In at' hides 5 Perseus was descended from Inachus, an ancient
king of Argos.

725. Patet, sc. ea, referring to fera; wherever it is exposed. Tcrga

is the object of verberat, and conchis in the abl. limits obsita ; and super
is used adverbially.

727. Deslnit in pisccm 5 as in Horace, A. P., 4, desinat in piscem.

15. PROSERPINE. 177

730. Ansus ; he did not venture longer to trust his sandals, as they
soaked in the water and the blood.

732. The rock stands out from the waters when they are quiet {stanti-
bus), and is covered by it when they are in motion (opcrilur — moto).

733. Sinistra, sc. manu.

734. Exegit — ferrunij drove his sword through his vitals with repeated

736t Impleyerc $ plural because cum plausu clamor = plausus ct
clamor.

739. Pretiumque ct — laboris, at once the price (prize) and the cause
of his labor.

741. Anguifemm $ see n. above, on 1. 699.

742. Natasqne — yirgas, sea-plants.

743. PhorcynWos ; from Phorcynis (gen. idos), as the Medusa was
the fabled daughter of Phorcys or Phorcus, Homer's old man of the sea,
in Od. i. 72.

744. ReecilS, fresh-plucked, and hence the pith still full of tap (bibuld
— medulla).

745. Vim rapuit monstri. Rapuit is a strong word, expressing the
suddenness of the change, straightway took into itself the power of the
monster. It may be noticed here that, as the Medusa's head was said ta
turn to stone whatever person looked upon it, Ovid represents what-
ever thing (as here virga) that the head looked upon as undergoing the
change.

747. Temptant, i. e., by bringing them in sight of the Medusa's head.

749» Illis refers to virgis ; and repeatedly throw out over the waves the
seeds of these. The poet seems to be trying to explain the continuance of
the corals, as though the sea-nymphs get continually new plants by sow-
ing the seeds.

750. Eadem is explained by the next two lines ; the same, that they
take on hardness from contact with the air. But this theory of the hard-
ening of coral from contact with the air is hardly more scientific than the
myth of its formation by the look of the Medusa's head.

15. Proserpine.

V. 338-571.

338. Immissos, flowing. The ivy {hedera), conceived as the source of
inspiration, is constantly used of poets and poetry. So in Vcrg. Eel. vii.
25, hedera crescentcm ornate poctam. Also Eel. viii. 13 ; and in Hor. Od.

178 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571.

i. 1, 29. Thus here Calliope is represented as having gatlicrcd up with ivy
her flowing hair.

343. Dfcdit — leges $ so by Vergil Ceres is called legifera (Aen. iv.
58), because agriculture, which Ceres promoted, leads to a well-ordered
life, to the origin of property and legislation.

346. The Muse begins with the fate of Typhoeus, because the song of
the Picrides, which she is answering, had celebrated him as the terror of
the gods.

347. Trinacris $ the Greek name of Sicily, from its having three
promontories, which are named in lines 350, 351. The giant is conceived
as imprisoned under the island, and his struggles produce the volcanic
action of Aetna ; see lines 352-355.

356. Silentum 5 gen. plural ; of the silent {dead).
361. Ambibat$ the old form of ambiebat ; Gr. 240, 1.

363. Erycina, the goddess of Eryx ; Yenus, so called from Eryx in
Sicily, where she was worshiped.

364. Natnm — volucrem \ i. e., Cupido or Amor, her winged son.

365. Arma5 etc. So Verg. Aen. i. 664 : Nate, meae vires, mea magna
potentia solus ; because it is through his hand and arms that Venus ex-
erts her power.

368. Triplicis; see n. on ii, 291.

371. Ccssant, hold back, i. e., from submission to your power .

372. Agitur, is at stake ; i. e., whether you are to win or lose it.

377. Easdem \ i. e., the same as Pallas and Diana ; viz., to continue
ever virgin goddesses.

378. Pro socio regno, for the sake of our common dominion.

Ea5 by attraction to gratia, instead of ejus (rei) ; if you have any regard
for that, i. e., for our common dominion.

379. Patruo, her uncle, i. e., Pluto, as Proserpine was the daughter
of Jupiter, Pluto's brother.

382. Audiat, for ob-audiat or obediat, more obedient to the bow; the
arrow is personified, as though it heard and obeyed ; the verb is in the
subj. expressing result.

385. Ilennaeis, of Henna or Enna, in Sicily.

387. Cycnornm 5 the Cayster, in Lydia, was famous for its swans ; see
n. on ii. 253.

389. Ut Te!o5 as with a veil ; in allusion to the awning spread over
the theatres (which had no roof) to protect the spectators from the sun
and rain.

395. The verse marks well, in its rhythm, the rapidity of the ac-

15. PROSERPINE. 179

tion it describes ; Ovid reminds us here of Caesar's words, Veni, vidi,
vici.

398. Laniarat. The act expresses her terror and grief.

404, Obscura — fcrruglnc ; as above, 1. 360, the horses were dark,
atri, so the reins (as everything in the infernal regions) have a dusky
hue.

406. Palicorum ; the Pallci were thought to be sons of Jupiter and
Thalia. Their name was given to the city of Palica, not far from Enna,
and also to the lake, here referred to, in which were boiling sulphurous
springs.

407. Bacchiadae, the descendants of the Heracleid Bacchis, a race of
rulers in Corinth, who afterwards settled Syracuse in Sicily.

409. Cyanes — Arethusac, gen. for the more common construction in-
ter Cyanem et — Arethusam. The last syllable of Pisaeae is preserved
from elision before the initial vowel of the following word. Cyane and
Arethusa are here described as nymphs of the fountains which bear their
names, the former on the western, the latter on the eastern side of the
great harbor (aequor) of Syracuse. The Cyane springs from a marsh
and flows into the Anapus, and this flows into the harbor. On the east of
the harbor is the peninsula Ortygia, on which was the fountain of Are-
thusa. Arethusa is here called Pisaean, from Pisa in Elis, as it was a
poetic fancy that the nymph Arethusa was pursued by the river-god Al-
pheus from Elis to Sicily ; or that the Alpheus, after having flowed into
the Ionian Sea, re-appeared in Sicily as the fountain Arethusa. Shelley's
poem, " Arethusa," should be read in comparison with Ovid.

413. Summa — alvo, as high as the waist.

416. So Vergil, Georg. iv. 476, si parva licet componcre magnis.

417. Anapis ; the usual form is of the o-decl. Anapus.

420. Saturnius, the Saturnian, name of Pluto, as son of Saturn.

421. la gurgitis inia, poetic for In gurgitem imum, into the depths of
the lake.

422. Contortam — condidit, swung — and plunged — his scepter, etc. ; in
English we thus use two verbs, where the Latin has a participle and a
verb.

429. Extcnnatar ; a strong expression for the nymph's pining away
and being absorbed into the stream, as is described in the next following
lines. What is the primary meaning of extenuatur ?

431. De tota, sc. ilia, of the whole of her ; i. c., of her icholc body.

439. Profundo, for mari, in every sea.

440. Illaaij i. e., Cererem. Preserve the Latin order in translating.

180 METAMORPHOSES, V. 338-571.

Her, not Aurora, as she comes, etc. Fdis, because she is thought of as

coming up out of the sea.

441. Duabns 5 thus holding one of the pine torches (pinus) in each
hand.

444. Alma 5 in poetry the gender of dies, as here, is often feminine
when the word has its ordinary meaning ; but in prose, only when it
means an indefinite period.

450. Dulce, used as a substantive, a sweet drink.

453. Parte, the half.

454. Mixta, agrees with polenta, and is to be joined with cum liquido.

455. Quae — gessitj and what just now he carried as arms, he carries as
legs.

458. Parva — laccrta, than a small lizard.

461. Stellatns, i. e., the stcllio (as if from stella), the spotted lizard.
463. Quacrenti, etc. ; i. e., in her search she wanted another world ;
this world she had searched through and through.

465. Mutata, as described above, 429 seqq.

466. Volenti, sc. ei, depending upon aderant.

468. Notam, agrees with zonam. Parcnti, i. e., to Ceres.

470. Persfcphtines 5 the poet here chooses the Greek name for Proser-
pina, perhaps because the latter was less easy in verse.

473. Repetita, though a participle and agreeing with pectora, may bo
translated repeatedly.

478. Parfli, in dat. agreeing with leto. Parilis is poetic for par.

480. Fallere depositnm 5 the full and more common expression would
be, fallere eum qui deposuit, sc. semina. The seed put in the ground is
something intrusted to it, like a deposit in a bank ; thus the words may
be rendered, " to betray their trust." Hanson and Rolfe.

481. Tcrrac, i. e., Sicily, well known for the fruitfulness of its soil.

482. Falsa follows up fallere, and so is a better reading than cassa ;
lies there betrayed.

484. Sideraque ; the que is lengthened by the arsis. Volacres —

legunt ; as in the parable of the sower, " the fowls of the air came and
devoured them up " ; and volucrcs means radically the same as the Saxon
word foivls.

485. Lftlimn triMlique, the tares and the thorm. Gramen in the

next line is also one of the subjects of fatigant.

487. Alpheias 5 this patronymic is given to Arethusa, from the fan-
cied relation to the river-god Alpheus. See n. on 409.

491. Tlbi, dat. limiting fidae ; terrae, dat. limiting irascere.

15. PROSERPINE. 181

492. Meruit, here in a bad sense, no ill-desert
494. Pisa ; see n. on Pisacac, 4.09.

499. Yfcnietj etc. ; there shall come a seasonable time for my narrative
(about this), when, etc,

504. Liibor, not labor, and so is the verb, not the noun. Wltilc I was
gliding. The pres. with dum, as a kind of historical present, occurs also
in prose, especially in Livy.

505. Visa taaj etc. Your Proserpine was seen there by these eyes of
mine.

507. Sed — tamen follows up Ilia quidem. She was indeed sad — but
yet queen. So also with the following sed, and sed tamen.

509. Ceu — saxca, as if turned to stone, petrified. Then the following
altonitae has here its full meaning from tono ; was for a long time like one
thunderstruck.

512. Nubila ; an adj.; lowering. In the next line invidiosa, full of
hale.

517. Illius, for her. Nostro, i. e., non Junonis ; because she zcas

born of me.

519. Si repfcrire, etc. If you call it finding, to lose with the more cer-
tainty.

521. Praedonc — non est; these words, and especially praedone ma-
rito, follow closely reddat ; and then the pronouns tua and mea are em-
phatic. The sense is : my daughter does not deserve to have a robber
for her husband, and, of course, yours does not.

523. Excepit, took up her words, i. c., immediately answered her thus.

525. Injuria is the predicate, as well as amor ; this act is not a wrong,
it is love.

528. Quid, quod, as usual, introduces here something stronger than
what has been said before. He has just said, even tliough the other things
be wanting ; but now he says, the other things are not wanting. What
(say you to this), that the other things are not wanting, nor does he give
way to me, except by lot. Jupiter will persuade the mother that it is a
pre-eminently good match for her daughter.

531. Lege — certii, on the fixed condition.

532. Foedere. Foedus, as a thing fixed by agreement, is here used
in the sense of a law.

534. Jejuni a — solvcrat, had broken her fast.

535. Dum — crrat. See n. on dum — labor, 504. Of these cultivated
gardens (cultis—hortis) in the lower world, Haupt quietly remarks, that
they seem to be a discovery of Ovid's.

182 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 1-145.

536. Poeniceum — pomnm, purple-red fruit, i. e., a pomegranate. The

color gives the name Punica to the kind of fruit to which it belongs.

Curva, bent, i. e., under the weight of the fruit.

540. Avernales ; from Avernus, which is used for the waters of the
lower world, and then, as here, for the lower world itself. It is supposed
to be the same as the Gr. "Aopvos, without birds, as the name was applied
to places whose poisonous air was fatal to birds, and especially to the
lacus Avernus in Campania, which Vergil, Aen. vi. 237, represents as the
entrance to the lower world.

541. Achfcronte, name of a river, and then of a river-god in Hades.
The word is Gr. 'Axepav, the stream of woe, or as Milton describes it in
a passage in Paradise Lost, B. ii. 5*79, " Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black
and deep." See the passage for like descriptions of the Styx, Cocytus,
Phlegethon, and Lethe.

544. Avem 5 the bird was the owl, in Latin, bubo, as below, 550.

546. SiM ablatns, i. e., robbed of his former self.

552. Ach$loides, daughters of Achelous (an Aetolian river-god) and
the Muse Melpomene, the Sirenes. The fable was that these were the
companions of Proserpine, when she was carried away by Pluto. In
seeking her all in vain, they wished they might have wings, and there-
after they had, with the faces and voices of maidens, the plumage and
wings and feet of birds, as described in succeeding lines.

555. Doctae, skilled (in song).

557. Curam, careful search.

559. Faciles, compliant.

563. Remansit, agrees with vox, the nearer noun ; and the verb in plu-
ral understood with the other nom. vultus.

564. Mcdins, mediating between his brother, etc.

565. Volventem — annum, the rolling year ; as in Thomson's line in
his *' Seasons," " The rolling year is full of Thee."

566. Duoranij i. e., the upper world, and the lower.

16. Araciine, or the Spider's Web.
VI. 1-145.

1. Tritonia 5 a name of Pallas, from Triton, a stream in Boeotia, the
fabled place of her birth. Some writers take the name from Tritonis, a
lake in Africa, and for a similar reason.

2. Aonidnm 5 the Muses were so named from the Boeotian hill Heli-
con. Aonia was a district in Boeotia: sec n. i. 313.

16. ARACHNE, OR THE SPIDER'S WEB. 183

3. Laudarc ; she had praised the Muses, but that was too little (pa-
rum) ; her own merits (ipsae) needed to be vindicated against the preten-
sions of Arachne.

5. Maeftniae. See n. ii. 253.

6. Sibi. Pallas was conceived as the inventress of weaving and cm-
broidery.

9. Murfce ; the murex was a shell-fish from which an extract was
gotten for a purple dye ; it was taken at different places, here at Pho-
caea, a town of Ionia, on the Mediterranean.

11. Aequa, i. e., in origin and rank. Ilia, i. e., Arachne.

12. Studio, by diligence in her art.

13. Hypaepis. Hypaepa (neuter) was a town in Lydia.

15. Timoli. Timolus or Tmolus was a mountain in Lydia, famous for
its vineyards. The river Pactolus had its rise on one of the heights of
Tmolus.

18. Cam ficrent, when they were making. They took delight in watch-
ing the weaving through all its processes, as Arachne handled all with
such grace {decor). The poet's own touch of description in the succeed-
ing lines may well yield an equal delight.

19. Rndem ; as we say, in its raw state. The orbes arc the balls of
wool, made ready for the colus, distaff.

20-23. Here the poet briefly alludes to the drawing out with the fin-
gers (digltis subigebai) of the fibres of wool from the distaff, then the soft-
ening them and making them finer by the fingers or the carding-comb
(repetitaque — tractu), then the twisting them into threads by the spindle
(I8vi—fusum), and finally the embroidering of the fabric with the needle
(pingebat acu).

20. Snbigebat is more special than tractabat would be : plied the work.

21. YellSra, the flocks ofioool. By nebulas aequantia he compares the
flocks with clouds, as we say in English, the fleecy clouds ; they vied with
such fleecy clouds in softness and fineness.

22. Tferetem — fasnm, twirled the smootlwcorn spindle. The distaff,
loaded with the wool,, was held with the left hand, and then the fibres
were drawn down with the right to the spindle, which was set twirling
with the thumb and finger, and so twisted the fibres into a thread. See
the illustration in Smith's " Dictionary of Antiquities/' under Fusus.

24. Tan til que ; she took it as an offense that she was thought a pupil
of Pallas, and yet Pallas was so great a teacher in the art.

29. Quae fugiamus, for us to shun ; the subj. expresses purpose.

Csus means experience.

184 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 1-145.

31* Maxima $ in translation to be taken with inter mortales.

34. Toryis, sc. oculis, as is clear from aspicit.

36* Obscuram refers to the disguise of the goddess.

38. Istas — voces, those words of yours.

41. Profecisse, that you have gained anything. Eadem, i. e., the

same that I had before you gave your advice.
45. Nurus? used here in the sense of puellae.

53. Consistunt. The earliest looms were upright ones, and so the
posture was a standing one. Thus in iv. 275, stands telae.

54. Telas 5 tela, contracted from tex-la (from texo), means first the
web itself ; then, as in 55, the warp, and, in this sense, hardly differing
from stamen, from stare ; then, as here, the loom.

55-58. The jugum (literally yoke, as it joined the two uprights of
the loom) was the beam from which hung the warp (tela in this line), and
substantially the same as stamen, the fibres being thought of as standing,
or as the material for weaving. The harundo, the reed, is a rod which
separates (sccernit) the threads of the warp, passing in and out, before
and behind each alternate thread, thus separating the whole into two
parcels, and forming a passage for the shuttle, radius, 56. The sublemen
is the ivoof, the threads of which are passed in by the shuttle, and then
driven home by the pecten, or comb, the teeth of which, insccti — denies, in-
serted between the threads of the warp, drive the woof-threads close to-
gether. Properly it is the pecten which is insectus, but here the teeth arc
said to be cut into the comb.

60. Studio — laborcm, their interest beguiling the toil.

61. Tyrium — aenum, the Tyrian vat, as the best purple dye was made
at Tyre. The purpura here expresses the wool, which has thus felt the
Tyrian dye, and is now wrought into the woof of the texture. The dye
was yielded by a fish called murex. See note, vi. 9.

62. Tenues — umbrae 5 the fine shades of the colors, their difference so
slight, suggest the simile of the rainbow.

63. Solibus 5 when the sun's rays are struck by the rain-drops (ab im-
bre percussis).

66. Transitus, the transition from one color to another. Fallit,

escapes the notice of.

67. Usque, etc. ; so is (that), which touches, the same ; every color is
so like the one next it ; yet the remotest, the first and the last, are quite
unlike.

68. Lentum, flexible. Immittitur, is let in.

69. Tela here means all that has been woven, the web. See above,

16. ARACHNE, OR TIIE SPIDER'S WEB. 185

n. 1. 54. Argamentuni, as of a poem, is here the subject of the

work.

70. Scopuluin Mavortis, the hill of Mars, or the Areopagus, which was
near the Acropolis of Athens ; though the poet rather loosely says in arce.

71. Litem. The contention was between Neptune and Pallas, which
was to give a name to the city when it was built. The agreement was
that whichever should make the more useful present to mankind should
be the victor in the contest. While Neptune created the horse, Pallas
created the olive, and won the prize.

72. Bis sex 5 the twelve celestial gods, or Dii Superni ; as given in
two verses from Ennius (quoted by Haupt), Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres,
Diana, Venus, Mars, Mercurius, JovP (Jovis = Juppiter), Neptunus, Vul-
canus, Apollo.

74. Inscribit, makes the inscription ; the face so perfectly wrought
into the texture, that no name needs to be inscribed.
77. Ferum, sc. equum. See n. 71.

79. Acglde, the famous aegis, having on it the Medusa's head, origi-
nally forged by Vulcan for Jove (Homer, II. 15, 310), and afterward worn
as a coat of mail by Pallas.

80. Simiilat, represents.

82. Victoria, here put for that which won the victory (see n. on 71),
the olive ; compare below 1. 101.

84, Ausis. As a lesson to Arachne, the goddess weaves into the four
corners of the work illustrations of presumptuous mortals who ventured
(like Arachne) to compare themselves with the gods.

86. Distincta, set off. The sigilla, diminutive of signa, are little pic-
tures.

89. Nomina. Rhodope and Haemon, sister and brother, were wont
to call one another Zeus and Hera, Jupiter and Juno ; afterwards changed,
as the poets fabled, into mountains.

90. Pygmacae. It is a story as old as Homer (II. 3, 5) that the Pyg-
mies (Uvyixatoty irvyfi^, Tom Thumbs) and the cranes were at war with
one another. Ovid here touches a story of a Pygmaean woman, Gerana
(the Gr. for crane), or Oenoe, as sometimes called, who for presumption
was changed by Juno into a crane, and also made an enemy to the Pyg-
mies (mis — populis). Juvenal has a passage on these ancient Liliputians
in Satire xiii. 167-170.

93. Antigdnen ; daughter of Laomedon, who in conceit of her long
flowing hair compared herself with Juno, and was turned by the goddess
into a stork (eiconia).

186 METAMORPHOSES, VI. 146-312.

98. Clnyran. The daughters of Cinyras, an Assyrian king, were
turned into the steps of a temple of Juno.

101. Pacalibus ; peaceful, as the olive was a symbol of peace.

103. In this line, and the following ones to 114, the poet describes
the subjects of Arachne's work. They all illustrated, in dishonor of the
gods, transformations, by means of which Europa, Asterie, Leda, and
others were abducted by Zeus.

111. Nycteida, Antiope, daughter of Nycteus, king of Boeotia.

Gemino — fetu ; i. e., Amphlon and Zethus.

112. Amphitryon was king of Tirynth ; and Tirynthia refers to Alk-
mena, his wife.

113. Asoplda ; Aegina, the daughter of the river-god Asopus.

114. Deoida $ Persephone, the daughter of Ayd, a name for Demeter.

129. Carpere, carp at

130. Virago \ from vir, used of Pallas, from her masculine appear-
ance and qualities. Here Minerva's feeling of resentment, and its results
in action in the next line, seems to make a transition to the bad sense of
the word in the English, virago.

131. Crimina. The excellence of the work seemed to criminate, or
cast a reproach upon the goddess.

132. CytorIaci9 from Cytorus, in Paphlagonia, which abounded in box-
trees ; the radii, shuttles, were made of box-wood.

137. Ne sis secura, i. c., to keep her anxious about the future ; oth-
erwise there might be a hope of being changed back again.

138. Dicta — generi ; the penalty was to act upon her posterity just
the same as upon herself. The poet uses 7icpotibus, as he is thinking of
the transformation from a human being.

139. Hecateidos, of Hecate, because with the ancients she was the
mistress of all magical charms and spells. ,So also Shakspeare, in " Mac-
beth," makes Hecate preside over the witch-scenes.

145. Telas. See n. on telas, 54. Antiquas and rcmittil are playfully
used, as the aranca now spins and weaves, even as before Arachne.

IV. Niobe, or Latona's Revenge.
VI. 146-312.

147. Rumor, i. e., of the fate of Arachne.

148. Illam refers to Arachne. Thalamos is here=nuptias.

149. Maeoniam 5 the Homeric name for Lydia and Phrygia. Si-

pylum 5 the name of a hill and town in Phrygia.

17. NIOBE, OR LATONA'S REVENGE. 187

150. Popiilaris, her countrywoman, as they both lived in Phrygia.

152. Sed cnim. The sed qualifies the idea contained in multa dabant
animus, i. e., but nothing gave her such proud feelings (animos) as her
children ; the cnim qualifies sic placucrc, etc. ; for neither her husband's

arts, nor the race — and the poiccr — pleased her so much, etc. ArtCS

refers to Amphion' s skill in music and song.

153. Genus ambornm. Amphion and Tantalus were both sons of
Jupiter.

156. Si — fuissetj if she had not seemed such to herself ; in allusion to
her pride. The sentence reminds one of Tacitus's words concerning Gal-
ba : omnium consensu capax imperii, nisi imperassct, Hist. i. 49.

157. Manto was a famous prophetess. The word is Greek, from fxav-
T€i>€(T&ai, vaticinari.

159. Ismenides, for Thebaides, from Ismenus, a river near Thebes.

160. Duolms, her two children, Phoebus and Artemis, or Apollo and
Diana.

161. Lanro $ because the laurel was sacred to Phoebus.

165. Celebcnima carries the idea of great numbers; encompassed
with a crowd of attendants.

166. Vestiims, dat., limiting intexto.

167. Movcnsquc — capillos, in expression of haughty anger; and shak-
ing, together with her head, her hair, which flowed down on either shoiddcr.

169. Alta, to be translated adverbially, loftily.

170. Anditos — visis 5 the gods were only heard of, but others, as her-
self, seen.

173. Mcnsas ; the story was, that Tantalus was a guest at the table
of the gods.

174. Gfcnfctrix 5 Dionc, one of the Hy&des, who, with the Pleiades,
were daughters of Atlas.

176. Sticero; see n. above, onl. 152.

177. Regia Cadnii, i. e., the arx or citadel of Thebes, of which Cad-
mus was the founder; see below, 1. 217, Cadmeida arcem. Of the city
itself Amphion was the reputed founder.

178. $Qmm\§§ii=exstructa, built up. It was fabled that the walls of
Thebes rose up under the magic influence of Amphlotfs song and lyre.

182. Septem, Homer, II. 24, 603 seqq., puts the number at six.

185. Ncscitt quoquc=:et nescio quo ; and quo agrees with Coco. JSTcscio
quis, literally, I know not who, is used contemptuously for an obscure,
unknown person.

186, 187. Maxima — cxiguam 5 great as it was, the earth refused her a

188 METAMORPHOSES, YI. 146-312.

small place. Juno, in her jealousy of Latona, bound every spot on earth
by an oath, not to give Latona a place for the delivery of her children ;
but Neptune provided her a place on the island of Delos.

101. InstaMlem. The island had before floated about in the Ae-
gean, but it was now made stationary.

195. Possit. The cui=ut mihi, greater than that Fortune can hurt
me ; i. e., too great for Fortune to hurt. See Gr. 503, II. 3.

196. Ut is concessive ; though she may take away. Gr. 515, III.
198. Hnic — popnlo ; a proud expression for her family, as though

they made a people, this people of mine, in comparison with the two chil-
dren of Latona. Populo is in the dati/e, by Gr. 385, 4.

200. Qua refers to turbam ; as though with only two children she
was hardly better than with none at all, orba.

201. Infectis properate sacris. This reading I prefer, with Siebelis,
to the many conjectural readings adopted instead of the MSS. reading,
ite satis propere sacris. Merkel reads, ite, satis pro prole sacri est, and
Haupt, ite, satis, propere ite, sacri est. Infectis agrees well with infecta
in the next line, and ponite with deponunt.

203. Quodque licet ; their worship is silent, as that alone is allowed
them {licet) by their queen.

204. Cynthi ; Cynthus, a mountain in Delos, where Apollo and Diana
were worshiped.

206. Animosa expresses her maternal pride ; proud of having borne you.

208. An dea sim, in allusion to Niobc's words in lines 1^0, 171.
An, as used here in a simple question, is poetic, and so is dubitor instead
of dubitatur.

212. Quod — reeddat, may it fall bach upon herself ; i. e., that she
calls me childless (o?*bam).

213. Patcrnam, like her father's, Tantalus.

215. Mora is the predicate nom., and longa agrees with qucrella.
Poenae limits mora.

217. Niibilms, in the abl. and limits tecti ; cloud-clad.

219. Assiduis, used adverbially.

222, 223. Tyrioquc suco ; see n. above on 1. 61. The trappings of
the horses were purple. Terga premere, in the sense of sit or ride, is not
uncommon. So in Ov. viii. 34, 35 : Stratis insignia pictis Terga preme-
bat ; where also compare the stratis— pictis with the expression here, ru-
bentia suco.

224. Sarciua is here nom. pred. ; but the words may be rendered,
ivhom first his mother had borne.

17. NIOBE, OR LATONA'S REVENGE. 189

229. Deflnit is more special than decidit would be, sinks down; it
expresses the weakness of the dying men. So in Livy, ii. 20, mori-
bundus (eques) — ad terram defluxit. In latus, on the side, or side-
ways.

230. Per inane ; see n. iv. 718.

232. Rector, sc. navis ; the master of the ship,

233. Deducit, lets down, i. e., unfurls.

233. Qua, sc. parte, anywhere. Levis, light ; observe the quantity ;
that not anywhere (even) a light breeze be lost.

234. Dantem ; with this reading, cum must here be supplied.

235. Cervice, used here with chief reference to the back of the neck ;
but gutture, in next line, the front.

237. Pronus, leaning forward ; as he was riding fast. Admissa in

form agrees with colla, but in sense refers to the horse itself ; over the
neck of the horse who was let go ; admittere equum is like immittcre habe-
nas. The rider had to lose hold of the reins, and so the horse was let go
at full speed.

211. Nitidae ; i. e., with the oil, with which in the palaestra their
bodies were anointed.

247. A spondaic line.

254. Intonsnm, sc. comas, as the Grecian youth wore their hair long
till they reached manhood.

258. Pennis, abl. with tenus, up to the feathers ; i. e., to the very ex-
tremity of the arrow.

263. Xon omnes \ i. c., only Apollo.

265. Miiuino ; the wound was lessened by the pity of the archer.

269. Potnisse. Supply superos for the subject, and hoc for the
object.

271. Nam explains why only Niobe is now mentioned ; for the father
had already killed himself in despair.

276. lnvidiosa, on account of her fortunes an object of envy even to
her own friends.

280. Pasccre ; passive imperative, in reflexive sense ; feast yourself.

282. Eflftror ; I am carried out to burial.

286. Ab arcu ; i. e., of Diana, who now slays the daughters of Niobe.

289. Deinisso, in token of mourning, as also atris in the preceding
line.

293. Dnplieataqnc, bent double ; by the umeen (cacco) wound.

296, Trepidarc opposed to latet ; you might see one hiding herself
another hurrying about in tremulous fear.

190 METAMOKPHOSES, VI. 313-400.

301, Or»a} etc. These lines Byron has in mind in his picture of
fallen Rome :

" The Niobe of nations ! there she stands,
Childless and crownless, in her voiceless woe."

311. la patriam; Phrygia, as above in line 149. In the time of
Pausanias, people still fancied they could see the petrified figure of Niobe
on Mount Sipylus.

18. The Ltcians; Marsyas.
VI. 313-400.

313. Cnncti, here in its full force of conjuncti from which it is con-
tracted ; all together.

315. Numina, in the plural, because referring to various manifesta-
tions (by no d, as it were) of the power of the goddess.

319. IgnoMlitate ; because it was only country people who were pun-
ished.

322. Impatiens, not able to bear, because very aged, grandior aevo.

323. Illius 5 i. e., of the Lycians ; ducem, a guide.
325. Nigra; and so agrees with ard.

327. Faveas, a common form of prayer.

329. Tamcn limits rogabam ; I ashed, however.

332. Regia conjunx ; Juno, who in her jealous anger against Latona
denied her any spot of earth whereon to rear her twin children.

333. Erratica. Delos was then a floating island ; the word as put
with errantcm seems to represent the fate of the island and of Latona as
alike.

336. Noverca 5 Juno, as the wife of Jupiter, is the stepmother of La-
tona's twins.

339. Chimacriferae. It was said that the fire-breathing monster
Chimaera was native to Lycia. It was slain by Bellerophon.

346. Pftsitoquc — pressit 5 i. e., kneeled upon.

351. Loqnentis, sc. mei; as I speak.

357. Dederitis. The long % of the penult is here, and elsewhere in
classic Latin, a return to the quantity of 1 in the early Latin.

366. Coei 5 Latona was the daughter of the Titan Coeus.

367. Snstinct ultra, does she endure longer.

368. Minora, less than became her as a goddess, too humbling words.
370. Juvat, sc. rusticos ; these rustic Lycians, who are now turned

into frogs.

19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 191

372. Snmino, on the surface of

376. The line seems in its sound to imitate the croaking of the frogs.

384. Tritoniaca, of Tritonia, or Minerva (s. note ii. 782), who invented
the flute.

385* Me, humorously said for cutem mcam; as if, in being flayed
alive, he was pulled off from himself.

386. Non — tanti ; i. e., so much, that I should thus suffer for its sake.

393. Tniic quoque, even then; i. e., when in the agony of death.
Olympus is here the name of a youth whom Marsyas taught to play on
the flute.

398. £misit, sc. aquam, sent it forth, like a spring.

399. Pctcns ; aqua to be supplied, as subject, from the preceding line.

400. Marsya, the Latin form, instead of Marsyas ; but the nominative
in apposition to nomen is unusual. So also i. 169, lactca nomen habet ;
and xv. 96, cui fecimus aurca nomen.

19. The Golden Fleece.

VII. 1-158.

I. Minyae $ the Argonauts were called Mi?iyans, from their ancestor
Minyas, a king of Thessaly ; and the ship Argo was called Pagasaean,
from the Thessalian town Pagiisa, where it was built.

3. Yisus erat, from viso ; had been visited. The Argonauts stopped
at Salmydessus, a Thracian town, to consult Phincus as to the way of
getting through the Symplegades, two rocks at the mouth of the Euxinc.
Phincus was blind, hence perpetua sub node ; and the Harpies (volucrcs)
snatched the food from his mouth whenever he sat down to eat. Milton
mentions him in Paradise Lost, iii. 35 :

" Blind Thamyris and blind Maeonides,
And Tircsias and Phineus, prophets old."

3. Javcnes $ Calais and Zetes, sons of Aquilo, or Boreas.

6. Ph asides. The Phasis was a river in Colchis.

T. Plirixea, of Phrizus, son of Athamas, who, in escaping from his
stepmother Ino, was carried through the air, as it was fabled, on the
back of a ram that had a golden fleece.

8. Lexque — horrenda ; the condition was to tame to the yoke two fire-
breathing bulls, to sow a field with serpents' teeth, and to elude the
dragon which guarded the fleece.

9. Aeetias, the daughter of Aectes ; i. e., Medea.

II. This whole passage, to the 70th line, gives us in very skillful

192 METAMORPHOSES, VII. 1-158.

touches the conflict between the heart and the reason of Medea. At first,
13-16, she confesses the sway of love, but then, 17-21, strives by force of
reason to overcome it.

18. Possenij if I were able. The imperfect gives the sure answer to
excute — -Jlammas ; she knows she is not able.

20* Video meliora, etc. An expression famous in antiquity, as also
in modern literature. Horace has a similar one in Epp. i. 8, 11, Quae
nocuere, sequar ; f ugiam quae prof ore credam. It is found, too, in the
Greek of Euripides, Hippol. 380.

21, 22. She blames herself for loving a stranger and a foreigner (alieni).

23. Potest — dare, can give (something — some one) for me to love.

25. Sine amore \ she will convince herself that it is only humanity,
not love, that makes her wish to save him.

28. Ore7 5 i. e., by his beautiful countenance.

30. Suae precedes segctis for emphasis' sake ; his oivn, because the
serpent's teeth were sown by his own hand.

32, 33. Hoc ego, etc. She condemns herself as brutally cruel not to
save him from such a fate.

34-41. Yet why should she save him, and imperil herself, that he
then may wed another ?

37. Non — precanda. The words di — velint were a prayer, and yet it
is not praying (precanda) which is necessary, but action (facienda).

41. Poenae, dative; for (the) punishment which her father would in-
flict for her unfaithfulness to him.

43-50. But he can not be so ungrateful as to wed another ; his looks
give the lie to that. All must be safe with him.

4T. Tutii, feminine, agreeing with subject of times.

51, 52. Yet ought she to abandon home and country?

53-68. Yes, she will gain a better home, a better country. With
Jason she will be happy and honored and secure.

54. Stant mecnm, are on my side ; perhaps because her sister Chal-
ciope had married Phrixus, who was a Greek.

55. Dens, i. e., Amor.

59. Qncmqne — velim. The relative precedes the antecedent Aeso-
niden ; and son of Aeson, for whom I would be willing to exchange.

61. Ferar=efferar, / shall be extolled. The final syllable mfcrdr is
lengthened in the arsis of the foot. So above, ii. 247, Taenarius.

61. Sidera tangam. So in Horace, 0. i. 1, 36, sublimi fcriam sidera
vertice.

63. Montes 5 see note above, on line 3. Charybdis and Scylla, in the

19. THE GOLDEN FLEECE. 193

Sicilian Straits, the former a whirlpool on the Sicilian, and the latter a
rock on the Italian side.

69. Conjugiumnc, etc. The mention of conjuge in the preceding line
awakens the doubt whether she would really be the wife of Jason, and so
she arouses herself at last to resist the temptation before her.

71. Perseidos. Hecate was the daughter of the Oceanid Perse.

80. Scintilla is the subject of sold. The order is : utque scintilla sold
ventis alimenta assumcre, d quae — laluit, crcscere, etc.

81. SoUto5 ablative after the comparative formosior.
85. Luce= die.

91. Promissa dato5 you shall fulfill your promises ; the future form

of the imperative corresponds to servabere. Triformis; Hecate was

also called triceps, as below, vii. 194.

95. Quod minion ; i. c., per numen quod—foret.

96. Patrem soceri $ i. e., Helios, the sun-god, the father of Acetes.
98. Cantatas, charmed, over which some formula of incantation had

been pronounced. Observe that our word charm and the Latin canto are
of the same origin. Thus Milton (in " Comus ") ; u How charming is divine
philosophy ! — Musical as is Apollo's lute."

101. Mavortis. Mavors is an old name for Mars, as also Marmar,
Marmor, and the Oscan Mamers.

101. Adamanteis, from adamas, Gr. a priv. and dd/xaco, unconquerable,
adamantine.

107. Aut uM5 etc. ; i. e., aut ut silices — ierrena resonare solcnt, ubi
concipiunt, etc. Soluti, loosened of their hardness, made brittle.

111. Truces agrees with the subject of verier e ; venicntis, sc. ejus, and
limiting ora.

116. Mcdicamina; i. e., the cantatas herhas of line 96.

122. Dentes 5 the teeth of the dragon, which Cadmus slew, and which
Minerva had given to Aeetes. The vencno, in line 123, is the poison of
the dragon.

126. Mmerfts 5 i. e., members, as these are parts of the whole body.

132. Elncnidnii ; i. e., Jason, as Haemonia is an old name for Thes-
saly, from King Ilacmon, father of Thessalus.

137. Gramma; the herbae of line 96, and the medicamina, 116; car-
men auxiliare, some magic formula, a charm to come in aid of the charmed
plants.

151. Arlitirfs aurfcae ; i. c., the tree on which hung the golden fleece.
Aureae is here a dissyllable. This is the reading of Mcrkel from the
MSS., though others read arietis aurei.
10

194: METAMORPHOSES, VIII. 183-259.

152. Lethael. The juice of the plants is Lethaean, or like the waters
of the river Lethe of the lower world, in that both induce sleep and for-
getfulness.

155. Sibi ; i. e., Somno ; these eyes were till now unknown to him,
had never been closed in sleep.

20. The Death of Icarus.
VIII. 183-259.

186. Obstriiat, sc. Minos.

190. Longam brfcviore sgqnenti. If he began with the smallest (a
minima coeptas), it would seem that a long one would follow the shorter
every time. Haupt suggests that it should perhaps read a summa coeptas.

206. Btiotcn; see note ii. 176; for Helice= kvcios, see note ii. 132.
The name Helice was taken from the town Ilelice, the birth-place of Cal-
listo, who was changed into the constellation.

207. Orittnis; also in the northern heavens, and in the form of a
man with a drawn sword.

215. ErMit $ sc. eum ; erudire, like doccre, is followed by two accu-
satives.

219. Quique; the que connects credidit and obstipuii ; and believed
that those who could, etc.

220. Junoaia ; of Juno, because Samos was a sanctuary of Juno.
222. Dextra \ nominative with Lebinthus, though laeva occurred just

before.

227. tfndos5 sc. alis, bereft of the wings.

230. Aqua : nomen. The water got from him the name of Icarian
Sea, between Chios and Cos.

233. Diccbat, kept saying.

234. Devovitque, and cursed his arts.

235. Tellus ; i. e., the island Icaria.

236. With this line begins the story of Perdix, the nephew of Daeda-
lus, whom Daedalus had destroyed in jealousy of his skill in art. He was
changed by Minerva into a bird, Perdix, the partridge. The Perdix has
now his revenge.

239. Cnka ; the only one of its kind.

243. Bis, etc. Bis qualifies scnis, twice six, senis agreeing with natali-
bus. Tuerum, by apposition to progenicm.

246. Serrae, of a saw ; \. e., he used the spine of a fish as a pattern,
and invented the saw.

21. PHILEMON AND BAUCIS. 195

247. Primus et, etc. ; he was also the first to invent the compasses.
249. Dueeret orbem, drew a circle.
255. Quod et ante, sc. fucrat.

21. Philemon and Baucis.

VIII. 616-724.

616. Talia dicta. Pirithous had just said that the gods had not the
power to change persons and things from one form to another.

621. Phrygiis. This Phrygian story reminds one of the incident re-
lated of the Lycaonians in the Acts, xiv., who called Barnabas, Jupiter,
and Paul, Mercurius, saying, " The gods are come down to us in the like-
ness of men."

622. Pfcltipeia Pittheus. Pittheus was son of Pelops, and Lelex had
once been a guest of Pittheus in Troezen.

627. Atlantiades. Mercury, the son of Maia, who was the daughter
of Atlas. The syllable ant is long, but the vowel a before nt is naturally
short.

636. Idem, nominative plural for iidem.

639. Pflsito — jussit. Translate by two verbs, set a chair and bade, etc.

640. Textum, from tcxerc, to weave ; and so iextum with rude=a cloth
of coarse texture.

612. Hesternos $ i. e., the embers of yesterday's fire.

646. Suus. We might expect ejus; but the possessive expresses
better the near relation.

648. Sordida ; i. e., with the smoke. Suls, not the pronoun, but

the genitive of sits.

655. Tdrum, the mattress, and lecto, the couch, or bedstead. Sponda
and pedibus modify lecto as ablatives of characteristic, the former the
frame as part of the lectus.

662. CliYum, the slope, which was taken away by the testa.

664. Bicdlor, dark green. The olive, however, was black when it was
quite ripe, but was eaten green.

665. Condita, put away; i. e., preserved. But observe that it is con-
dlta from condo, not condita from condio ; from con and do, dere, to put.

666. Lactis — eoacti, curdled milk.

668. Eodem, humorously said; the same sort of silver as the omnia ;
i. e., all earthenware. The word caelatus also in jest, as it is properly
used of highly artistic work on metals.

671. Epulas. So far the poet has been describing the first course

196 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 1-97.

of the meal ; now comes what the Romans called the caput cenae (the
French piece de resistance), the suis mentioned above, in line 648.

672. Nee longae=^ non I., the wine of not long age ; i. e., the new
wine, as that only might be had at a poor man's table. The referuniur
means, arc set back, or put aside, to make room {locum in next line) for
the mensae secundae, the dessert.

675. Mala \ observe the quantity of the penultimate. How is it with
malus, evil ; malo, I had rather; malus, a mast?

677. Yultus — fotini, kindly looks ; as in Proverbs, xv. 17: "Better is
a dinner of herbs, where love is, than a stalled ox and hatred therewith."

678. The nee belongs to both adjectives ; neither niggardly nor poor.
680. Succrescfcre ; observe the force of the preposition ; the wine kept

growing up from below ; it sprang up, as from a hidden perennial source.
The poet's words make us think of the prophet Elijah and the poor widow
of Zarephath, I Kings, xvii. 16: "And the barrel of meal wasted not;
neither did the cruse of oil fail." The pious old people might well believe
that they had gods at their table.

684. Custodia, for custos, as with the Romans the goose was a
proverb for vigilance. Comp. Ovid, Met. ii. 538, and xi. 599. The poet
has, perhaps, in mind the good service done by the cackling of the watch-
ful geese of the capitol, as told by Livy, B. v. 47.

689. Poenas ; i. c., for their want of hospitality, as above, in lines
628, 629.

690. InnuuiiibDS, the predicate adj. in the dative. Sec Gr. 536, 2, 3).

699. Dftminis limits parva ; small even for its two owners.

700. Fnrcas, the forks, or fork-like props which supported the gables ;
these become pillars.

711. Fides means here fulfilment, because it carries with it faithful-
ness to the promise.

719. Thymbreius comes from Thymbris, the name of a river in
Phrygia.

724. Cura, etc. "Them that honor me, I will honor." I Samuel,
ii. 30.

22. The Wooing of Deianira.

IX. 1-97.

1. Deo, Achelous. Deo depends upon sit understood, which has causa
for its subject. Neptunius heros refers to Theseus, the fabled son of
Neptune.

2. Calydoiuus, Actolian, as Calydon was an Aetolian town.

22. THE WOOING OF DElANIRA. 197

3. Ha ru inline It was usual in art to represent river-gods with horns,
and their heads crowned with sedge and reed. The vowel u is short
here, though the syllable is long. Gr. 651, VII.

8. Si qna, and llso tandem, ever, are enviously said in disparage-
ment, as if Deianira were a prize of no account.

Hi Intrata est, sc. a me; was entered by me ; when I entered.

12. Parthattnc nate $ Oeneus, king of Calydon.

14. Dire se, that he would give ; i. e., would bring (to her) as a kind
of dowry.

15. Referebat, declared. Novercae refers to Juno, and jussa to the
labors imposed upon Hercules through the agency of Juno, and overcome
(supcrata) by him.

19. Hospes, appositive to gener ; this is said in depreciation of Her-
cules, who was not Aetolian. It thus means stranger, though originally
host. It is formed of hos=r(Ghas), the root of hos-tis, and pes, from pa,
the root also of pasco, to feed ; and as hostis originally means a stranger,
hospes = qui hostem pascit, means first a host, then a guest (Ghas, Ger-
man Gast), and so a stranger, in distinction from a native. From what
does our word host = multitude, come, and also host= victim ?

28. Spectat, sc. Hercules.

29. Tot ; i. e., just so many, and no more ; meaning that Hercules
would not contend in words, but only in deeds. Observe that it is dexter a
and lingua ; in what case each ?

32. YMdem; because he is a river-god; so of the Nereids in ii. 12,
virides— capillos. The wrestlers contended with bodies naked and rubbed
with oil. Hence the throwing of dust (as in 31) in order to get a hold of
the otherwise slippery body.

33. Tfcnui \ verb ; and held. Varas, bent, and in statione, in (firm)
posture.

43. Certi, determined.

49. Qneni. We should expect utrum. Why ?

51. Reicere. The wrestlers keep close to one another, each striving
to keep his adversary from a free use of his limbs. This embrace (am-
plexus) Hercules strikes off (ezcutil), and then loosens the closc-draicn
arms of Achelous, and so turns him sideways, and clasps him from be-
hind, hanging upon him with mountain pressure (prcssus — monte).

57. Inserni. Achelous manages, by inserting his arms between his
chest and the arms of Hercules, to loosen his adversary's grip ; but hardly
(viz) has he done this when Hercules is on him again (instat).

61. Uareuas, etc. So Horace 0. ii. 6, 12. Solum tetigere mento.

198 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 134-272.

66. Tirynthius ; Hercules, from Tiryns, in Argolis, where he was
brought up.

67. Cunarum, etc. The first achievement of Hercules was to strangle
two serpents in his cradle.

69. Unus is emphatic, as the Lcrnaean hydra was hundred-headed.

71. Centum, sc. capitum.

72. GemiJio 5 in reference to the two heads, which every time grew
up from the one head, which was cut off.

74. Vetuique. Hercules seared every new wound with a red-hot iron,
and so prevented any new growth.

81. Tauro, abl. of price. H. 422, note 2.

82. Toris means the dew-lap, or brawn of the animal, which hangs
down from the throat. This Hercules wraps round his arms (literally,
with the dew-lap clothes his arms), and then drags (traJiens) him with it
as he comes on at full speed (admissum), and thus pulls his head down
and buries his horns in the ground (cornua — humo). On admissum see n.
vi. 237.

88. The horn of Achelous, as a symbol of blessing, is used in art
with Bona Copia as the goddess of abundance ; hence cornucopia. The
Naides are toater-nymphs, from vdeo, Latin no, nare, literally the swim-
mers.

89. Snccincta. Diana, as a huntress, is represented in art and in
poetry with tunic girt up to the knees.

93. Lux subit. So the night had been passed in feasting and dis-
course.

94. JiiYenes 5 i. e., Theseus and his companions, as mentioned earlier,
viii. 566.

96. Opperiuntur agrees with a pronoun referring to juvencs.

97. Cornu, in abl. and limiting lacerum.

23. The Death of Hercules.

IX. 134-272.

While Hercules and Deianira, on their way to Tiryns, are crossing the
river Evenus, the centaur Ncssus attempts to carry off Deianira. Hercules
shoots the centaur, who gives to Deianira a blood-stained robe, telling her
that it will revive Hercules' love if it should ever grow cool.

135. Odium, also object of implerant.

136. Hercules had captured Oeclwlia (with ab), a city in Euboea, and
was on his way to the Cenaean promontory, to offer sacrifices to Jove.

23. THE DEATH OF HERCULES. 199

140. Idles. Iole was the daughter of Eurytus, king of Oechalia.

157. Det depends upon mandat, ut omitted.

161. Vis — mali$ i. e., that powerful poison.

165. Oeten ; here masculine, but usually feminine.

167. Ilia, subject both of trahitur and of trahit.

169. Detfcgit ; because the skin and the flesh cleave to it.

HI. Lacu. Lacus here is for a tank of water, in which heated metals
were cooled, as here lammina candcns, the plate of metal at white heat.
Ovid has the same figure in Met. xii. 276, ut dare ferrum Igne rubcns,
quod forcipe curva cum faber eduxit, lacubus demittit. Strldit, in third
conjugation; hisses.

174. Caeca, blind, in the sense of unseen, as in Met. vi. 293.

176. Saturnia, Juno, the daughter of Saturn, on whom he calls, be-.

cause it was she through whose agency he is made thus to suffer.

Pascfcre, passive imperative, with reflexive sense ; feast yourself on my
sufferings ; so the word was used above in Met. vi. 280, where also (281)
the same word satia is used as here ; glut thy cruel heart, bitterly express-
ing Juno's delight in his pains.

179. Tibi is emphatic, as in hosti Juno herself was meant.

180. Laboribus, dative; for labors.

1 83-197. In these lines Hercules recounts some of these famous labors
of his : the slaying of Busiris, the Egyptian king ; his victory over An-
taeus, the giant wrestler ; the carrying off of the oxen of Geryon (pastoris,
184), the king in Spain; bringing of the monster dog Cerberus (185) up
from Hades; the capture of the Cretan bull (tauri, 186); cleansing the
stables of king Augeas, in Elis (18V) ; the destruction of the birds on the
lake Stymphalis, in Arcadia ; fetching the golden apples of the Ilesperi-
des ; his victorious fight with the centaurs in Arcadia ; the capture of the
Arcadian stag on Mount Parthenius (188) ; the seizure of the gold-embossed
girdle of the Amazonian queen, on the river Thcrmodon, in Cappadocia
(189); the destruction of the Erymanthian boar, in Arcadia (192), and of
the Lcrnacan hydra ; the capture of the horses of the Thracian Diomedcs
(194), and the strangling of the huge Nemacan lion (197).

183. Parentis; i. e., his mother Earth, from whom by every contact
he gained new strength.

198. Caelum tuli ; in place of Atlas, while the latter was getting for
him the golden apples.

203. Et sunt, etc. ; and (yet) there are some who can believe that there
are gods I In his despair at the idea of Eurystheus prevailing in bringing
upon him all these labors, he denies for a moment the existence of the gods.

200 METAMORPHOSES, IX. 134-272.

204. Oetcn, here also masculiue (altum), as in 1. 165.

205. Hand aliter, not otherwise ; i. e., as swiftly as (quam si). He
compares the swift pace of Hercules with that of some hunter who has
wounded a bull, and then fled from the beast when he has turned upon
him in the rage of his pain. The bull is carrying (gerat) the spear, the
hunter has fled (refugcrit). For the subjunctive in both verbs, Gr.
513, II.

209. Videres ; potential subjunctive ; yon might have seen. Gr. 485,
note 3.

210. Montibus, in dative, limiting irascentem.

216. GSnibus — adhibcre, to clasp his (Herculcs's) knees, the usual atti-
tude of a suppliant.

218. Torniento, ablative after the comp. fortius. The tormentum (in
this sense) was an engine for hurling missiles, so called (from torqueo)
because they were worked by the force of twisted ropes, or horse-hairs,
or other fibres. Lichas was projected from Ilcrcules's hands with more
force than he could have been from one of these engines.

220. Imbres — corpus. Concrescere with gelidis (gelu) expresses our
word congeal. In the simile he describes the rain congealing into snow,
and then the snovj-flakes (nivibus) as they whirl about in the air are con-
tracted by the astringent cold, and so condense into the ball-like hail-
stones. Nivibus is in the dative, and limits aslringi.

225. Prior — aetas ; i. e., the afore-time, or antiquity.

232. Sagittas. The oracle had declared that without the arrows of
Hercules Troy could never be destroyed; and so Ulysses was sent to
Lemnos to bring Philoctctes (Poeante satum), the son of Pocas, with them ;
this is the subject of the Philoctetcs of Sophocles.

232. Iternm. Once Hercules himself had used them in conquering
Troy, when it was under the rule of Laomedon.

233. Quo — ministro, abl. abs., and = cujus ministerio.

234. Subdita, sc. pyrae est.

235. Cong6riem — summam, the top of the pile. Congeries s. and agger,
from the same root in gero, mean here the same thing.

237. Conviva, etc. Horace has a similar comparison in Sat. i. 1, 119
— uti conviva satur ; and also Lucretius, iii. 951, ut plenus vitae conviva.

241. Yindlce. Hercules is so called because he freed the earth from
so many evils.

245. MSmtiris 5 i. e., of the many beneficent acts done by Hercules.

248. Sed enim. See n. i. 530. But do not fear, for he will come off
conqueror.

24. ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE. 201

251. Materna; i. c, so far as he is mortal, as bora of a human
mother (Alcmena).

257. Deo ; i. e., shall take offense at his being made a god. Nblet, with
what follows, makes the apodosis of the sentence.

261. Ndtatam, marked for censure ; i. e., by the preceding words of
Jupiter.

265. Jovis vestigia $ i. c., traces of (likeness to) Jove.

24. Orpheus and Eurydice.
X. 1-11.

I. Inde$ i. e., from the wedding, just before related, of Iphis and
Ianthe.

3. Orphea. Hymenaeus comes from Ianthe's wedding to that of Or-
pheus, but to no purpose (nequiquam), as the marriage is to have a sad
end in the loss of Eurydice.

7. Motions ; move about the torch as he might, it would not burn
bright ; a bad omen for the marriage.

II. Ad — auras deflevit. We say praised to the skies; but here, in
Latin, it is wept to the skies; i. c., raised to the skies his mourning voice.

14. Leves, because disembodied, and so only umbrae. So Horace, 0.
i. 16, 18, uses levem turbam of the shades.

14. Simulacra — sepulcro 5 so also iv. 435, simulacra functa sepulcris.
It is = simulacra funciorum sepulcro, the ghosts of the buried.

22. Tcrna — monstri, in allusion to Cerberus and his three heads.
Also allusion is made in vincircm to the feat of Hercules in binding and
carrying away Cerberus.

28. Raplnae ; i. e., of Proserpine by Pluto.

31. Retexlte, in allusion to the spinning (or weaving) by the Parcae
of the thread of human destiny. Here it is to unweave, and so reverse
the destiny of Eurydice.

33. Serins — citius. So Horace, 0. ii. 3, 25, versatur— serius ocius ;
and in the Ars Poetica, 63, Debemur morti nos.

36. Haec 5 i. e., Eurydice. Justos, due her, allotted.

37. Pro muiierc, instead of a gift ; opposed to usum., which is a law-
term for something only used, in usufruct, and not one's own in fee simple.

42, 43. Refngam 5 an unusual word. It expresses, with undam, a
part of the punishment of Tantalus, that while he was always suffering
from a raging thirst, and was always in the middle of a lake, the water
was always escaping from him (in a fearfully tantalizing way) when he

202 METAMORPHOSES, X. 1-77.

would fain drink. " Water, water, everywhere, Nor any drop to drink."

Ixlon was punished by being tied to an ever-revolving wheel. The

word jecur refers to Tityus, whose punishment it was to have vultures

{volucres) ever preying on his liver. The Belid&S, granddaughters of

Belus, daughters of Danaus (and therefore called Danaides), were con-
demned, in Tartarus, to be always drawing water from perforated, sieve-
like urns. For the quantity of the last two syllables in Belides, Gr. 587,

II. 1, and foot-note ; and 581, VI. 3.- Sisyphus was doomed to roll a

huge stone up a hill, which always rolled down again the moment it
touched the top. These are some of the ancient images of endless pun-
ishment ; but the poet represents these sufferers as having a respite from
their toils when Orpheus sang. Horace has a similar passage in 0. ii.
14, 33-40.

46. Eumfcnidum. Eumenides is the Greek euphemistic name for the
Furies, the Avenging Deities of crime and sin. Even these are now over-
come by the song of Orpheus ; they feel compassion, and their cheeks arc
%oet with tears.

47. Neither the queen {rcgia conjunx) nor the king of Hades can hold
out (sustinet) in saying No (negare) to his prayer (pranti) ; and they call
Eurydice.

50. Rhodopei'ns, from Rhodope, a mountain in Thrace.

51. Ne flectat retro, etc. Forward, not backward ; a confident going
straight on, not a timid looking back, was the inexorable condition (lex)
for Orpheus' success ; as always in achieving any good, or shunning any
evil. The tenses, present injlectat and perfect in exierit, because in de-
pendence upon accipit ; the direct prohibition would be ne flcctas donee
exieris.

55. Afufcrunt, from absum ; the penult here short, though it is usually
long.

56. Hie is here an adverb of place, referring to the preceding line.
Dcficeret agrees with a pronoun referring to Eurydice, and it depends
upon metuens ; lest she should fail in strength (sc. viribus), and so be lost
to him. So in Met. xii. 518, deficit, and ib. xiv. 484, deficiunt (sc. animo) ;
and Tacitus, Agric. 43, deficientis, and 45, deficientem.

, 63. Acciperct, subj. with quod after an indefinite antecedent. Com-
pare note on possent, ii. 161.

64. Stupnit. The poet compares the amazed Orpheus first with some
one petrified at the sight of Hercules carrying off Cerberus, and then to
Lethaea and her husband Olenus, who (for some crime) were both turned
to stone.

25. HYACINTHUS.— 26. ATALANTA'S RACE. 203

73. PortKtor, from the root por, per, as also the word portus, and the
Gr. iropQficvs ; ferryman of the Styx ; Charon.

25. IIyacinthds.
X. 162-219.

The story of Hyacinthus the poet represents as told by Orpheus.

162. Te qnoque ; you also, as the poet has been singing of the trans-
lation of Ganymede to Olympus. Amyclide, the fabled son or grandson

of Amyclas, the Laconian king. In aethere is = here to in caelum.

167. Genitor; Apollo.

169. Immunitam. Sparta was not a walled city till 206 b. c.

1T5. Noctis, limiting, in the genitive, medius ; usually it would be
inter — noclem ; so above, v. 409.

177. Disci ; quoit, circular, and made of metal or stone, or of wood.

184. Reperensso — verbere, by the rebound.

186. Aeque qu&m=aequc ac, as much as.

191. Lignis. Another reading is virgis, which, though a more special
word than lignis, yet refers, as does lignis, to the stalks of the flower ; these
have a pale-yellow color in contrast with the whiteness of the leaves.
Other readings are Unguis and liguis.

192. Demittant, with ut, is potential subjunctive, and makes the con-
clusion to the condition si quis — infringat.

196. Oeballde. Hyacinthus was the son of Oebalus, king of Sparta.

198. Dtiltir — faclnnsqne meum ; i. e., the object of my grief and
crime. Dextera, etc. ; my right hand must be inscribed upon = desig-
nated as the cause of— your death; i. e., inscribed on the tombstone.

206. Scripto, in writing ; by the letters written, as it were inscribed
on the leaves of the flower, as explained below, in line 215.

207. Heros ; that is, Ajax, from whose blood, as related in xiii. 196,
sprang the same flower as from that of Hyacinthus.

213. His — illis, these; i. c., hyacinths are nearer to the present
thought of the speaker, illis, those, in reference to the lilies.

215. AI AI, the Gr. ala?, as seeming to be inscribed on the leaves
of the flower AIAI ; not, however, our hyacinth, but perhaps the lark-
spur, Delphinium Ajacis.

26. Atalanta's Race.
X. 560-680.

564. Scitanti, sc. oraculum. She consulted the oracle. By dens,

Apollo is meant.

204 METAMORPHOSES, X. 560-680.

566. Ipsa viva ; join ipsa with te, but viva with the subject of carebis.
In genuine oracular tone she. is told that though she will live, yet it will
be without herself ; whether in allusion to the loss of independence by
marriage (?), or to the transformation by and by to be undergone, in
being changed into a lioness, as related in x. 698 scqq.

567. Sorte, by the response, as sors is always the word (literally, lot)
for an oracular response.

578. Yelamine ; i. e., her outer garment, the palla, or i^anov, as she
would run in her tunica, or xiT&v'

579. Tuum ; i. e., Adonis, as the poet represents Venus (meum) as
telling this story to Adonis.

583. Bfc follows both optat and timet. He desires that none of the
runners may outrun Atalanta, and in his jealousy he is afraid some one
may.

588. Setius, derived from secitus, and more correct than seems; in
either form, from seq or sec of sequor ; not otherwise than, i. e., as
swiftly as a Scythian arrow. The Scythians excelled with the bow and
arrow.

589. Idnlo; see n. i. 313.

597. Meta. See note on ii. 142.

605. Onchestius, of Onchesius. The Boeotian town Onchcstus was
so called from the so-named son of Neptune, and father of Megareirs.

609. Schoeneia ; she was the daughter of the Boeotian king Schoc-
neus.

611. Formosis, dative, and limits iniquus.

618. Cdnubia; the antepenultimate (it) long here, and also xi. 226;
but it is short in vi. 428.

619. lit percat, following tanti, expresses result.

623. Tamen. She now changes her tone, and tries to get rid of
what seems weakness ; and hence the change to the third person in
viderit ; but the weakness is back again directly in utinam — velles.

624. Viderit, in perf . subj., let him look to that ! The perf . subj.
gains in such instances an imperative force, as especially in vidcris, look
you to that !

628. jVoh must be joined with ferendae, and invidiae ferendac expresses
a characteristic or quality of the victoria, and also with erit makes the
predicate ; will be of an odium not to be borne ; i. e., will bring me an in-
tolerable odium.

( 633. Eras \ we might expect the subjunctive, esses, but the indicative
is more emphatic ; you were the one.

27. THE DEATH OF ORPHEUS. 205

637. Fa>it ; the indicative here is so strange a construction that it is
hard to explain it. Does Ovid mean so to sympathize with Atalanta as
not to know what he is saying ?

639. Sollieita used in all its original meaning of sollus-cita (fr. cieo),
thoroughly aroused. On proles JV., see above, lines 599, 600.

652. Carcfcre limits emicat ; darts out from the barrier,

668. Speetacula, here the place of the show, the theatre,

27. The Death of Orpheus.
XI. 1-84.

1. Carmine $ i. e., the narratives sung by Orpheus, as those of Hya-
cinthus, Atalanta, and others, in x. 148-680.

2. Saxa. Compare Horace, 0. i. 12, 7, Undc vocalem tcmere insecu-
tae Orphea silvae, etc.

4. Pcctora ; adverbial ace. The Bacchae were wont at the Bacchic
festivals to clothe themselves with doe-skins.

8. Apolliiicl. Orpheus was the fabled son of Apollo and the Muse
Calliope.

9. Foliis. The thyrsus-staff (hastam) was twined at the top with ivy
and vine-shoots ; these protect Orpheus, and though the thyrsus makes a
spot (nota) there is no contusion. •

11. Yictus. There was "music in the air," and it quite vanquished
the stone, which, falling at the feet of the musician, seemed to ask par-
don {veluti supplex) for its rudeness.

13. Sed cnim. Comp. i. 530; but in vain, for, etc.

14. Abilt. See n. on subiit, i. 114. Erlnys here not in the sense of
the avenging deity, but of one who excites to crime and frenzy.

15. Cunctaqne, etc. ; i. e., all the missiles had been subdued but for
" the barbarous dissonance of Bacchus and his revelers." Compare Mil-
ton, " Paradise Lost," vii. 32.

IT. Bacchei. Observe the hiatus in the fifth foot, and see note ii. 244.

20. Primum prepares the way for inde in 1. 23. Etiamnum, even

now ; i. e., during the clamor of the Bacchic rout.

22. Titulum, the honor ; appositivc to volucres angucs, agmen ; and
all these are thought of as making a triumphal procession for Orpheus.

25. Bfoctis avem $ the owl is meant. The words structo — thcatro make
the Latin for the Greek amphi-theatre.

26. Matatina, because the combats with wild beasts were wont to
take place in the morning, and with these the games began.

206 METAMORPHOSES, XI. 85-193.

37. FSrae ; i. e., the Maenades, frenzied women.
41. Sacrilegaej so called because they are assailing the priest and
bard of Apollo.

54. Invectae agrees with lyra and lingua. Populare, because Thra-
cian, as it were the countryman of Orpheus.

55. Lesbi. Lesbos was the home of the poets Alcaeus and Sappho ;
and also of Arion, who was a native of the Lesbian town Methymna.

62. Arva piornm \ one of the expressions in the Latin writers for the
abodes of the good after death, like sedes—piorum in Horace, 0. ii. 13,
23 ; sedes beatas in Vergil, Aen. vi. 639 ; Elysium, Verg. v. 735, and many
others. It is conceived as a part of the lower world, and opposed to sedes
scelerata, Ovid, iv. 456.

65. Anteit; a word of two syllables, as usual in verse, the e not
being pronounced.

67-84. The poet tells in these lines the story of the change of Or-
pheus's murderers into trees.

68. Sacrorum ; see below, xi. 92, 93.

71* In. — secnta est, so far as each (i. e., they severally) followed Or-
pheus. The poet says that just at the place to which they had followed
Orpheus they were thrust by Bacchus (detrusit) into the ground.

72. Traxit, to be joined with in terrain, as well as detrusit ; and the
subject of both verbs, as of ligavit, is a pronoun understood, referring to

Bacchus. Acumina, appositive to digitos. But both these lines, 71,

72, seem to be a gloss rather than Ovid's words.

73. S u urn, reflexive to volucris, and volucris is the subject of commisit
and sensit.

75. Plangitur, beats itself with its wings.

76. Harum refers back to matres.

78. Exsultantem expresses the effort to spring up.

79. Digiti — pes — ungues. The poet represents the change as begin-
ning with the feet, at the roots, as it were, of the trees.

82. Fiunt agrees in number with the nearer and the predicate noun.

28. Midas.
XI. 85-193.

Finely has Hawthorne told this story in English in his "Wonder-
Book."

85. Hoe ; i. e., the punishment of the Thracian Bacchae. Not con-
tent with this, Bacchus now leaves their country (agros), and goes to

28. MIDAS. 207

Lydia, and to the vineyards of his Timolus there (or Tmolus, a mountain
in Lydia), and to the river Pactolus.

87. Aureus ; see below, line 142.

88. Invidiosus, envied for its precious sands; liarenis, ablative.

93. Cum to be joined with Orpheus in translation ; Orpheus together
with — Eumolpus ; as Eumolpus was a pupil of Orpheus, and afterwards
settled in Attica ( Cecropio, from Cecrops, the mythic founder of Athens),
and was the founder of the Attic family of the Eumolpidae.

97. Coegerat $ cogo is here used from its military meaning, to bring
up the rear. The stars are thought of as an army marching off the field
of the heavens, and Lucifer, as the morning star, brings up the rear. So
also in Ovid, ii. 114.

100. Optandi is to be joined with muneris, and the two words limit
arbitrium. Midas is to have his choice of a gift ; that is agreeable, but
useless, as the sequel will show.

103. Vertatur ; subjunctive after effice, with omission of ut.

104. Solvit ; this verb is used in like manner with dona, ix. 794. The
expression is like pecuniam solvere, because the gift as fulfillment of
a promise is like paying a debt.

105. Petisset. Why is the subjunctive used ?

107. Polliciti fidem, the trustworthiness of the promise. Fidem limits
temptat, and singula limits tangendo.

112. Massa; i. e., of gold; a nugget.

117. Dauacn ; in allusion to the story of Danae being deceived by
Jupiter in the form of a shower of gold.

125. Auctorem muneris 5 Bacchus, by metonymy for vinum.

133. Spfccioso (from specio), used like splendida (line 131), of the
glitter of the gold; from (this) splendid curse. Why not our word
specious ?

134. Rumen, appositive to Bacchus.

135. Restituit 5 i. e., to his human touch.

135. Factique, etc. The reading factifide is doubtful; but it may
mean in confirmation of the act, facti referring to rcslituit. Data muncra
solvit ; (dissolved, i. e.) took back the gifts he had bestowed; changed them
back to what they were before. But this meaning of solvo with muncra
is unusual ; and especially as solvit muncra, in one of its ordinary uses,
has been given above, in line 104. Harper's Diet. (Andrews's, revised by
Lewis and Short) translates thus: freed the gift from the obligation of an
accomplished fact ; i. e., revoked the gifts,

137. Amnem 5 the Pactolus.

208 METAMORPHOSES, XL 85-193.

144. Venae means the vein of gold, and scmine the seed or golden
sand brought down by the river into the surrounding fields.

146-1 93. Midas and Apollo. Midas ventures to declare Pan's music
to be better than Apollo's ; and, to punish his stupid ears (175), the god
of song changes them into the ears of an ass.

148. Mansit ; i. e., just as dull as in the wish for the golden touch.

150. Nam, etc. The poet goes on to explain what he has just said of
the pingue ingenium of Midas.

152. Sardis, in Lydia, was on the northern slope of Mount Tmolus,
and Hypacpa on the southern.

154. Observe that the first e in leve is short, lave ; what then is its
meaning ? Also cerata has the last syllable long, ccratd ; in what case
then ?

156. Judice ; Tmolus is conceived here as the god of the mountain,
and so is to be the umpire in the musical contest. So, too, in the next line
the poet, by a singular fancy, transfers the trees (arboribus) that crown
the mountain to the mountain-god.

162. Barbarico ; Phrygian, and so not Greek, foreign.

163. Post nunc; i. e., after his singing the god turns his face (ora) to
the face of Phoebus ; os used as part for the whole.

164. Sua refers to vullum ; see H. 449, 2.

165. Caput; accusative, as in H. 378. In these lines, 165-168, the
poet describes Phoebus as in the dress of the citharoedus, or cithern-
player, as he was represented in ancient statues, one of which is extant
in the gallery of the Vatican. It was the costume, too, in which per-
formers appeared in Rome in the poet's time.

165. On Para aside, see note i. 316 ; on murice, note on vi. 61.

167. Fidem, from fides, meaning a string, and then a lyre ; Indis, of
India ; i. e., of ivory from the tusks of Indian elephants.

169. Stamina (from stare), originally for what stands in the loom, the
warp, thread, and here the strings of the lyre.

174. Delias ; Apollo, so called from Delos, his birthplace. Aures is
the subject, and figuram the object of retinere. So, in the next line, a
pronoun referring to aures is the obj. of trahit.

178. In unam partem, in reference to cetera means on (this) one part.

179. Aures ; in ace. by H. 378.

180-193. The servant who dressed King Midas's hair, not daring to
tell men of the strange ears of his master, whispers the secret in the
earth ; by-and-by reeds spring up from the spot, and these, as they sway
in the wind, murmur the story to all the air.

29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 209

181. The tidra was a Fhrygian head-dress, pointed at the top, and
covering the ears, and fastened under the chin.

184. Cnpiens is equivalent to a concessive clause ; though he wanted
(to bring it out into the air, i. e.) to utter it, to make it known, yet (la-
men), etc.

192. Agrlcttlam ; the famulus is thought of as a farmer, who has in-
trusted the secret to the earth, just as he would sow seed in it.

29. Ceyx and AlcySne.

XL 410-748.

Ceyx, king of Trachis in Thessaly, is drowned while on a voyage to
Claros. His body is washed ashore, and is discovered by his wife Alcy-
one, who is anxiously awaiting his return. As she throws herself into
the sea to reach her husband, she is changed into a king-fisher or halcyon ;
and Ceyx is changed in like manner. So they mate and live together.
They build their nest, as the fable has it, on the sea ; and the seven win-
ter clays, when Alcyone broods over her nest, are " Halcyon days," when
a calm broods over the

" Ocean,
Who now hath quite forgot to rave,
While birds of calm sit brooding on the charmed wave."

Milton's "Hymn to the Nativity."

410-143. Alcyone endeavors, but all in vain, to dissuade her husband
from the voyage.

410,411. Pectora, in the ace. limits turbatus by II. 378. Fratris
limits prodigiis, and secictis agrees with prodigiis. Daedalion, the brother
of Ceyx, had been changed into a hawk ; and after his death a wolf, which
had attacked the flocks of Peleus, had been turned to stone.

413. Clarinm, of Claros, near Colophon, in Asia Minor, where was a
celebrated oracle of Apollo.

414. PlilSgyis ; the Phlegyae were a Boeotian people, and Phorbas
was their king.

417. Bnxo 5 see note iv. 134.

425. At puto, etc. She thinks to herself, that if it were a journey by
land, then she should only suffer from the grief of parting ; but the sea is
what she fears.

428, 429. Tabulas ; i. e., planks from shipwrecks ; and sine corpore
refers to empty tombs, cenotaphs, when people have been lost at sea.

210 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748.

431. Hippotades 5 i. c, Aeolus, the god of the winds, whose daughter
Alcyone was. Sec note iv. 663.

432. Placet 5 the long a points to what verb ? and what would placet
mean?

436. Concursibns; see note i. 56.

442. Nisi — patiar* If she were not with him, her fears might be
greater, because imaginary ; but if she is with him, then she will fear
only what she really suffers.

444-477. The departure.

445. Sidereus, in reference to his descent, as the son of Lucifer.

449. Non tamen, etc. Causam refers to the whole thing of which
he is talking to her ; and with probat (sc. Ceyx) ei is understood, referring
to Alcyone ; literally, he does not approve the thing to her ; i. e., with all
that he says, yet he does not convince her of the thing.

452. Patrios, in allusion to Lucifer.

455. NavallbuSj in connection with the poetic aequore Unguis seems to
mean what we call a dry dock ; indeed, in iii. 661, Ovid uses the expres-
sion siccum navalc.

462. Gcminis ; they sat on both sides of the ship, where the banks of
oars were arranged, so as to be opposite each other. The pinus, or ship,
was thus a biremis.

475. Pendentes 5 this would be the position of the oars during the
rowing ; hanging down into the sea ; but now, with a breeze filling the
sails, the sailor lays the oars across the side of the ship. The vowel e is
by nature short before nt and nd ; but the syllable is long by position.

476. Corona means, first, the (horn-like) extremities to the yard of
the ship {antenna) ; then, as here, the ropes which passed from these ex-
tremities to the top of the mast (summa — arbore).

478-573. The shipwreck, and the death of Ceyx.

478. Amplins 5 quam is omitted. H. 417, 1, note 2.

481. Euros, a contrary wind for a voyage from Greece to Asia Minor.

487. Ventis — ncgare 5 to reef the sails.

495. Clamore, etc. So Vergil, i. 87, Insequitur clamorque virum stri-
dorque rudentum.

496. Fndarom — unda. The words are purposely repeated, as in xv.
181, unda impellitur unda.

506. Suspicere, to look up, as contrasted with despicere in 1. 404. The
ship, when on the crest of a sea, seems to look down into its very
depths (Ac7ieronta, the lower world), and when it has gone down into the
troughs (voiles) of the sea, it seems thence to look up to the heights of the

29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 211

sky. Acheron is first the name of a river in the Lower World, meaning,
as a Greek word, the stream of woe, and then the name of the Lower
World itself.

50T. Latus. H. 378.

508. Qnam, etc. The order of the words as follows : qnam cum olim
ferreus aries ballistave concutit laceras arces. The battering-ram arics,
and the ballist (a machine for throwing projectiles) were used in the sieges
of cities.

512. Se admiscrat ; admlttcre with equum means to let a horse run,
as in vi. 237,'where see note ; so, too, admisso passu, i. 532 ; and here it is
used figuratively of unda ; when it had given itself free course. Thus the
se admiserat corresponds in the simile to incursu. As the lion is wont by
running to gather up its strength for the assault, ire in arma, etc., so the
wave, after having given itself full course, ibat in arma, etc.

514. The cunei were the wedge-like plugs by which the planks of the
keel were held together ; cera, wax, was used as well as pitch in protect-
ing the joinings of the ship.

525. Omni nnmero, all the number ; i. c., all the rest (of his fellow-
soldiers).

530. Dccimac — nndae 5 i. e., the fluctus decumanus, as the Romans
called it, every tenth wave, which they thought to be the strongest and
most perilous.

536. Trepidare depends upon solet. Tenentibus intus, said of such of
the enemy as are already inside (intus), corresponds to pars maris intus,
in 1. 534.

539. Vocat — mancant 5 because it was supposed that the spirits of
the unburied wandered restless on this side the Styx.

542. Subennt illi, occur to his mind. So in vii. 170.

543. Pignflrfbus ; i. c., the children.

550. Dnplicata \ explained by line 521, the darkness of the night, and
of the storm.

552. Regimen, guiding, something that guides, and so means, as here,
the rudder. Spoliis ; i. c., the mast, and the rudder, which are, as it
were, the spoils of the wave ; proud of her spoils, like a conquo'or, rising
up (superstcs) and high-arched, looks down upon (the other) waves.

554. Athon, a mountainous peninsula in Macedonia; Pindum, the
mountain-range which parts Thessaly from Epirus.

558. Fato fnncta 5 the abl. in fato by II. 421, 1. ; reached their destined
end.

561. Sdeernmqne patremqne; i. c., Aeolus and Lucifer.

212 METAMORPHOSES, XI. 410-748.

562. Plurima; an adjective agreeing with Alcyone, but here ad-
verbial in meaning; Alcyone's name is very much (i. e., saepissime) on
his lips.

563. ReTert ; again and again he utters her name.

564. Illius ; the penultimate here short. The word, as the first in the
line, is emphatic ; before her eyes he longs that the waves may bear his
body. It is she, above all others, by whose friendly hands he would fain
be buried.

568. Niger — aquarnm. Arcus seems to express the arched, bow-like
shape of the wave ; the expression arcus aquarum is thus much like our
word billow.

570. Posses ; the subjunctive by II. 503, I.

571. Excederc eaelo. See note ii. 115. Lucifer, though the father
of Ceyx, yet as leader of the stars, may not leave his post in the sky.

573-709. At the bidding of Juno, through her messenger Iris, Mor-
pheus is dispatched by Somnus to make known to Alcyone in a vision the
death of Ceyx.

573. AedJIs. Alcyone, the daughter of Aeolus.

574-576. Induat— gerat. Subj. of purpose, H. 497.

578. Juno was worshiped as the goddess of marriage, and the guar-
dian deity of married women.

579. Nnllus, a strong expression for no longer among the living ; who
toas no more.

583. Morte, abl. as above, 559, by II. 421, 1., andfunclo morte, another
euphemistic expression for mortuo.

583. Rogari, used as the object of sustinet ; does not endure being
asked.

584. Dianas fiinestas, unclean hands ; i. e., ceremonially ; in accord-
ance with the idea that a house and family were unclean so long as a
member of it who had died still lay unburied.

585. Tri. See note, i. 271.

587. Mittat, in subjunctive with jube, and ut omitted. See II. 535, II.,
note, and 499, 2.

587. Imagine seems to limit somnia, as a descriptive abl. or abl. of
quality. H. 419, II.

589. Velamina ; ace. by II. 378.

590. Arcuato, in two syllables, as when written arquato.

591. Jnssi ; i. e., to whom she was ordered to go. So above, xi. 142.

592. Cimmerios, a word meaning, perhaps, as Haupt suggests, " the
Dark," and the name of a mythical people, mentioned also by Homer (as

29. CEYX AND ALCYONE. 213

in Od. xi. 14), as living in the remote West, by the ocean. Here, then,
it is that the poet fancies the abode of Somnus to be, in a region envel-
oped by perpetual mists and darkness.

593. Penetralia, a word of the same origin as penates, penilus, penetro,
and expressing the idea of somewhat inner, and so secret and sacred.
Through the word pevus, an inner chamber for a store-house, it is thought
to be allied to pasco and kindred words, and to come from a root pa.

594. (Mens — C&densve ; i. e., at 1m rising, mid-course, or setting.

596. Dubiaeque — liieis, and the dimness of twilight. Indeed, twi-
light, as a compound, is just the same as dubiae lucis, as hoi is the Saxon
tweon, doubt, and light the Saxon leoht. As dubius comes from duo,
may not tweon be allied to twi, or twa, the Saxon for two ?

597. Vigil alfcs, etc. It is worth while to compare other passages in
Ovid, which give expression to the wakefulness of the cock, and to the
early hour of cock-crowing, Horace's Sub galli cantum, Sat. i. 1, 10,
which is here poetically given in Evocat Auroram. Thus, in the Fasti, i.
455, cristatus ales, quod tepidum vigili provocet ore diem ; also Fasti, ii.
767, lam dederat cantus lucis praenuntius cdes. These Latin passages
are matched in English in Milton's " Allegro," " While the cock with
lively din Scatters the rear of darkness thin."

599. Sagatfor anser. On the sagacity of the goose, Ovid has also a
passage, Met. ii. 538, scrvaluris vigili Capitolia voce — a?isenbus, in allusion
to the preservation of the capitol through the cackling of the geese when
the city was taken by the Gauls ; Livy, v. 47.

603. Rivus — Lethes, etc. Comp. n. vii. 152. The river is similarly
described by Milton in "Paradise Lost," ii. 584: "A slow and silent
stream, Lethe, the river of oblivion, rolls her watery labyrinth."

610. Medio agrees with antro, and ebeno limits sublimis ; ebeno for
the bedstead made of ivory, and so = spondcl cbenind. In the middle of
the cave is a bolster, raised high (sublimis) on an ivory bedstead.

616. Virgo; Iris.

618. Sacra, because the dwelling of a god.

619. Relabens ; he will, on raising his heavy eyes, raise himself up,
but again and again slips back, and his nodding chin strikes the top of his
breast.

621. Sibi se ; he shakes himself out of himself; i. e., out of sleep.

625. Makes reminds us of Young's familiar line: "Tired nature's
sweet restorer, balmy sleep ! "

626. Quae— aequent ; subjunctive of result, Gr. 500 ; such as may
resemble ; i. e , representing real forms.

214 METAMORPHOSES, XL 410-748.

627. Trilclrine ; we should expect the ace. of place instead of the abl.
(Herculeam Trachina) after adeant. Herculea, so called because in Tra-
chis, a town in Thessaly, Hercules was said to have lived in the last part
of his life."

630. Vaporis, in allusion to the poppies and other plants mentioned
in line 605.

632. Arcns ; i. c., the rainbows, as described vi. 63.

633-635. Pater, Somnus. Morphea, from Morpheus, from poptfii

the god of dreams ; so called from the forms which he calls up before the
sleeper. The words artificem—figurae thus explain the Greek word.

638. Alter; i. e., a second one, whose names are given in the next line.

640. Iceion — Phobetora, Greek words, meaning, the former, similis,
like ; the latter, one who terrifies.

642. Phantasos, the god of appearances or apparitions, from the
same Greek root as our words fancy, phantasm, fantastic, and the like.

647. Thanmantldos ; i. e., of Iris, the daughter of Thaumas, son of
Pontus and Gaea.

652. Ilaemoniam. Trachis was a city of Thessaly, which was called
Hacmonia, from Haemon, father of Thessalus.

662. Me ; i. e., meum reditum, as above, in 1. 576. Fcdso is an ad-
verb, qualifying promitterc, the two words expressing a false expectation ;
do not cherish a false expectation of my return.

669. Lugubria, used substantively for lugubria vestimenta ; put on
mourning.

678. Illic, join with sit, if he is there, iv7io seemed just now to be
(there).

607. Fuit ; it would have been. See II. 476, 5.

698. De — qnicquam, any of my life-time.

699. Non simul, not with you ; i. e., without you.

700. In her sense of one-ness with him, she feels that in his dying
she has died herself, and that parted from him (sine te) it is the same as
if she too had been drowned in the sea.

706. Littera, meaning the inscription on the tomb.

710-748. On awaking from sleep Alcyone hastens to the shore, whence
she sees the form of her husband, and, in springing forward to meet him,
is changed, together with him, into a bird.

713. Hoc — litflre, at this spot on the shore.

719. Online ; she looks at it as a new omen of the death of her hus-
band, that just here and now she sees this body of a shipwrecked man
(naufragus).

30. THE nOUSE OF FAME. 215

722, 723. Quo — mentis, the more she looks upon it, the less and less
has she of her senses ; i. e., the more and more is she beside herself. The
repetition of the comparative minus expresses the gradual loss of con-
sciousness; compare the repetition, in the next two lines, of jam.

721. Qaod — posset, the subjunctive expresses result; now so near
that she could —

729. Facta manu, made by man's hand ; hence our word manufac-
ture, and its cognates.

731, 735. Maesto — rostro ; macsto, sc. sono. Tenui describes the
slender shape of the halcyon's beak. The mournful notes of the bird are
mentioned by other writers, as Homer, Iliad, 9, 561 ; Propertius, iii. 10, 9.

711, 712. S ii peris; Vergil makes the bird the favorite of Thetis, as
in Georg i. 399, Dilectae Thctidi alcyones. For the construction in abl.
alite, see II. 422, note 2.

712 — 711. Fatis isdem ; i. e., in both of them being changed into
birds Obnoxius, subject. Cocnnt, they mate.

715. Hibcrno, etc. So Pliny, Hist. Nat. 10, 99 — bruma, qui dies hal-
cyonides vocantur, placido mari per eos. The tenacity of the story is
illustrated by our own expression, " halcyon days," as used in literature
as well as in life. So Denham says of Augustus, "His halcyon days
brought forth the arts of peace." As to the nests, the halcyons or king-
fishers build on cliffs or in holes in the rocks ; but, from these nests be-
ing often washed off by the waves, there probably arose the story of their
building on the surface of the sea, pendentibus aequorc ; sea-hanging nests.

30. The House of Fame.
XII. 39-63.

This description, by the poet, of the House of Fame, is incidental to
his mention of the intelligence having reached the Trojans that the Greeks
were ncaring their shores. From this house it is, as the poet fancies it,
that the intelligence has issued. For a description of Farna herself, sec
Vergil, Aen. iv. 173.

39. Orbc, here and in line 63, for the circle of the universe ; like the
Scripture expression of the earth, " It is He that sitteth upon the circle
of the earth." Isa. xl. 22. The same idea is in the next line, mundi ;
so, too, the orbis includes earth, sea, and sky — terras, f return, caelestes
plagas.

11. Regionibus is an abl. of specification.

12. Penetrat depends also upon unde.

216 METAMORPHOSES, XIII. 750-897.

46. Tota agrees with domus, to be supplied.

49. Murmiira, in connection with f remit, line 47, seems to express a
kind of hum, like Thomson's "ceaseless hum" in the "woods at noon,"
or, as the poet has it here himself, of the far-off waves, or the distant
thunder.

53, 54. LSvc, a light crowd, appositive to milia rumorum. Com-
rnenta agreeing with milia instead of rumorum ; he might have written
milia commentorum rumorum.

57, 58. Mensuraqne, etc. Like Vergil's description in Aen. iv. 195,
Mobilitate viget, vircsque acquirit eundo. Comp. also Ovid himself, in ix.
137.

61. Dnbioque auctore, abl. of characteristic.

31. Acis and Galatea.
XIII. 750-897.

750-777. Galatea tells the story of her love for Acis, and her hatred
of the Cyclops, and of the love of the Cyclops for herself.

750. Fanno \ the name of an old king of Latium, who, after his
death, was worshiped as the god of fields and flocks : afterward identified

with the Greek god Pan. Symaethide ; Symaethis, the daughter of the

river-god Symaethus ; the river was on the east coast of Sicily, near Mt.
Aetna. For the ablative with cretus, Gr. 415, II.

752. Me, i. c., Galatea, who is speaking.

753. Natalibus, ablative of quality, Gr. 419, II. ; and the whole ex-
pression octonis — actis is a circumlocution for age ; he had passed twice
eight birthdays,

754. Malas ; observe the long penult. The word, meaning check, is
allied to the verb mando, to chew.

755. Cyclops, from the Greek word meaning round-eyed ; Polyphemus,
like all the Cyclopes, was represented as having but one eye, and that in
the middle of the forehead.

755. Fine' is here feminine, though generally masculine ; Gr. 107, I.

758. Pro, interjection with Venus.

759. Alma, from alo, and a constant epithet for Venus as the source
of life and growth in nature ; nourishing.

760. Silvis, dative limiting horrendus ; the rude Cyclops was a terror
even to the tvoods. Horrendus is a common epithet with silva or ncmus.
So also Sylvanus, the god of the woods, is called horridus or horrendus,
from horreo in its primary meaning.

31. ACIS AND GALATEA. 217

761. Join cum dis with Olympi, of Olympus and its gods. Compare
below, lines 843 and 857.

765. Rastris. Such a monster needed a rake for a comb, and a scythe
(falec) for a razor.

770. Telfcmus ; Tclemus, the son of Eurymus, the soothsayer of the
Cyclops, and one whom no bird had deceived, i. e., who always read aright
the omens.

773. I'lixes ) in allusion to Homer's story in the Odyssey, that Ulysses
put out the one eye of Polyphemus.

775. Altera — rapiiit. Love makes the rude Cyclops quite fine in his
wit. He says, the other (meaning Galatea, as the other of the two) has
already robbed me of my sight, thus confessing how love has blinded
him.

776. Gradiens — passu. Hoping to sec his love, who is a Nereid, and
so a sea-nymph, he stalks along the shore with huge step ; litora the object
alike of gradiens and degravat.

778-809. Galatea goes on to tell how Polyphemus turns minstrel,
through the influence of his love, and how he lauds her charms in song,
and also bewails her coldness to him.

778. The poet describes here a tvedgc-like {cuncaius) promontory
stretching far out into the sea.

780. Medius ; he sat sat down on the middle of the hill, so as to com-
mand a view of the sea on both sides.

783. Antcmnis, etc. The pine-wood staff was big enough to carry a
sail-yard,

784. Centum ; the shepherd's pipe {fistula), usually made of (composita)
seven reeds, is made of a hundred for the Cyclops.

785. SIbila, pipings.

789. Ligustri, a white plant, the privet, Vergil's album Ugustrum,
Eel. 2, 18.

791. Lascivior, more playful. The line is imitated in the English
song: "0 nymph more bright Than moonshine night, Like kidlings,
blithe and merry."

792. Levior, smoother. What would levior mean ?

795. tva ; in the English song, " Ripe as the melting cluster."
798, Eadem 5 yet the same Galatea is also, etc. ; in the English song
again : " Yet hard to tame As raging flame, And fierce as storms that
bluster."

800. Lentior — salicis, etc. The willow, because so pliant and flexi-
ble, is hard to break ; and so when used of character, as here of a coy
11

218 METAMORPHOSES, XIII. 750-897.

maiden, comes to mean inflexible. The vitis alba is a creeping vine, called
(from the Greek) bryony.

803. The tribnlns is a prickly plant, the caltrop. Feta, with young,
from the root fu, fe (as in fu-i, fe-lix); the bear is then most fierce.

810 — 83T. In illustration of si — noris {if you only knew me well) he
goes on to tell how much he has to offer her.

810. Pars montis expresses how great his cave is, and vivo — saxo,
hanging with living stone, describes the cave as arched with living
stone.

816. Fraga leges ; see note i. 104, and for coma, ib. 105.

819. Deer nut, dissyllable, as in i. 77.

821. Multae, sc. pecudes, as suggested by the generic word pecus.

826. Ft means here how ; you yourself can see how. Then ubcr is the
object of circumeant, and the preposition (circum) is quite in place to
describe the movement of the legs around the amply filled udders ; how
on both sides of the distended udder they can scarcely move their legs. But
Siebelis makes ut — circumeant the result after disicntum sc. ita, and ubcr
the object of videre, a forced and unnatural construction.

830. Partem is the object of durant, and coagula the subject. Coagu-
lum (from cogo) means, first, something that coagulates or curdles, as
here, and then (passively) something which is coagulated, as curdled
milk. Thus it is like our Saxon word rennet or runnet, which is also
used in the passive sense as well as in the active. The coagulum, rennet
(which is prepared from the stomachs of calves), when softened in water
{liquefacta), hardens or curdles the milk, so as to make cheese.

833. Parve' ; i. e., par and ve, or a pair.

838-858. The Cyclops goes on to describe his own personal attrac-
tions.

844. Torvos, here in a good sense, earnest.

853. Orbis, in the sense of oculus ; yet the sun has but a single (round)
eye.

854. Geuitor ; i. e., Vulcan, the father of Galatea.

859-869. He would not take it so hard of Galatea, if she were just
as indifferent to all others.

859. ContemptuSj genitive (of fourth decl.), limits patientior.

863. Quod nollem refers only to tibi ; it is the pleasing Galatea (tibi)
that he wouldn't like ; he may please himself as much as he likes.

864. Sentiet, etc., is the conclusion to the condition to placeat licebit ;
but modo — dctur is interposed. Only let the chance be given me, or let
me only get the chance! Pro means here in proportion to.

32. THE EPILOGUE. 219

868. Cuinqnc — Aetnam. It seems to him as if he were carrying in
his breast all the raging violence of Aetna's fires. It was fabled that
Vulcan's forge was under Aetna.

870-884. All at once the Cyclops catches sight of Galatea and her
lover, and forthwith hurls at Acis a huge rock.

874. The que really belongs to exclamat, and shouts.

875. Sit depends upon faciam, ut omitted. / will make that the
last, etc.

876. Tantaqne, etc. ; and such a voice as the Cyclops ought to have
had, that he had ; he had just such a vcicc as you would fancy such a
creature to have.

884. Angulns is only another expression (the corner) for 'partem e
monte ; though it was only the very edge of the piece of rock that reached
him, yet it dashed Acis quite to pieces.

885-897. Galatea does her utmost for her poor lover ; she turns him
into a stream, which flows from under the rock.

886. Avitas, of his grandfather, the river-god Symaethus.

887. Intra — exignnm \ iemporis limits exiguum ; in a short time.
890. Mora, with delay ; i. c., gradually.

894. Corona cannis ; as in ix. 3, so here, horns wreathed with the
reed that grows by the river-side arc with the poets characteristic of the
river-gods.

895. Caerulns, because the color of the sea ; so also, with the poets,
of the sea-gods 5 as in i. 275, of Neptune.

32. The Epilogue.

XV. 871-879.

In these concluding lines of the poem, Ovid proudly predicts his own
immortality as a poet. He has given expression to the same sentiments
in his " Amores," iii. 15, 7; ib. 20 ; and also in his " Ars Amatoria," iii.
339, 340. Compare with these passages of Ovid, the celebrated ode of
Ilorace, iii. 30, Exegi monumentum acre perennius, with the introduction
and notes to it in my edition of Ilorace.

871. Jftvis ira, by metonymy for fulmen, lightning. Compare in xv.
811, fulminis iram.

872. Edax, devouring, as in xv. 234, tempus Zdax rcrum. From what
verb is 8dax (observe the short 8) derived ? Horace has Od. iii. 30, 3,
imbei* edax.

873. Corporis — jus. Jus with the genitive, as in ii. 48, power over.

220 AMOBES, I. 15.

875. Parte tamen, etc. So in Horace, multaque pars mci. Od. iii.
30, 6. The better part he counts to be his poetic genius and fame.

8T6. liideleblle ; a briefer expression for Horace's crescam laude
recens.

818. Ore* legar, etc. Compare the poet's words in his "Tristia,"
iv. 10, 127; iii. 7, 50; iii. 14,19.

AMOEES.

1. The Poet's Defense.
I. 15.

The poet celebrates the praises of the great bards, Greek and Roman,
and the noble offices they have discharged — in answer to the carpings of
envious dullards. Horace has a parallel passage in his " Ars Poetica,"
391-407. Wordsworth expresses a similar sentiment in his "Personal
Talk " : " Blessings be with them, and eternal praise, Who gave us nobler
loves, and nobler cares, The poets, who on earth have made us heirs Of
truth and pure delight by heavenly lays ! "

1. Quid. Why ? See Gr. 454, 2. On edax see note, Met. xv. 872.

Livorj which literally means a bluish color, is figuratively used, as

here, for envy ; perhaps because the face takes on a bluish complexion
when the heart is suffering from envy or malice.

3. Me, with sequi, dependent upon obicts. Indeed, these three accu-
satives with their infinitives seem to be used appositively, to illustrate
obicts annos and vocas carmen. The poet resents the inference, that be-
cause he has not, like most Romans, given himself to arms (militiae)^
or to legal learning (leges), or to public life (ford), therefore his years are
inactive, and his poetry the work of an idle mind.

6. Prostltuisse ; not in so bad a sense as our derived word to prosti-
tute, though it is used disparagingly ; from its literal meaning, to put a
thing forward (pro and statuo), it comes to mean, to make a show of any-
thing, and so to offer it for sale or for hire. So Juvenal, Sat. vii. 149,
mercedem pdnere linguae.

7. Mo it ale — pcrennis ; the contrast of the two words is well expressed
by their being put, the one in the first place in the line, the other in the
last.

9. Maeuirides \ of Maeonia, or Lydia, of which Homer, who is here
referred to, was supposed to be, a native. Of the seven cities, which

1. THE POET'S DEFENSE. 221

claimed the honor of giving Homer birth, two were in Maconia, viz.,
Smyrna and Colophon.

9, 10. TfcnSdos — Idc — aquas. Tencdos, an island off the Trojan
coast. To this Vergil refers in Aen. ii. 21, Est in conspectu Tenedos,
etc. Ida is the name of the mountain range around Troy, and the Simois
and the Scamander were the two famous Trojan rivers.

11. Aseraens, the Ascraean, i. e., the poet Hesiod, so called from As-
cra, in Boeotia, where he lived. Sec Epist. ex Ponto, iv. 14, 31. He
wrote a didactic poem called "Kpya kcl\ "H^epai, " Works and Days," to
which Vergil alludes in his Gcorgics, ii. 176, Ascracumque cano Romana
per oppida carmen. It treated, among other subjects, of the vintage
(icva), and of farming (Ceres).

13. Battiades, the son of Battus, i. e., Callimachus. It may be, how-
ever, that the patronymic means that he was a native of Cyrcne, a city
founded by Battus. He wa3 a writer of elegies.

14. Quanivis — non valet. The corresponding clause is, arte valet ;
though not in genius, yet in art.

15. The cothurnus, the thick-soled, high-heeled shoe, the buskin, worn
by tragic actors to help give them the heroic stature, befitting the char-
acters in tragedy. It is here, as often, used for tragocdia, as buskin in
English for tragedy. So soccus, the name of the low shoe worn by comic
actors, is used for comedy. Sophocles was the greatest of the three
great Greek tragic writers.

16. Aratus ; a Greek poet who had lived at Soli, in Cilicia (circa 260
b. a), author of a poem called " Phaenomena." Cicero translated it into
Latin verse. The Apostle Paul quoted from this poem in his Mars-Hill
address to the Athenians, in Acts, xvii. 28, " For we are also his offspring."

18. M&nandros. The first in merit of the writers of the so-called
New Comedy in Greek literature ; he was born at Athens 321 b. a, and
died there 291 b. c. Terence made free use of his plays in his Latin
comedies. The tricky slave, the harsh father, the base procuress, and the
flattering harlot always were found among Menander's dramatis per sonac.

19. Ennins, called "noster Ennius" by Lucretius, i. 119, was the
founder of Roman literature, and the author of a celebrated epic, called
" Annales," the history of Rome in verse. We have extant fragments of
his poetry, which have been collected from quotations from Cicero and
other writers. Cicero called him Summus poeta noster (Pro Balbo, 22).
The expression arte carens is illustrated by Ovid in another passage
(Tristia, ii. 259), Ennius ingenio maximus, arte rudis. Horace alludes to
him in several passages, Ars Poetica, 58, 258, and Sat. i. 10, 53.

222 AMORES, III. 9.

19. Actins, a Latin writer of tragedies, born l'/O b. c, died 103
b. c. The epithet animosi, spirited, is well illustrated by Horace, Ep. ii.
1, 55, famam senis Accius alii.

21, 22. Varronem— duci. Publitis Terentius Yarro, called AtacI-
nus, from the river Atax, on the banks of which he was born, wrote a
poem on the voyage of the Argo (ratem), and on the fortunes of Jason,
the son of Aeson {Aesonio), and the leader {duci) of the Argonauts.
Aurea of course refers to the golden fleece, that the expedition went
in quest of. But Varro's poetry was far inferior to his learning. St.
Augustin well calls him " doctissimus Romanorum Varro ; " " Civitas
Dei," vii.

23. Carolina — Lucreti ; the celebrated poem, " De Rerum Natura,"
of Lucretius, who died 55 b. c. Ovid's praise of him is amply deserved ;
and it is significant of his judgment of his poetic merits that, while he
conceives of the fame of the Aeneid (just below, in lines 25, 26) as co-
eval with the duration of Rome's supremacy, he predicts here that the
Lucretian poetry will perish only when the world itself perishes. In the
words exitio — una dies, he evidently has in mind the lines of Lucretius,
v. 93 seqq., and especially (96) Una dies dabit exitio, etc.

28. Tibulle. Albius Tibullus, a contemporary and friend of Ovid,
wrote elegies, and also love-poetry {ignes—Cupidinis). It is his death
which is the subject of the next selection from the " Amores."

29. Gallns 5 another Roman elegiac poet of Ovid's times. Lycoris
was the name of his love, who was celebrated in his elegies. Gallus was
a friend of Vergil, who celebrates him in his Tenth Eclogue.

31. Ergo, etc. From this brilliant list of poets Ovid now argues, in
his defense, the undying nature of poetry (morte carent).

34. Tagi ; the river in Spain, celebrated also by Vergil, Aen. x. 141,
Juvenal (xiv. 299), and other poets, on account of its golden sands.

36. Castalla plena. Castalia, the name of the famous spring on Par-
nassus, and associated ever with Apollo and the Muses.

2. The Death of Tibullus.
III. 9.

1. Memnona. Memnon was the son of Eos or Aurora {mater) and
Tithonus. He was the nephew of Priam, whom he assisted in the Trojan
war. He was killed by Achilles.

1. Achillcm 5 the son of Thetis. He was killed by Paris, the son of
Priam.

2. THE DEATH OF TIBULLUS. 223

3, 4. FleMIIs — erit. Elcgeia, here personified for elegiac verse ; the
word itself is probably derived from Greek words expressive of the cry
of grief. Hence ex vero, as by the death of the elegiac poet Tibullus the
name proves quite too trice.

5. Tfii — tua, of thy work — thy fame, because the work is elegy, and
the fame is elegiac. For a mention of Tibullus, see note, Amorcs, i.
15, 28.

7. Puer Y&neris $ Cupido, the son of Venus. As Tibullus wrote love-
poetry also, Cupido is here represented as present at the funeral with
quiver reversed, his bows broken, his torch unlighted, his icings drooping
{demissis cdis), and himself sobbing loudly (singultu sonant), and beating
his breast for grief.

13# Fratris. As Aeneas was fabled to be the son of Venus, he was
the brother of Cupido. lulus, the son of Aeneas, from whose dwelling the
funeral procession of his father went out

16. Juvcm, in allusion to Adonis, beloved of Venus, who was killed
by a wound from the tusks of a wild boar (fcrus aper). The word juveni
is in the dative, limiting rupit, and ingucn is the direct object.

17. At, etc. But, the poet exclaims, we are called sacred poets and
the care of the gods ; and yet, he implies, Tibullus, the sacred poet, is
dead.

19. Sacrum is here well opposed to profaned. Sacrum, from the
root sa, as also the English word safe, save, and hence something in the
care of a divinity, and so sacred. Profanat, from jw-o and fanum (fa),
before the fane ; i. e., outside of it, profane. Thus death puts everything
sacred, as it were, outside the fane or consecrated place ; profanes it.

20. Obscuras, perhaps = nigras, as the darkness of the lower world
(Hades) was associated with death. Obscurus is derived from the root
sku, scu, meaning to cover. So with the preposition ob, the hands of
death cover over ; covering over, or darkening.

21. Ism ario ; i. e., Thracian, from Ismarus, a mountain and city in
Thrace. Orpheus was a poet of Thrace, the fabled son of Apollo and
the Muse Calliope; according to other poets, however, his father was
Oeagrus.

22. Victas — feras. As in Metam. x. 41, seqq., Ovid sings of the
wondrous influence of Orpheus's music as bringing a respite to the con-
demned in the lower world, so here, as often among the poets, he con-
quers wild beasts with his lyre. So also Horace, in describing the civilizing
influence of Orphean music, says : Dictus ob hoc lenire tigres rabidosque
leones.

224 AMORES, III. 9.

23. Idem p&ter; i. e., Apollo, the father also of Linus, the other
Thracian bard ; Aelinon, the Greek word (at Aiz/os), " woe is me for
Linos," Apollo's lamentation for his son.

25. Maeftniden. See note, Amores, i. 15, 9.

26. PifcrfiS. Pieria, a country between Macedonia and Thessaly, was
the fabled haunt of the Muses ; hence Pierian waters is a figurative ex-
pression for poetry.

27. Averno ; here figurative for death, as lake Avernus, in Campania,
was thought of as an entrance to the lower world. So also in Mctam. v.
510; x. 51.

29, 30. Only the poets' work endures, as the Aeneid of Vergil, Trojani
— labo?is, and the Odyssey of Homer (tela retexta). The last expression
refers to the story in the Odyssey of Penelope's robe or web woven over
and over again. In Ulysses's long absence, she was beset by suitors,
whom she put oif by saying that she could not marry till she had finished
the robe she was weaving. By an ingenious device (dolo) she unwove by
night (nocturno) what she had woven by day. Odyssey, ii. 93-110.

31. Nemesis — Delia $ names familiar alike to the poetry and to the
heart (cura, amor) of Tibullus.

34* Sistra 5 the sistrum was a kind of rattle used in the worship of
the Egyptian Isis, during the praying and singing. Isis had many wor-
shipers also in Rome.

35. Fasso, from fateor, sc. mihi. lie would fain be pardoned for
confessing to his temptation to skepticism, when he sees that ill fates
befall the good as well as the bad.

39. Jacfct 5 here in the sense of lying dead. Ecce, see t A good

illustration of the view, that ecce has the same root, ok, ac, as oculus, the
root meaning to see.

41. Rftgales. See note on rogo, line 6; also note, Metam. iv. 166.
The urna in the preceding line refers to the same rite of burning the
bodies of the dead, as the ashes of the dead were collected in an urn and
deposited in the sepulchre. English poetry is full of allusions to this
ancient rite; as in that fine word of "the great of old," in Byron's
Manfred : " The dead but sceptred sovereigns, who still rule our spirits
from their urns."

44. Quae, referring to flammae. Sustinuerc, from meaning bore up,
comes to mean here ventured (to do).

45. Quae; i. e., Venus, who was worshiped in a celebrated temple
on the top of Mount Eryx, in Sicily.

46. IVfcgant 5 for the indicative, see Gr. 503, I., note 3.

8. FAREWELL TO LOVE-SONGS. 225

47. Phaeaefa. Corcyra, the fancied abode of Alcinous and the Phae-
acians of the Odyssey. Tibullus had gone to Corcyra for his health. The
soil (solo) is called vile (vili) because Homer represents the Phaeacians as
lovers of sensual pleasures.

49# Hinc ; i. e., from Home (and not Corcyra), and from his dying at

Rome. Oecllos, poetic for oculos. Pressit, closed; and fugientis

(ace. plural, Gr. 62), dying.

52. Cftmas, the ace. of specification ; Gr. 378.

53* Prior $ i. c., Delia, as above, 32, primus amor. The first que =
both.

5T. Tibi— dolori. Gr. 390.

62. Calvo, a poet who wrote elegies and love poems, none of which,
however, have come down to us. Cicero speaks of him as an orator, in
"Brutus," 81, 82 ; Horace, as Ovid here, in connection with,Catullus, as a
poet, Sat. i. 10, 19. Catullus (87-54 b. c.) excelled in lyrics and other
kinds of poetry ; many of his poems are preserved to us. He is called
doctus from his familiar acquaintance with Greek literature.

64. Galle ; see note, Amores, i. 15, 29. The clause si falsum, etc.,
modifies prodige. Gallus lost the favor of Augustus because suspected of
treason (temerati — amici), and therefore committed suicide in his fortieth
year.

65. Si qua est modo, etc., if only there is any shadow of the body ;
i. e., if you live at all ; in allusion to the ordinary belief that the de-
parted still existed, but in quite unsubstantial forms, umbrae or imagines.

68. Non dnerosa. The peace of the dead is often prayed for in such
words as these. It was a common form of sepulchral inscription, sit tibi
terra levis.

3. Farewell to Love-Songs.
III. 15.

2. Raditur. JRado, literally to scrape, or scratch, is often used of
the race-course in the sense of just touching, grazing, the metaet or turn-
ing-posts. On Meta see note, Metam. ii. 142.

3« Peligni. Sulmo, the poet's birthplace, was in the country of the
Peligni, in Central Italy.

5. A prdavis. He claims that he is of equestrian rank by ancestry,
not by the whirling round (turbine) of military promotion. And that,
perhaps, is worth boasting of, fit quid id est.

10. Sftrias — arma, the so-called Social war (90, 89 b. a), sometimes
called Italian, of the allied Italian nations against Rome. The Peligni

226 FASTI, II. 383-422.

were one of these nations. Libertas, because the allies were contending
for the Roman franchise.

11. Aqudsi ; so called because the neighborhood abounded in springs
and streams.

15. Ainathilsia ; Venus, who was so called from Amathus, a town in
Cyprus, where she was worshiped.

16. Aurea — signa $ figurative for breaking with love-poetry, as the
Roman soldiers pulled up the standards from the ground when they broke
up the camp and left a place.

17. Lyaeus, a Greek epithet of Bacchus, corresponding to the Latin
Liber, the deliverer from care. Bacchus was often represented as a bull
(corniger).

17. Incrfepuit, sc. me, has chided me ; thyrso graviore ; the thyrsus was
the ivy-twined Bacchic staff, which by its stroke was thought to incite
the " fine frenzy " of the poet. Here the word, with graviore, means a
more dignified style of poetry. He should turn from love-poems to trage-
dies ; perhaps he at that time turned to the writing of his tragic poem

FASTI.

1. Romulus and Remus.

II. 383-422.

In the context Ovid has been treating of those holy-days of the Ro-
man Calendar which were called the Lupercalia. The inquiry into their
origin and the etymology of the word brings him here to the story of the
birth of Romulus and Remus.

383. Silvia, the mother of Romulus and Remus ; known also by the
name of Ilia, and of Rhea, and of Rhea Silvia. She was a Vestal, or
priestess of Yesta. Caelestia, because the fabled offspring of Mars.

384. Patruo ; i. e., Amulius, the brother of Numitor.

385. In amnc. Livy tells the story (Book i. 4) of the children's ex-
posure, and its result.

387. Rfccusantes. The obsolete simple verb cuso has the same root
(skav) as the verb caveo, and so, in all its forms, carries the notion of a
cautious, deliberate procedure. Here the compound word implies that
the servants go through with the orders reluctantly.

389« Albula. Livy also (i. 3) gives this name for the river, and in the

1. ROMULUS AND REMUS. 227

same chapter mentions Tiberinus as an Alban king, who was drowned in
the Albula, and so gave the name Tiber to the river.

391. Videres ; you might have seen. See Gr. 485, note 1.

392. Valles. The valley between the Palatine and the Aventinc ; in
the olden time, the Vallis Murtia (or Murcia) ; in Ovid's day, the Circus
Maximus.

395. The At expresses their admiration.

398. Susplcer, potential ; / should (or may) suspect; but some MSS.
read suspicor. Vobis dat with esse. It seems, he means, as if they may
be of a divine origin. And yet (as in lines 399, 400) if a god were their
father ', then would he lend aid in so perilous a time.

405. Vagierunt. For the quantity of the penult, see Gr. 586, II. 4.

On putaresf see note above on 1. 391. Scnsissc, that t/tey were aware of

their peril ; i. e., from their wailing cry.

40T. Alveus is the vessel in which they were put. Meaning first hol-
lowness, it next means the hollow of the body, the alvus ; then the chan-
nel of a river, as hollowed out by the stream ; then the hollow or hold of
a ship ; and finally, as here, a hollow vessel, whatever it was, which served
the children for a cradle. From its being called, in the next line, tabella,
a little board or plank, we may fancy it a rude piece of wood, hollowed
out for the purpose.

412. Rumina — Rom ft] a » These words, as well as Roma itself, arc
probably all from ruma, rumis, rumen, and these from the root sru, to
flow, break forth. Ruma means the breast that gives suck ; hence Ru-
mina, the goddess of nursing mothers ; also Ruminalis, of the fig-tree, as
fruitful. So Rumon is an old name for the river Tiber, and then Roma
( = Srouma, Rouma), the city of the river, and Romulus, the child of the
city. See Vanicek, Lat. Etym. Worterbuch. Livy, i. 4, gives the same
account as Ovid of the names of the fig-tree, Ruminal and Romular.

416. Sustlnuere. See note, Amores, iii. 9, 44.

417. Cauda ; i. e., by (wagging) her tail.

418. Fingit lingua — sua ; fashions with her tongue; i. e., by licking
them ; she licks them into shape ! So, too, Vergil, Aen. viii. 635, Mul-
ccre alternos et corpora fingere lingua.

420. Xec = et non ; Et — aluntur ope lactis non sibi promissi.

421. Now the poet comes to the origin of the words Lupercal and
Luperci. Ilia refers to lupa.

228 FASTI, II. 475-512.

2. The Deification op Romulus.
II. 475-512.

475. Proxima. He has been treating of the Luperealia, which fell on
the 15th of February; the next day {lux) is free ; i. e., no holy-day. But
the third (at tertia\ i. e., the 17th of February, is consecrated to Quiri-
nus.

477. Sive, etc. The poet now gives the various derivations of the
word Quirinus: 1, from curis or quiris, the Sabine spear; 2, from Qui-
rltcs ; 3, from the town Cures.

481. Pater; Mars, the father of Romulus.

484. Sanguinis mei ; i. e., my son Romulus.

485. Intercidit alter ; i. e., Remus, who had been killed. He would
thus have Romulus (erit qui — rcstat) to represent both himself and the
lost Remus.

487. Unns, etc. ; a line quoted from Ennius, both here and in Metam.

xiv. 814, and prophetic of the deification of Romulus. In eacrnla

caeli, " to the blue of the heavens," poetic for caerulum caelum, as in
English the azure heavens.

491. Capreae paludem; a place in the Campus Martius. So also
Livy, i. 1 6, ad Caprae paludem ; a chapter in which Livy, in a vein no
less poetic than Ovid's, narrates the translation of Romulus to the skies.

496. Astra — eqnis. So Horace, 0. iii. 3, 15: Quirinus, Martis cquis
Acheronta fugit.

497. Falsaeqne, etc. ; for falso in crimine caedis ; were falsely charged
with murder. Livy, in B. i. 16, refers to this as a report on the part of
some; disccrptum regem patrum manibus.

501. Sinistrae. As the Roman augurs faced the south, the omens
from the east were on their left, and so the word sinister (unlike our
English word sinister), and also laevus, came to be used for favorable.
With the Greeks, the augur's position was just the reverse ; and that
made the omens on the right the favorable ones.

502. Ilorrnernnt. On the quantity of the penult, see note on Fasti,
ii. 405. On the meaning of horrco, sec note on horrendus, Metam. xiii.
760 ; here render stood on end.

508. Militia mqne cdlant. So Livy, i. 16, with more force, and with
a diction no less poetic : rem militarem colant, sciantque et ita posteris
tradere, nullas opes humanas armis Romanis resistere posse.

510. Populos ; i. e., the Romans and the Sabincs.

3. LUCRETIA. 229

3. Lfcretia.

II. 110-168.

710. Moenia ; of Gabii, the conquest of which the poet has just nar-
rated. Suis agrees with ducibus, and ducibus, abl., limits nuda. Gr.
414, III.

713. Phoebns $ i. c., the oracle at Delphi, which king Tarquin sent
his two sons, with Brutus, to consult. So Livy, i. 56.

714. Dederit. Why in the future perfect here? Livy says, in like
manner, imperium Romae habebit, qui vestrum primus osculum matri
tulerit. Ovid's victor erit is explained by Livy's imperium habebit ; the
question of supremacy, as well as of the prodigy, had been submitted to
the oracle.

717. Stulti — imitator; so in Livy, ad imitationcm siultitiae. Sapiens,
because he had put on the semblance of being under-witted, in order to
escape Tarquin's plots (insidiis). Hence the word Brutus, the Dullard.

720. Offenso — pede. The participle is here used in the literal sense.
OffcndOy ob and fendo, means to strike against something, and so to
stumble.

721. Ardcii $ a town of the Rutuli in Latium.

726. Rege, in ablative by Gr. 415, II. ; the Jcing^s son.

729. Ecquid, fom ecquis, used here, as often, simply as an interroga-
tive particle. Socialis is used by Ovid for conjugalis, and the whole ex-
pression for conjugium, and then as here for conjunx.

731. Quisqne, as an enclitic, usually follows suus.

733. Cui — nomen ; i. e., Tarquinius Collatinus, the nephew of the
king.

738. Nullus. The absence of the janitor from the door is the first
indication of something wrong indoors.

740. Posito, in the sense of apposito. As Livy has it, they found the
princesses in convivio luxuque cum aequalibus, but Lucretia, as here in
lines 741, 742, deditam lanae inter lucubrantes ancillas.

744. Tenui — sono; the expression reminds one of Shakespeare's
words : " Her voice was ever soft, gentle, and low ; an excellent thing in
woman."

746. Laeerna; a cloak usually worn over the toga; sometimes, as
here, used as an army cloak.

749. Restas, in the sense of resistis, you are withstanding those supe-
rior to yourself.

230 FASTI, IV. 809-862.

751. Tantnm, etc. ; only let them come back, JSed, but (they may not
come back) enim, for rash is that (husband) of mine.

758. Facies ammo digna — par \ her face was in keeping (digna—par)
with the feelings of her heart ; i. e., her sorrow was real, and it showed
itself in her tears.

4. The Building op Rome.

IV. 809-862.

810. Gemlno $ i. e., Romulus and Remus.

815, 816. So Livy, i. 6, Palatium Romulus, Remus Aventinum, ad
inaugurandum templa capiunt.

818. Statiir, sc. iis in the dative ; they stand by the agreement.

819. Signet, sc. ille. Subjunctive of purpose ; on which to mark the
line of the walls with the plow. The ground was to be plowed, according
to usage, with a snow-white ox and a white cow, yoked together (jugicm
tulit), (826) and then earth from the neighborhood and the fruits of the
country were thrown into the furrow (821).

820. Palis, the name of the divinity (Pales) that presided over flocks
and herds.

824. Fangitnr, sc. officio, or some such word ; docs its duty.

825. Stivam, the plow-handle, probably derived from sto, stare, sta-iva,
stiva.

82T. €ondentij sc. mihi, limiting ades.

833. Laevo. See note on sinistrae, Fasti, ii. 501.

838. Ista, i. e., fundamina. Curae, sc. tibi.

841. Quod, relative pronoun, and the object of ignorans.

842. His, sc. muris, in abl. With these — f

843. Mora, sc. est. Rutro \ from the same root as ruo ; a spade

or like farming instrument.

850. Pietas, his affection for his brother.

852. Inyito, sc. mihi, limiting adempte.

854. Cdmas, ace. of specification.

856. Ultima, used adverbially ; at last

860. Pluris, ace. plural.

1. THE POET'S DEPARTURE FROM ROME. 231

TRISTIA.

1. The Poet's Departure from Rome.
1.3.

The poet describes the misery which befell himself and his family,
when ordered suddenly by the emperor to quit Rome, and live in exile at
Tomi, a place on the shore of the Euxine.

1. Illius ; for the quantity of the penult, see Gr. 577, I. 3.

5. Lux ; following noctem (3), this word seems to show that it was at
daybreak that he was to set out from Rome.

6. Finibns, dative, though with discedere we might have expected in
fines. Ausonia came to be used for Italia, and, as here, for the whole
empire, though it applied originally to the country near Beneventum,
where lived the Ausones, one of the oldest tribes of Italy.

9. Servorimi ; legendorum to be supplied, as legendi agrees with
comitis.

16. Modo, etc. Before, his friends were many ; now, one or two.

19. Nata $ his daughter Perilla, to whom the next elegy (iii. 7) is ad-
dressed. She was at this time far away in Africa (Libya), and so in an
opposite direction (diversa) from that in which his journey lay.

22. Intus. Indoors, he means to say, was all the seeming of a noisy
(non taciti) funeral ; men, women, and boys, too, ail as the hired mourners
at a funeral wailed over his departure.

29. Suspicions, looking up to. Ab hac, from this = (post hanc) and
then looking to the capital.

30. Frustra. He lived near the capitol, where were the temples of
Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva, the very sanctuary of Roman religion ; but
all in vain for him was such a sacred vicinity.

34. Este salutati = salvete. Both salve and vale originally mean " be
well," though usually the former is the salutation at meeting, and the lat-
ter at parting. Here the poet with este salutati says his last farewells
to the temples and the gods of Rome.

35. Sero, etc. To take the shield after being wounded came to mean
to do a thing too late ; and so the poet would say that he would gladly
defend his conduct from odium, too late though it is, as his banishment
is already ordered.

37. Caelesti viro, i. e., Augusto. The expression illustrates the ex-
alted conception the Romans of the time had of Augustus, or, if one must

232 TRISTIA, I. 3.

take that view, the language of adulation which the poets used in all their
allusions to him. Error used here and elsewhere by Ovid, in explanation
of his banishment, to show that it was owing to some mistake, and if to
a wrong, at least not an intentional one ; in next line it was a culpa not
a scelus.

40. Deo, still in allusion to Augustus. If only he be pacified, the
poet can not be wretched

41. Plnribus, sc. precibus.

44. Extinetos — focos. The extinction of the fire on the family hearth
was thought of as the desertion of the home, the going out of the family's
life.

45. Adversos, literally turned toward her ; in front of her.

48. Parrhasis, the Greek form, and poetic in Greek, for Parrhasia,
and then, as the Parrhasii were an Arcadian tribe, for Arcadian. Areas,
whose mother Callisto was the daughter of Lycaon, king of Arcadia, was
changed into a bear (Arctos), and then, as the fable has it, was transferred
to the skies, and became the constellation of that name. Versaquc ab
axe, turned away from the axis ; only a circumlocution for turned toward
its setting, which is toward the morning. It seems to be turned to the
side opposite to that on which it was at the beginning of the night. The
axis here is the north star, which seems to be fixed, while the stars turn
round it.

53. Sum mentitns ; he means that he often (oh, how often !), in excuse
for his delaying, pretended that he had a certain hour as the fitting one
for his departure.

62. Ftraqne, both a just cause for delay ; in reference to the place he
was to leave, and the place to which he was to go.

66. Thesea. In allusion to the fidelity of Theseus, of Athens, for his
friend Pirithous ; with a Tliesean fidelity.

72. Lncifer, the name for Venus when it appears as the morning
star ; a compound Latin word, like the Greek Phosphorus.

75. Metns, also written Mettus ; the name of the Alban general who
was torn asunder by horses, in punishment for his bad faith to the Ro-
mans. See Livy, i. 28.

86. Pietas. From its generic meaning of dutiful disposition, this
word means here affection for a husband, as in Fasti, iv. 850, it meant
affection for a brother ; also, as often, filial affection.

86. Caesar erit, shall be a Caesar to me ; her affection as a wife just
as imperial a rule for her as Caesar's to her husband for his exile.

88. Dedit — inanns $ a familiar figurative expression in Latin for giving

2. TO HIS DAUGHTER PERILLA. 233

up, or submitting, to a victor or a captor. It is originally used for a cap-
tive, when he gives up his hands to be fettered.

89. Sive, etc. ; as if he had said, Sive effcror, which is the regular
word for being carried out to burial ; only now he was living and not dead.

92. Semlanlmis ; to be pronounced as a word of four syllables here.

2. To his Daughter Perilla.

hi. i.

This is one of the most touching of all these elegies, one of the Tris-
iissima of all the Tristia of Ovid's elegiac Muse. And now it is not so
much the capital itself, rich and gay Rome, with its cherished associations
of place, delicious climate, and literary and social companionships, of which
the poet plaintively sings ; but it is his own home, that lost home near
by the capitol, and under the shadow of its august and venerable temples
(Tristia, i. 3, 29-34), and his wife and daughter there, from whom he is
hopelessly parted — all this it is, to which, from his forlorn exile on the
Euxine, he casts back his longing eyes and heart ; and it is the expression
of this " home-sick passion " which gives its singular pathos to the poem.
There is, however, another source of interest to this elegy. We learn
from it that it was Ovid's good fortune to have a daughter who inherited
her father's poetic gifts, and who elicited from him glad words of praise
for her own efforts in verse (11-32). There is also a calm dignity im-
parted to the closing lines, in the exiled poet's expression of his sense of
the exalted worth of " the good things of heart and mind," and of the
inalienable possessions of poetic gifts and fame. It was a great lesson
which he taught his daughter in those words (43, 44) :

Nil non mortal e tenemus
Pectoris execptis ingeniique bonis.

I. Pgrarata. This figure of plowing (arare) is derived from the ac-
tion of the stilus on a waxen tablet. So Cicero uses the word exaro in Ad
Att. xii. 1, Hoc litterarium exaravi.

6. IVec nidra, sc. est; a common expression with Ovid, having the
force of an adverb like statim.

8. Nee malS, — mftra; levata, sc. esse, in the same construction as
vivere.

II. Eequfd inhaeres, a strong expression for devotion to literary pur-
suits ; whether you cling to ; or our word from the Latin, adhere, may
express it.

234: TRISTIA, III. 7.

12. Non patrio *, not according to your father's custom. The meaning
is not obvious ; perhaps he will say that her poetry is less free and more
serious in tone than her father's.

15. Hoc refers to ingenium. Fegasldas ; Pegasides, from the name

of the winged horse Pegasus, is a name for the Muses, because the foun-
tain Ilippocrene, the Greek word for horse's well, was said to have sprung
forth where the hoof of Pegasus struck the earth. The fountain was on
Mount Helicon, in Boeotia, and was sacred to the Muses.

16. Male qualifies periret.

19. Ignes — idem; i. e., of poetic inspiration; the same fires of gen-
ius.

20. Lesbia 5 i. e., Sappho, the celebrated poetess of Lesbos.

25, 26. Aut — autj either — or. The father cither lent his ears to the
verses his daughter h.2L&just composed; or, if she had been inactive in her
art, then he would chide her, and so bring the blush of shame to her
cheek.

27. Exemplo — meae. Instead of facta ruina, another reading is fata
sccuta, and there are also conjectural readings. The idea of the poet is
probably substantially the same as in line 21, only more fully expressed.
He thinks that perhaps from the precedent of her father's suffering such
a penalty on account of the books he has written, the daughter may be
fatally deterred from continuing her poetical career. The me laescre
libelli evidently refers to the poet's exile ; exemplo, too, with pocnac —
meae, has in it the same reference.

29. Tantumm5d5 — non. We might have expected ne instead of non.
See Gr. 483, 3.

30. Discat amare 5 in allusion to his own poems on love, which had
done mischief to others as well as to himself.

36. Stratum — faciente 5 i. e., xoith an imperceptible, because noise-
less, step.

37. Fuit, was, with its full aoristic force ; her beauty was a thing only
of the past.

38. Qufcrerfc 5 from the quantity of the penult, in what tense ?

40. Censibus, riches. Census from censeo, registered property, cen-
sus, then property in general, possessions.

42. Iras — Croesus 5 proverbial for a poor, and for a rich, man.

45. Cum ; concessive ; though.

46. Rapta — adlmi 5 rapio expresses the taking away (adimi) as a
sudden, violent act ; have been snatched away (sc. ea, those things), which
it was possible to take away.

3. THE POET'S LIFE. 235

48. In hoc, i. e., ingenio. The poet has a proud assurance that his
genius was a possession beyond even Caesar's rapacious power. See the
introduction to the notes on this piece, toward the end.

3. The Poet's Life.
IV. 10.

I. Qui fuerim ; dependent upon ut noris in the next line. Lusor,
like ludo, is often used of poems of a light, sportive nature ; and amorum
is meant for his love-poems.

6. Consul uterque. The o in consul is naturally long. He refers
here to the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, who both fell at the battle of Mu-
tina, now Modena, in the year 43 b. c.

7. Si quid, etc. The same line as above, in Amores, iii. 15, 5 ; and
the next line is nearly the same as in Amores, iii. 1 5, 6. Sec notes on
these lines.

10. Qnater qualifies ti ilms ; four limes three montJis before.
13. Festis— Mlnervac ; the Quinquatria, the five days festival, 19th-
23d of March.

II. Pugna prima cruenta. Observe, for the construction, the quan-
tity of the final syllables. There were gladiatorial combats on the sec-
ond, third, fourth, and fifth days, but none on the first day. Thus the
first which {prima quae, etc.) is wont to be made bloody is the second of
the five days, and the first of the last four ; and the whole expression
is only a circumlocution for the 20th of March as his birthday.

15. Protinus, forthwith ; teneri, in nom. plural.

16. Ab arte. Ars here in the general sense of knowledge, learning ;
and ab shows from what the distinction (insignes) comes ; distinguished
for their learning,

19. Caelestia, heavenly ; used, as so often divinay for the exalted pur-
suits of poetry and letters.

24. Sol fit a nitidis, freed from measures ; i. e., prose.

25. Spontg sua. So Pope says of himself, in imitation of these
words : " I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came."

28. Libgrior, only another expression for virllis, the robe of man-
hood, which brought more freedom with it.

29. The latus clavus, or broad stripe of purple on the tunic, was prop-
erly the distinction of senators ; then it was allowed by Augustus to the
sons of senators, and finally to the sons of cquites, or knights, who pos-
sessed the fortunes of senators.

236 TRISTIA, IV. 10.

34, Vlris — tribuS. He means that he was sometimes one of the tri-
umviri. There were different offices which had this name, as Triumviri
Capitales, Nocturni, Monetales, commissions of three, which had charge
respectively of capital punishments, of the night police, and of the Mint.

35. Curia, i. e., the senate-house, used here, as often, for the senate
itself. The poet means that it only remained for him to be a senator ;
but, as he goes on to say, he waived that, and so assumed the angustus
clavus, the narrow stripe of purple, the usual equestrian badge. This was
customary with those sons of wealthy knights who did not aspire to pub-
lic office. Coacta est here means narrowed.

38. Ambitionis $ for the genitive, see Gr. 399, II.

39. Itiniac. Aonia was another name for Boeotia, where was Mt.
Helicon ; the Muses thus were Aonian siste7's.

43, 44. Suas vflliicres, his birds. Aemilius Macer wrote a poem on
birds, serpents, and plants.

45. Propertius. Sextus Aurclius Propcrtius, an elegiac poet, older
than Ovid, younger than Tibullus ; his poems have come down to us in
four books of elegies.

47. Heroo, sc. versu. Ponticus i3 mentioned by Propertius, i, 7, 1,
as an epic poet. Bassus is also mentioned by Propertius, but nothing
more is known of him as a poet.

50. Ausftnia, for Italica or Latina, as in Tristia, i. 3, 6, where see note.
It was the boast of Horace that he was the lyric poet of Rome, especially
that he was the first to illustrate in Latin the Greek lyric measures. See
the last ode of Horace in the third book.

51. Tantum qualifies vidl. Vergil died b. c. 19, when Ovid was at
the age of twenty-four. Vergil lived mostly at Naples the last years of
his life, which is probably the reason that Ovid only saw him, and was
not well acquainted with him.

51. Tlbnlio. See note, Amores, i. 15, 28. Tibullus died the same
year as Vergil.

53. Galle. See note, Amores, iii. 9, 64, and on Propertius, above, 1. 45.

56. Thalia, properly the muse of comedy ; here used generally for
poetry, and with mca, his own muse.

5T. Legi ; referring to public readings of his poetry, or recitationcs as
they were called (above, 1. 45, recitare). These readings were common at
Rome, not only for poets, but for prose writers. It was in this way that
writers became known to the public.

66. Quod — mttverfct. Subjunctive of result, with quod after an in-
definite antecedent.

3. THE POET'S LIFE. 237

67, 68. Hic5 in the sense of talis, such a person as this ; i. e., so very-
susceptible; yet there was no town-talk (fabula) of scandal about his
name.

75. Filia ; the daughter, to whom the elegy, Tristia, iii. 7, was ad-
dressed.

78. Lustra 5 here in the sense of a period of five years. But, as de-
rived from luo, it originally meant the expiatory sacrifice, or lustration,
made by the censors for the Roman people, on th? completion of the
census, at the end of every five years. The addition (addiderat) of a
second {altera) period of nine lustra thus makes the age of Ovid's father,
at his death, to be ninety.

79. Me fietnrus — fuit, ivould have wept for me.

80. Jnsta, in the sense of regular or lawful, means here, with tuli,
performed the last duties.

88. Stygio, from the river Styx, the fabled river of the lower world,
Stygian comes to mean of the lower world. The word (from the Greek)
means originally hateful; as Milton expresses it, "Abhorred Styx, the
flood of deadly hate." By crimina Ovid means the offense for which he
was banished ; and he would have the shades of his parents know that it
was a mistake (errorem), not a crime (scclus), that was the cause of his exile.

91. Studiosa, sc. mei, with pectora, means the hearts of those who
were fond of him ; and it would appear from qui — quaeritis, in the next
line, that this poem was written at the instance of his friends at Rome.

95. Pisaea — tiliva ; in allusion to the Olympic games at Olympia,
near Pisa, in Elis ; these took place every four years. With decies, the
simple meaning is that ten periods of four years, or ten Olympiads, had
gone by in his life when he was exiled. But he is only using a round
number, as he was fifty-one years old at the time of his exile. Perhaps
he uses the Olympiad, like a Roman lustrum, for five years.

96. Eqnns. Horace has two passages illustrative of the crowning of
the victorious horse at the Olympia. In 0. iv. 2, 1 8, pugilcmve equum-
vc ; and Ars Poetica, 85, equum certamine primum.

97. Tomitas ; the accusative of Tomitae, the name of the inhabitants
of Tomi, or Tomis, the town on the western shore of the Euxine, to which
Ovid was banished.

102. Ipsa multa — leviorsi fnga. The quantity shows the construc-
tion?

103. Indignata — est 5 here used in the literal sense of dignor with
the negative in, deigned not, or disdained.

106. Temporis arma. The meaning of temporis is not clear ; per-

238 TRISTIA, IV. 10.

haps the time or the situation in which he now found himself. The arms
seem, from the three preceding lines, to mean figuratively his submission
and resignation to his misfortune. Insolitd, of course, agrees with manu.

110. Sarmatis (gen. idis), an adjective agreeing with ord. The coun-
try called Sarmatia was bounded on the south by the Euxine ; and the
land of the Getae was on the east, bounded by the Euxine.

113. Qnod has its antecedent in carmine.

119, 120. Ab Histro — E&llcone. The poet's genius thus withdraws
him from the Ister, and its barbarous surroundings, and gives him place
on the center of Helicon, and amid all its chosen haunts of Apollo and the
Muses.

124. NostriSj sc. operibus, any one of my ivories.

128. In toto orbe. It was a lofty prediction of the poet, that he
should be very much read in the whole world of the Roman Empire ; but
when we think of the extent of that whole icorld in which he has since
been read, and is still read, how much loftier the prediction becomes !

ABUURY

ABBREVIATIONS IN THE VOCABULARY.

K.

Only this sign is used in marking quantity, and it marks the vowels which are
long by nature, all vowels not marked being considered as naturally short.
If the naturally long vowels are followed by two consonants (except a mute
and liquid), or a double consonant, the long mark is still retained for the
vowels, and there the syllable is long by nature ; but where the naturally
short vowels are so followed, the syllable is long only by position.

stands for the Indo-European Koot, and, generally, as given in Vanicek's
(Alois) " Griechisch-Lateinisches Etymologisches Worterbuch," 2 vols., 8vo,
Leipzig, 1877. To the R. are added the successive growths out of which
issues the given Latin word ; as, for example, audeO, K. av, to be eager for.,
av-e-re, avi-du-s, eager, av-d, au-d, au-d-e-o, aud-g-re, to dare.

adj., adjective,
adv., adverb,
conj., conjunction,
comp., comparative,
superl., superlative,
pron., pronoun,
prep., preposition.

m., masculine,
f., feminine.
n., neuter,
pi., plural,
fr., from,
dep., deponent,
def.. defective.

pass., passive,
subst., substantive,
ace, accusative,
abl., ablative,
interj., interjection,
part., participle,
unc, uncertain.

VOCABULARY.

AB

ab, a, abs, prep, with abl. (Gr.,
airo ; Eng., of, off), from, away from,
on, by, on account of.

a, ah, interj., ah! ah me!

Abantiades, ae, son or descendant
of Abas, king of Argos ; Perseus, great-
grandson of Abas.

ab-do, didi, ditum, 3 (fr. do, to put),
to put away, hide, conceal.

ab-duco, xT, ctum, 3, to lead away.

ab-eo, il, itum, Ire, to go away,
disappear, pass over (by change), be
changed, go forth.

ab-lu5, lul, lutum, 3, to wash away
or off, to wash.

ab-oleo, evl, itum, 2, ab and oleO,
o^scO, to grow (to grow away from) ;
then v. a., to stop the growth of, abolish.

ab-rump5, rupl, ruptum, 3, to
break off.

abs-cedo, cessT, cessum, 3, to go
away, withdraw.

ab-scindo, cidl, cissum, 3, to tear
away, separate.

absens, entis, part, of absum, ab-
sent.

ab-sum, afuT, abesse, to be away
from, be absent, be not at hand, be want-
ing, be removed from.

ab-sumo, mpsl, mptum, 3 (ab,
sumo, sub-im-(em)ere), to take away,
exhaust, consume.

ab-undS, 1 (ab, und-, unda), to flow
over (as a wave), abound (B. ud, und,
wet. vS<ap, wave).

Acca (Larentia), wife of the shep-
12

ACHILLES

herd Faustulus, and nurse of Romulus
and Remus.

ac-cedS, cessT, cessum, 3 (ad-cedo),
to come to, approach, be added.

ac-cend5, cendl, censum, 3 (ad and
candeo, cando), to be white, glisten ;
then transitive, as here, to make shine,
kindle, light.

ac-cingo, nxT, nctum, 3 (ad-cingo),
form a circle ; to gird, gird around,
gird up.

ac-cio, ivl, Itum, 4 (ad-ciO), to move,
call ; to call to, summon.

ac-cipi5, cepl, ceptum, 3 (ad and
capio), to take, receive, perceive, hear.

ac-clivis, e, adj. (ad and cllvus),
gradually ascending, sloping.

ac-commodo, 1, (mod-u-s), (ad-
commodo), to Jit, to measure ; to adjust,
ft.

ac-cumbo, cubul, cubitum, 3 (ad-
cumbo), to recline (at table).

acer, Scris, acre, adj., sharp, hot,
fierce, impetuous (R. same as in acie^).

acervus, i, m., a heap.

AcheloidSs, um, the daughters cf
Achelous ; the Sirens.

Achelous, a river separating Aeto-
lia from Acarnania ; the god of tlie
river.

Acheron, ntis ('Axepcov, stream of
woe), a river in the lower world ; by
meton., the lower world.

Achilles, son of Peleus, king of
Phthia in Thessaly, and the Nereid
Thetis.

242

AOHIYUS

AEGAEUS

Achivus (fr. Achaeus), Achaean,
Grecian.

ach"s, ei, f. (R. ak, to be shar]i),
sharpness, sharp point, point ; sharp-
ness of sight, keen glance ; (sharp edge
of army in line), line of battle, army in
battle-line, battle of army in line ; gen-
eral engagement, pitched battle.

Acis, idis, m., son of Faunus and the
nymph Symaethis.

aconitum, I, n., a poisonous plant,
aconite.

acrius, adv. comp. of acriter, more
fiercely.

Actius, I, a Latin tragic writer.

actum, I, n. (ago), that which is
done ; act, deed, event.

acumen, inis, n. (R. ak), point,
jwinled end.

acus, us, f. (R. ak), a needle.

acutus, a, um, adj. (R. ak), sharp,
I>ointed, shrill.

ad, prep, with ace, to, up to, for, at.

adactus, a, um, part., driven.

adamant eus, a, um, adj. (adamas),
of hard steel, adamantine.

ad-do, didl, ditum, 3 (do, to put), to
put near to or by the side of, to add to.

ad-diico, xl, ctum, 3, to lead to,
draw to.

ad-edo, edl, Ssum, 3, to eat at, to
begin to eat, (then hy consequence) to
eat up, consume.

ad-eo, adv., up to this, to such a
degree, so much.

ad-fect5, 1 (facto, faciO), to make
for ; to strive after, aspire to.

ad-fero, attull, allatum, 3, to bring
to, bring, bring with, afford.

ad-ficio (facio), fScI, fectum, 3, to
affect with, inflict (punishment) upon.

ad-flgo, fixi, fixum, 3, to fix to, fasten
to.

ad-flatus, Us, m., a blowing on,
breathing upon, breath.

ad-flo, 1, to blow upon, breathe upon.

ad-for, f situs, 1, to speak to, address.

ad-haere5, haesT, haesum, 2, to hang
to, cleave to.

ad-hibeo (habeo), ul, itum, to hold
towards, bring to, apply to, invite, em-
ploy,

ad-hue, adv., till now, as yet, still.

aditus, us, in., an entrance.

ad-icio (adjicio, jaciO), 3, jeci, jec-
tum, to throw to, apply to, add to, direct
to.

ad-imo (emO), eml, emptum, 3, to
take away, deprive of.

ad-juvo, jfivi, jutum, 1, to help,
support.

admlrabilis, e, adj., worthy of ad-
miration, admirable.

ad-miror, atus, 1, v. dep., to wonder
at, admire.

ad-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to send
to, let go, give loose reins to.

ad-mone5, ul, itum, 2, to remind of,
admonish, admonitor, Oris, m.

ad-moveo, mOvI, motum, 2, to move
to, biding near.

ad-nuo, nul, nutum, 3, to nod to,
give assent to, grant.

ad-oleo, olul, ultum, 2, to burn (in
sacrifice), consume.

ad-operio, operul, opertum, 4, to
cover, cover over.

ad-oro, 1, to speak to, pray to, wor-
ship.

ad-sterno, ere, to throw one's self
down by, to lie prostrate by.

ad-sto, stitl, 1, to stand by.

ad-sum, ad-fuT, ad-esse, to be present,
be at hand, aid, help.

adulter-ium, 2, n. (ad-ulter. alter,
R. alja, another), adultery.

ad-uncus, a, um, adj., bent to, curv-
ed, hooked.

ad-uro, ussl, ustum, 3, to set fire to,
burn.

ad-veho, xl, ctum, 3, carry to, bear.

ad-venio, venl, ventum, 4, to come
to, arrive.

ad-ventus (venio), Us, m., arrival.

ad-versus, a, um, adj., vertO, turned
to, turned against, opposite, in front,
adverse.

ad-verto, tl, sum, 3, to turn to.

ad-voco, 1, voc-O, to call to, call to
one's aid.

ad-vol5, 1, vol-O, to fly to.

Aeeta, Aeetes, king of Colchis,
son of Sol and Persa, the daughter of
Oceanus.

Aeetias, daughter of Aeetes, M5dSa.

Aegaeon, Onis, m., a sea-god, son of
Pontus and Terra.

Aegaeus, a, um, adj., Aegean, name

AEGER

ALIQUANDO 243

of the sea between Greece and Asia
Minor.

aeger, gra, grum, adj. (R. ig, trem-
blt ■•), sick, ill, troubled, sad.

Aeglna, ae, f ., daughter of the river-
god A8opus.

aegis, idis, f . (euyi's, aegis), the shield
of Minerva ; n. Met. VI, 79.

Aegyptius, a, urn, adj., Egyptian.

aelinos, I, m., a dirge ; sec n. Am.
Ill, 9, 23.

aemulus, T, m. (R. ik, aik, aik-ma,
ac-mu, like), one who will do the like,
em ulous, a rival.

Aeneius, a, urn, adj., of Aeneas.

aeneus, a, am, adj. (acs), (R. ajas,
metal}, of brass.

Aeolis, idis, f., the daughter of
Aeolus, Alcyone.

Acolius, a, um, adj., belonging to
Aeolus, the god of winds, Aeolian.

Aeolus, T, m. son of Hippotes ; the
god of winds.

aequalis, e, adj. (R. ik, aik, aik-a,
like), equal, like.

aequo, adv., equally, alike ; for R.
see aequalis.

aequo, 1 (for R. see aequalis), to
make equal, equal.

aequor, oris, n. (same R. as aequa-
lis), an even surface, the level (of the
sea), the sea.

aequoreus, a, um, adj., belonging
to the sea.

aequus, a, um, adj. (R. ik, aik, aik-
a). even, equal, favorable, equitable, just.

aer, eris, m., a^p, the air ; R. av, to
blow, av-er, il-Sr.

aeratus (aes), a, um, adj., covered
with bronze or copper ; of bronze.

aeripes (aes, pes), pedis, bronze-
footed.

aerius, a, um, adj. (tlSr), pertaining
to the air, aerial, airy.

aes, aeris, n. {JR. ajas, metal), bronze,
copper, brass.

aesculeus, a, um, adj., of oak.

Aesonides, ae, the son of Aeson ;
Jason.

Aesonius, a, um. adj., Aesonian.
aestas, iltis, f. (R. idh, burn, aid,
aid-tat-i, aes-ta-s), summer.

aestivus, a, um, adj. (aestas), of
summer.

aestuo, 1 (acs-tu-s, same R. as aes-
ta-s), to boil up, rage with heat, grow
hot, glow.

aestus, Vis, m. (same R. as aestas),
boiling, swell of the sea, heat of fire,
glow, ardor.

aetas, atis, f. (R. i, ai, ai-va (Eng.,
ever, aye), ac-vu-m, aevi-tas, aetas),
time, age of life, generation, age.

aeternus, a, um, adj. (aevi-ternu-s),
eternal, endless, perpetual.

aether, eris, m., ether, heaven.

agna, ae, f., a lamb.

agnosco, nOvT, nitum, 3, to know.

ag5, egl, actum, 3, to drive, lead;
agito, 1, to agitate; agitabilis, e, adj.,
light.

agrestis, e, adj. (ager), of the coun-
try, rustic, rude ; subst., a farmer,
peasant.

agricola, ae, m. (ager, colO), a culti-
vator of land, farmer, in Met. 8, 192 ;
fig. of one who, as it were, sowed words
in the soil.

ai (at), inter j., ah! alas!

aio, v. defect., to say, Gr. 297, II (R.
agii, to say, ag, a-j-o, ag-i-o).

51a, ae, f. (R. ag, ag + s=ax=lur/i ;
ax-u-la, ax-la, as-la, a-la), a wing.

Alba, ae, f ., a city in Latium, Alba
Longa.

albeo, ere (R. albiia, albu-s, white),
to be iv hit e.

albesco, ere, to grow white.

albidus, a, um, adj., white.

Albula, ae, f., river in Latium.

albus, a, um, adj. (R. albha, white),
white.

Alcldes, ae, m., son (or descendant)
of Alcaeus ; Hercules.

Alcyone, gs, f., daughter of Aeolus

ales, itis, adj. and subst. (ala), wing-
ed, bird, birds.

alienus, a, um, adj. (alius, R. al»ta,
ali, other, ali-Cnu-s), belonging to an-
other, another's, strange, foreign.

alimentum, I, n. (alo), means of
nourishment, food.

alio, adv. (alius), else-whither, else-
where.

alipes, pedis, adj. (ala, pSs), wing-
footed.

aliquando, adv. . at some, time, fir
natty (ali, so?ne, quando, when).

244

ALIQUIS

ANGO

aliquis, indef. pron. adj. and subst.,
(ali-quis), some one, some, somebody or
something or other.

aliter, adv., other- way, otherwise.

alius, a, urn, adj. (alja, another,
aliu-s), another, other, some, the others.

alligo, 1, ad, ligo, to bind to, fasten.

alloquor, locutus sum, 3, v. dep.,
ad-loquor (R. ra, ra-k, lak, loqu-i), to
speak to, address.

almus, a, urn, adj. (alo), nourishing.

alnus, I, f., alder.

alo, ul, itum and altum, 3 (R. ar, al,
make grow, nourish), to nourish, bring
vp.

Aloidae, 1, m., the Aloidae, sons of
Iphimedia, the wife of Aloeus.

Alpes, ium, f., the Alps.

Alpheias, adis, f., the nymph of the
fountain Arethusa, which unites its
waters with the river Alpheus.

Alphenor, oris, m., son of Niobe.

Alpheus (os), I, m., a river in the
Peloponnesus ; the river-god Alpheus.

altaria, ium, n. (altus), something
put upon the ara, on which the offerings
were burned, then the altar itself.

alte, adv. (altus), high, on high;
deep.

alter, tera, terum, adj. (R. alja, al,
al-tero), the other, one of two.

alternus, a, um, adj. (alter), one
after the other, alternate.

altrix, Kis, f., a nurse.

altus, a, um, adj. (R. ar, al, to raise),
high, exalted, deep; subst., the high,
height ; the deep, depth.

alumnus, T, m. (alo), foster-son.

alveus (alvus), I, m., a hollow (like
that of the alvus), the bed of a river.

alvus, I, f. (R. ar, al, to nourish,
al-o, al-vu-s), the body, ivomb.

amarus, a, um, adj. (R. am, raw),
bitter.

Amathus, untis, f., a town on the
south coast of Cyprus.

Amathusia, ae, f ., see n. Am. 3, 15.

ambages, um, f. pi., evasions.

ambigo, 3, amb-ago, (RR. ambh,
(amb) and ag), to go about ; impers.,
ambigitur, it is uncertain (ambiguous).

ambiguus, a, um, adj. (amb-igO,
ago), ambiguous, doubtful.

ambio, TvT and iT, Itum, 4, amb, eo.

(RR. ambh, amb, round, and i, to go),
to go around, compass, solicit, pray.

ambitio, Onis, f. (ambio), a going
around, canvassing, ambition.

ambo, ae, 0, both (R. ambh, amb).

ambrosia, 1, f., ambrosia.

amburo, ussT, ustum, 3, amb-uro,
(RR. ambh, amb, around, and vas, aus,
Os, (is, to burn, ur-ere, us-si), to burn
around, consume.

aniens, mentis, adj. (a, mSns), out
of mind, beside one's self, distracted.

amentia, ae, f . (aniens), madness.

am-icio, icul and ixT, ictum, 4, am
(R. ambh) and jacio, to throw around,
en wrap.

amictus, us, m. (amicio), clothing,
garment, veil.

amicus, a, um, adj. and subst., !, m.
(amo), fHendly, a friend.

a-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to lose.

amnis, is, m., a stream, river.

amo, 1 (R. kam (k). am, to love), to
love ; amans, tis, m., a lover.

amor (amO), Oris, m., love.

Amor, Oris, m., god of love.

Amphion, onis, m., son of Jupiter
and Antiope, husband of Niobe.

Ampbitrite, 6s, f., daughter of
Nereus, wife of Neptune ; by meton.,
the sea.

Amphitryon, Onis, m., son of Al-
caeus, and husband of Alcmene.

Amphitryoniades, ae, m., Her-
cules, as stepson of Amphitryon.

am-plector, plexus, 3, v. dep. (plec-
to), to twine round, compass, embrace.

am-plexus (amplector), us, m., a
surrounding, embracing.

amplius, adv. (amplG), further,
longer, besides.

Amyclides, ae, m., son of Amyclus,
king of Laconia ; Hyacinthus.

an, R. an, ana, interrog. particle,
or, ivhether not.

ancora, ae, f. (R. ak, ank, crook),
anchor.

Andromeda, ae, f., daughter of
Cepheus and Cassiope, rescued by Per-
seus, and then married to him. Met. 4,
671.

ango, anxT, anctum and anxum, 3
(R. angh, ang, to straiten), to strangle,
distress, make anxious,

ANGUI-COMUS

ARANEA

245

angui-coinus, a, um, adj. (anguis,
coma), with snaky hair, snake-hawed.

angui-fer, a, um, adj. (ferO), serpent-
beartng.

angui-pes, edis, adj., snake-footed.

unguis, is, m. (R. angh, ang, to
straiten), a serpent, snake.

Anguis, is, m., constellation of the
Dragon.

angulus, T, m. (same R. as angO), a
corner, angle.

angustus, a, um, adj. (ango), nar-
row.

anhelitus, T, m. (anhelO), panting
breath, breath.

an-helo, 1 (helO), to breathe with
difficulty, pant.

anilis, e, adj. (anus), of an old
icoman.

anima, ae, f. (R. an, to breathe),
an-i-ma), breath, air, life, the soul.

animal, Rlis, n. (anima), a living
being, animal.

animans, antis, part, and adj., a
living being, living.

animosus, a, um, adj. (anima), full
of spirit, spirited, eager.

animus, T, m. (R. an, to breathe),
the rational soul, spirit, heart, sense,
mind ; pride, anger, purpose.

annus, I, m. (R. ak, ank, to bend),
a-nu-s (for ac-nu-a), an-nus, year.

annosus, a, um, adj., aged.

Annus, I, m. (as person), the year.

annuus, a, um, adj. (annus), yearly,
annual.

anser, eris, m. (R. ghan, to grate,
hiss, ghans-a ; Ger., Gans), a goose.

Antaeus, I, m., name of a Libyan
giant, son of Earth.

ante, R. an (an-ta, abl. anti-d, anti,
ante), 1, adv. of place and of time,
before, sooner than—, earlier ; 2, prep,
with ace, before (of place, time, or
rank).

antc-eo, il, itum, 4 (eO), to go before.

antemna, ae, f., sail-yard (akin to

avareivu) ?).

AnthSdSn, onis, f., a city in Boco-
tia, opposite to Euboea.

Antigone, es, f., daughter of Lao-
medon. Met. G, 93.

antiquus, a, um, adj. (ante), of the
af ore-time, ancient, old, antique.

antrum, I, n. (R. an, ana, h>4, in,
an-tara, antru-m), a cave, den, grotto.

anus, us, f . (R. an (same as of ante),
ana, originally an a-stem noun, then
an-u-s ; so Ger., Ann, ancestor), an old
woman, matron.

anxius, a, um, adj. (angO), anxious.

Aonis, idis, f., of Aonia, Aonides,
the Muses, as dwellers in Aonia.

Aonius, a, um, adj., Aonian.

aper, aprl, m. (R. ap, to breed, ap-ro,
ap-e-r), a wild boar.

a-perio, perul, pertum, 4 (ab and
pariO), (R. par, to bring, par, par-i), to
bring from, uncover, open, disclose.

Apollineus, a, um, adj., of Apollo.

Apollo, inis, m., son of Jupiter and
Latona.

ap-pareo, uT, itum, 2 (ad-pareO), to
be visible, appear.

ap-pello, poll, pulsum, 3 (ad-pello),
to drive to, drive forward.

ap-pello, 1 (ad-pello), to go to or
drive to for the purpose of addressing,
to speak to, address, accost, name.

Appennlnus, a, um, adj. (the radical
syllable penn probably Celtic, mountain-
top), Apenrdne, the Apennines.

ap-plico, avl and uT, atum and itum
(ad-plico) (to fold to), 1, apply, put to.

ap-pono, posul, positum, 3 (ad-
pono), to place near, near to.

apto, 1 (f rcq. fr. apo), to fit to, place
upon, furnish.

aptus, a, um, adj. (apC), fitted, fitting,
suitable.

aqua, ae, f . (R. ak. swift), water, pi.
waters, streams.

aquila, ae, f. (R. ak, ank, dark),
(aquilus, dark color), dark bird, the
eagle.

aquilo, Onis, m. (same R. as aquila),
bringing dark, lowering weather, north
wind.

aquosus, a, um, adj. (aqua), full of
water, full of rain.

ara, ae, f . (R. as, to sit, iis-a, ilr-a),
altar.

Xra, ae, f., the constellation of the
Altar.

Arachne, es, f., the Lydian maiden
in the story of Met. 6, 5, seqq.

aranea, ae, f., the spider (R. Ail, fit,
spin).

246

ABATOR

ASCENDO

arator, Oris, m. (aro), plower.

aratrum, T, n. (aro), plow.

Aratus, T, m., a Greek poet of Soli ;
see n. Am. 1, 15, 16.

ar-bi-ter, trl, in. (ar = ad, and bi, f r.
R. ga, gua, ba, to go), one that goes to;
i. e., witness, observe?\ arbiter.

arbitr-iu-m, I, m. (arbiter-ium),
decision, choice, will.

arbor (arbOs), oris, f . (R. ardh, arf-,
arb-, to raise, lift), tree, mast.

arboreus, a, um, adj. (arbor), of a
tree.

arbustum, I, n. (arbOs), (arbos-e-
tum, arbus-tu-m), a plantation of trees,
trees.

arbut-eus, a, um, adj. (arbutum),
of the strawberry-tree, of the arbute.

arb-u-tum, T, n. (arbor), the wild
strawberry-tree, arbute, arbutus.

Arcadia, ae, f., a province of the
Peloponnesus.

arceo, ul, ctum, 2 (R. ark, to keep
strong, keep off), to keep off, hinder,
keep back, keep away.

arci-tenens, entis, adj. (arcus), bow-
holding, epithet of Apollo.

Arctos, I, f., the constellation of the
Great and the Lesser Bear (R. ark, to
attack, injure).

arcuatus, a, um, adj. (arcuO), bow-
formed, arched.

arcus, Us, m. (R. ar, to bend), a
bow ; bow (as half-circle), rainbow.

Ardea, ae, f., chief city of the Ru-
tuli in Latiurr.

ardeo, arsT, arsum, 2 (R. ar, to burn,
dry, are-re, ari-du-s, aridi-tas, 5rid-ere ;
ard-ere), to burn, be afire, burn vp,
glow.

ardesco, arsT, 3 (ardeO), to take fire,
glitter.

ardor, Oris, m. (ardeO), heat, glow,
ardor.

arduus, a, um, adj. (R. ardh, ardh-
va, ard-uu-s, to raise high), steep, high ;
hard to reach, arduous.

area, ae, f. (R. ar, dry), a (dry) free
place, open field, area.

areo, ere (see R. of ardeO), to be dry,
arid.

Arethusa, ae, f., name of a nymph
in Elis, and of the celebrated fountain
in Sicily ; see note Met. 5, 409.

argent eus, a, um, adj. (argentum),
of silver, silver-bright, silver.

argentum, I, n. (R. arg, to shine,
arge-nt-u-m), silver.

Argos, n. (Lat., Argi, orum, m.), a
city in Argolis, Peloponnesus.

argumentum, I, n. (arguO), subject-
matter, subject (for representation in
art), argument.

arguo, ul, utum, 3 (R. arg, argu, to
shine, be clear), to make clear, argue,
prove, reprove, censure.

aridus, a, um, adj. (areO), dry, arid.

aries, etis, m. (R. unc, V. gives ar,
to hurt, ari, ari-e-s), 1, a ram ; 2, the
constellation of the Ram.

arista, ae, f . (R. ak, sharp, acr-ista,
ar-ista, ista superlative), a beard of
grain, ear, harvest (of ears).

anna, Orum, n. (R. ar, to fit, cf. ar-
mu-s, joint), shoulder, arm, something
fitted to the body, arms, armor ; (for
the field), tools, utensils, armipo-
tens, tis, valiant.

arm amenta, Orum, n. (anna), (for a
ship), tackle, armament.

armentum, I, n. (arma, AR-men-tu-
m, in the sense of being put together ;
but perh. fr. ar, to plow), herds, cattle
(as oxen, horned cattle, or horses).

armi-fer, fera, ferum, adj., arms-
bearing, armed.

armi-ger, gera, gerum, adj., arms-
carrying, armor-bearer.

armus, I, m. (R. ar, to fit), joint,
shoulder, arm.

aro, 1 (R. ar, to plow), to plow.

arripio (ad-rapiO), ul, reptinn, 3, to
lay hold of.

ars/artis, f. (R. ar, to fit), art.

arti-fex, icis, m. (faciO), artist, arti-
san, maker, author, contriver.

artus, a, um, adj. (arceo), narrow,
close ; as subst., a strait.

artus, fis, m. (R. ar, to fit), a joint of
the body, pi. joints, limbs ; body, bodies.

arvum, I, n. (aro), plowed or arable
land, field, fields.

arx, cis, f. (R. ark, to make strong),
a stronghold, castle, citadel, a high
place, height, summit.

Ascalaphus, I, m., son of Acheron
and Orphne, changed to an owl.

ascendo (ad and scando), scendl,

ASCENSUS

AUGUSTUS 247

scensum, 3, to climb up, ascend, go up
into.

asoensus, us, m. (ascendo), an as-
cent.

Ascraeus, I, m., of Ascra, a village
in Boeotia ; the Ascraean (used of
Hesiod).

asellus, T, m., dim. (asinus), a little
ass, an ass's colt.

Asopis, idis, f., daughter of AsOpus;
AegTna.

asper, era, erum, adj., rough, uneven.

aspergo, inis, f. (ad-spargO), a
sprinkling, besprinkling, spray.

a-spicio, spexT, spectum, 3 (ad,
epeciO), to look to, look upon, behold,
consider.

a-spiro, 1 (ad, spIrO), to breathe to,
favor.

assensus, us, m. (assentio), agree-
ment, assent.

as-sentio, sSnsI, sSnsum, 4 (ad, sen-
tiO), to agree with, assent.

as-sero, serul, sertum, 3 (ad, serO),
to join to, claim, appoint to.

assiduus, a, um, adj. (ad, sedeO),
unremitting.

as-silio, siluT, sultum, 4 (ad, saliO),
to leap to, spring upon.

as-suesco, suevl, sugtum, 3 (ad,
BueecO), to accustom one's self to ; part.,
assuetus, accustomed to, wonted.

assuetudo, inis, f., custom, habit,
intercourse.

as-sum, s. ad-sum.

as-sumo, sumpsl, sumptum, 3 (ad,
sumO), to take to, receive.

Assyrius, a, um, adj., Assyrian.

Asterie, es, f., daughter of Coeus ;
Met. 6, 108.

Astraea, ae, f . ('Aorpcua, goddess of
stars), goddess of justice. Met. 1, 150.

a-stringo, strinxT, striatum, 3 (ad,
BtringO), to bind to, bind fast.

astrum, I, n. (R. star, to strew
(sterno), ster, ster-u-la, stel-la (aarpov,
avTTJp, <rrep), a-stru-m), a star, constel-
lation ; by meton., the heavens.

at, conj. (ast), (R. a, pron. stem, 1st
and 2d pers., e-n, a-t), but, yet, yet at
least.

Atalanta, ae, f., d. of king Schoe-
neus, of Boeotia ; Met. 10, 565, seqq.

ater, atra, um, adj. (R. idh, to burn,
aid, aid-tro (?), a-tro, a-ter, burnt black),
black, dark, gloomy.

Athos (Onis), CA0<i>v), mountain in
Macedonia ; Met. 2, 217.

Atlantiades, ae, m., son or de-
scendant of Atlas ; n. of Mercury as son
of Maia, Atlas's d. ; Met. 8, 627.

Atlas, antis, m., s. of lapetus, father
of the Pleiades, and grandf. of Niobc;
Met. 2, 296 ; 6, 174.

at-que (ac), conj. (ad-que), and-too,
and also, and even, and ; as.

atrium, T, n. (ater), (R. idh, to
burn), the room in which was the hearth
(" atrum ex f umo " ?), the entrance-room
in the house, family-room, reception-
room; hall ; by meton., the house, home.

at-tamcn, and yet, yet.

at-tollo, ere (ad-tollO), to lift vp.

at-tono, uT, itum, 1 (ad, tonO), to
thunder at or upon, stun, amaze,
charm.

au-ceps, cupis, comm. (avi-ceps, fr.
avis, capio), a bird-catcher, fowler.

auctor, Oris, m. (augeo), the author,
promoter, doer ; cause, occasion ; giver,
lender ; producer, father ; founder ;
relater ; authority.

audax, acis, adj. (audeO), daring,
bold, spirited, audacious, rash.

audeo, ausT (ausim), ausus sum, 2
(R. av, to like, be eager for, av-Cre,
avi-du-s, av-d, au-d, au-d-e-re), to dare,
be bold, venture.

audio, ivl or il, Itum, 4 (same R. as
au-d-e-re), to hear, perceive, to know by
hearing, to give heed to.

au-fero, abstull, ablatum, 3 (ab
(abs), ferO), to carry away, take away,
rob of, destroy.

augeo, xl, ctum, 2 (R. vag, ug, to
be strong, wax, aug), to increase, en-
large, heighten.

augurium, I, n. (au-gur, fr. avi-gur,
R. av, to blow, wave, avi-s + R. gar,
to call), interpreting of the flight of birds,
inU rpretation, augui~y.

au-guror, 1, v. dep. (augur), to in-
terpret omens, surmise, augur.

august us, a, um, adj. (augeo), exalt-
ed, august.
Augustus, I, m., 1, the August, Ma-

248

AULA

AXIS

jestic, Majesty, Imperial Majesty, title
of honor of Octavian on his attainment
of sovereign power ; 2, adj., of Augustus,
Augustan, imperial.

aula, ae, f. (Gr., avKrj, free, airy,
place, fr. R. av, to blow), court (of a
building), hall (of a palace).

aulaeum, I, n. (aula), pi. aulaea,
hall-hangings, curtain (of a theatre).

aura, ae, f. (R. av, to blow, av-ra,
au-ra), air, draught of air ; pi. breezes,
breath of life.

auvatus, a, um, adj. (aurum), gilded,
adorned ivith gold.

aureus, a, um, adj. (aurum), of gold,
golden.

auri-fer, fera, ferum, adj., gold-
bearing.

aurlga, ae, comm. (aurl-ga, f r. auri-
jug-a ; auri- fr. R. ar, to run, avpo-g,
arvu-s, a horse ; and jug fr. R. ju,
ju-g, to bind, cf. jug-u-m), a chari-
oteer.

auris, is, f . (R. av, to be eager for,
av-s, au-s-i-s, au-r-i-s), the ear.

Aurora, ae, f . (R. vas, avs, aus, to
burn, shine, aucr-os), aus-os, aus-os-a,
Aur-or-a), goddess of the rosy morn,
dawn, Aurora ; by meton., the East.

aurum, I, n. (R. same as Aurora,
VASr aus, aus-o, aur-u-m), the (shining)
gold.

Ausonia, ae, f., poetic name for
Italy, fr. the Ausones.

Ausonius, a, um, adj. (Ausonia),
Ausonian.

auspex, spicis, comm., fr. avi-spex,
avis, specio (see augurium for avis),
specio fr. R. spak, to see, spec, spec-s),
one who observes the birds, augur,
diviner.

auspicium, I, n. (avi - spicium),
(auspex), observation of the birds, au-
spice.

auster, strT, m. (R. vas, aus, to
burn, aus-ter), the (hot) south-wind,
Auster.

australis, e, adj. (auster), in the
direction of the south-wind, southerly.

ausum, I, n. (audeO), a daring at-
tempt, venture, design.

aut, conj. (fr. au-te-m, au-t, the t
repr. tern, the demon, pron. stem of 3d
pers., au repr. pron. st. as adv. and =
Gr. Sv, aSre, and aut = rje, %), or, or
rather, or even, either— or.

autem (au-te-m), conj. (see aut), but,
hoivever.

autumnalis, e, adj. (autumnus), of
the autumn, autumnal.

autumnus, I, in. (R. av, to satisfy,
be full, au-ta, au-t-u-mnu-s), the season
that brings fullness, the autumn ; by
meton., the fruits of the autumn ; per-
sonified Met. 2, 29, Autumn.

auxiliaris, e, adj. (auxilium), bring-
ing help, helping.

auxilium, I, n. (augeo, q. d., aug-
to, aug-tu-lo, aug-su-lo, aug-sul-io, aux-
il-io), help, aid ; by meton., helper.

a-vello (vclll), vulsl, vulsum, 3, to
tear away, rend from.

avena, ae, f . (R. same as autumnus,
av, av-as, avasa, av-as-na, av-es-na, av-
e-na), a stalk of grain, of straw, a
reed.

Aventmus, a, um, adj. and subst.,
Aventine (hill), the Aventine.

Avernalis, e, adj., of (lake) Aver-
n us ; see note Met. 5, 540.

Avernus, a, um, adj., same as Aver-
nalis.

aversor, 1, v. dep. (averto), to turn
away.

a-verto, tl, sum, 3, to turn from,
away, avert.

avidus, a, um, adj. (aveo), desirous,
eager, greedy.

avis, is, f. (R. av, to blow, avi-s),
bird, as bird of omen, by meton. for
omen.

avitus, a, um, adj. (avus), of a
grandfather, grandfather 's, ancestral.

avius, a, um, adj. (a or ab, via), out
of the way, remote ; subst. pi., out-of-
the-way places, by-ways.

avus, T, m. (R. av, to like, protect),
grandfather ; in pi., ancestors.

axis, is, m. (R. ag, to drive, ag + s=
ax, axi-s), axle ; by meton., carriage,
chariot ; the axis, of the earth, of tJie
heavens ; by meton., the heavens.

BABYLONIUS

BRUTUS

249

Babylonius, a, urn, adj., of Babylon,
Babylonian.

baca, ae, f. (dabka), a berry, berry
of Minerva ; i. e., the olive.

Bacchae, Brum, pi., female attend-
ants of Bacchus.

Baccheus, a, urn, adj., belonging to
Bacchus ,• Bacchic.

Baccliiadae, pi. m., the BaccMads,
an ancient princely family of Corinth,
descended from Bacchis.

Bacchus, I, m., s. of Jupiter and
Semele, foster-son of Silenus, Met. 11,
99.

baculum, T, n., and baculus, T, m.
(B. ga, to go, ha, ba-k, ba-c-ulu-m),
something used for going ; a staff.

Balearicus, a, urn, adj., Balearic,
of the Baledres, islands in the Mediterra-
nean (/3aAAw).

ballaena, ac, f., a whale.

ballista, ae, f. (pd\\u>), a machine
for throwing missiles, ballist.

balteus, I, m., a belt, girdle.

barba, ae, f. (B. bard ha), beard.

barbaricus, a, um, adj., foreign, not
Greek or Roman, barbarian.

barbarus, a, um, adj., foreign, bar-
barous ; subst., foreigner, barbarian.

Bassus, T, m., name of an epic poet,
Tr. 4, 10, 47.

Baucis, idis, f., wife of rhilcmon,
Met. 8, G31, seqq.

beat us, a, um, adj. (beo), made
happy, happy.

Belides, um, pi. f., granddaughters
of Bclus, usually called Danaides, fr.
their f. Danaus.

bellicus, a, um, adj. (bellum), of
war, warlike.

bellum, T, n. (B. dva, dvi, two,
duc-llu-m, bcllu-m), war, contest, duel.

belua, ae, f. (R. bargii, to break,
tear, balgh, balh, belli, bel-), a {tearing,
fierce) beast, a monster.

bene, adv. (B. dvi, du, to honor,
bone, bene), well, exactly, right.

benignus, a, um, adj. (bene-gTgnO,
beni-n-gnu-s, gnu fr. B. gan, gen, gna,
gnu), kindly by nature, benignant.

Berecyntius, a, um, adj., of (Mt.)
Berecyntus, Berecynthian.

bibo, bibl, itum, 3, to drink.

bibulus, a, um, adj., bibulous.

biceps, cipitis, adj. (bis, caput), two-
headed.

bi-color, Oris, adj. (bis, color), two-
colored.

bicornis, c, adj. (bis, cornu), two-
Iiorned.

bi-foris, e, adj. (bis, foris), having
two doors.

bi-niaris, c, adj. (bis, mare), lying
on two seas, two-seaed.

binl, ae, a, distrib. pronom. adj.
(bis), two by two, two each.

bis, adv. (B. dva, dvi, dvi-ies, dbi-
ies, bi-ies, bis), two times, twice.

bi-sulcus, a, um, adj. (bis, sulcus),
two-furrowed, two-cleft, cloven.

blandior, v. dep., 4 (blandus), to
say or do bland (soft) things, flatter,
fondle.

blanditia, ac, f. (blandus), bland
(soft) speeches, flattery.

blandus, a, um, adj. (B. mar, mal
{rub, make soft), mal-d, mlad, mla-n-d,
bla-n-d-), bland, flattering.

Boedtia, ae, f., a country in central
Greece, Met. 2, 239.

bonus, a, um, adj., melior, optimus
(B. dvi, du, honor), good, good-natured,
kindly; of better kind, best; subst.,
bonum, i, n., a good, a blessing; pi.,
goods, excellences, blessings.

Bootes, ae, m., the constellation
Bootes (B0CUT179, ox-driver).

Boreas, ae, m., 1, the N. wind; 2,
the god of the N. wind.

bos, bovis, comm. (B. gu, to sound,
guov, vov, bov), an ox, a bull, a
cow.

bracchium, I, n. (R, BARGn, ppax,
ppax-iotv), the arm, the fore- or lower
arm ; claw, pi. the claws.

brevis, e, adj. (B. bargii {break,
tear), bragh, bregh-u-i, breh-u-i, bre-v-
i-s), broken off, brief, short, small.

breviter (brevis), briefly, shortly.

Brutus, I, m. (B. gar, heavy, gam
(gravis), gur, gru, bru-), L. Junius (who
feigned dullness), the deliverer of Rome
fr. the Tarquins, and fr. regal govern-
ment ; Fasti, 2, 717.

250

BUBO

OANDESCO

bubo, Onis, m. (R. bu, scream), an
owl.

bucerus, a, um, adj. (/3ov*cep&>s; ox-
horned, horned (cattle).

biiciua, ae, f . (R. bu, sound), bu-k,
buc-a, buc-ina), a horn or trumpet, sig-
nal-trumpet.

Buslris, idis, m., mythical king of
Egypt, Met. 9, 183.

bus turn, T, n. (burO = urO), place of
burial (burning), tomb.

buxum, I, n., box-tree, wood of the
box-tree.

cacumen, inis, n. (R. kuad, kud,
to drive (shoot) forth, by redupl. ka +
kud, ca-cu-men), peak, summit, top ;
point.

Cadmeis, idis, f., of Cadmus, Cad-
mean.

Cadmus, I, m., s. of Phoenician
king Agenor.

cado, cecidl, casum, 3 (R. kad, to
fall), sink, set.

caduci-fer, fera, ferum, adj. (cadu-
ceus), bearing a herald's staff.

caducus, I, adj. (cado), (something)
that falls, falling, fallen, liable, ready,
tofall.

caecus, a, urn, adj. (R. ska, cover,
hide, sea, sca-i-co, ca-i-co, caeco), dark,
hidden, blind.

caedes, is, f. (caedo), a cutting down,
killing, murder, carnage, bloodshed.

caedo, cecidl, caesum, 3 (R. sak,
ska, to cut, cleave, ska-d, ski-d, scae-d,
caed-), to make fall, to fell, slay, kill.

caeles, itis (caelum), adj., in heaven,
pi. masc, the heavenly (ones), the gods.

caelestis, e, adj. (caelum), belonging
to heaven, heavenly, divine ; subst. pi.,
the heavenly (ones), celestial (beings).

caelicola, ae, comm. (caelum),
dweller in heaven.

caelo, 1 (same R. as caedo, ska, to
cut, caed-, cael-, cael-u-m, burin or
chisel), to represent in relief, to engrave,
to adorn with reliefs.

caelum, T, n. and m. (R. ku, kua-n,
to be hollow, kau, kav, cavi-lu-m, cai-
lu-m, caelum), the (hollow) vault of
heaven, heaven, the heavens.

caeruleus, a, um, adj., caerulus
(same R. as caelum, caelu-lu-s), heaven-
blue, blue, dark-blue, dark.

Caesar, aris, m., C. Julius, assas-
sinated b. c. 44.

caespes, itis, m. (caedo), sod, turf.

Calcus, I, m., river in Tenthrania,
Mysia.

Calais, idis, m., one of the winged
sons of Boreas.

calamus, I, m. (xaAa/xoy, R. kar,
to project), a reed.

calathus, I, m. (icdkaQos, R. karatho,
basket), a wicker-basket, flower-basket.

calco, 1 (calx, heel), to tread with
the heel, stamp.

calco, ul, 2 (R. skal, to glow, cal),
to be warm, glow.

calesco, ul, 3 (caleO), to grow warm.

calidus, a, um, adj. (caleO), warm.

caligo, inis, f . (R. skal, kal, cover),
misty darkness, gloom.

callens, ntis, part. (fr. calleO, R.
kar, to swell) (of bark), callous, hard.

callidus, a um, adj., cunning.

Calliope, es, f . (KaAAi6jri7, the fine-
voiced), the Muse of epic song.

calor, Oris, m. (caleo), warmth.

Calvus, T, m., see n. Am. 3, 9, 62.

Calydonius, a, um, adj., of Calydon,
a town in Aetolia ; Calydonian.

Calymne, es, f., an island in the
Aegean.

Camenae, arum, f., pi. (R. kas,
sing, cas, cas-mena, goddess of song),
the Camenae, Muses.

caminus, I, m. (R. ak, sharp, aieix-
ivos, Sansc. ac-manta, Kaix-ivos, caml-
nu-s, Vanicek, p. 5), a smelting furnace,
forge, stove (Eng., chimney).

campus, I, m. (R. skap, digy
sca-m-p, ca-m-p), a level ground, an
open field, a plain, a battle-field.

cancer, erf, m. (R. kan, hard, kar,
ka-n + kar, ca-n-cer), a crab, the sign of
Cancer in the zodiac.

candeo, ul, 2 (R. skand, to light,
shine, kand, cand), to shine, glisten.

candesco, ul, 3 (candeO), to grow
shining (white), begin to glow.

CANDIDUS

CAVEO

251

candidus, a, um, adj. (candeO),
shining, shining-white, brilliant.

candor, Oris, in., a shining white-
ness, brightness, candor.

cilneo, nT, 2 (canus), to be grayish
white, hoary, gray.

canescd, ul, 3 (canus), to grow
hoary, gray.

canis, is, comm. (R. ku, kvi, kvan,
to be strong, can-is, Kvutv ; Fr., chien ;
Eng., hound), a dog ; the dog (Cerbe-
rus), the Gallic = hunting dog.

canistra, ae, f. (canna), a basket
made of reeds, a fruit-basket.

canities, em, e\ f. (canus), gray
hairs.

canna, ae, f., a reed.

cano, cecinl, cantnm, 3 (R. kan, to
sound, tone), to produce a melodious
tone, sing, sing (in prophecy), to predict,
sound (a signal).

canor, oris, m. (canO), song.

can5rus, a, um, adj., tuneful.

canto, 1 (canO), to sing, sing of,
celebrate in song.

cantus, us, m., song, singing.

canus, a, um, adj. R. (kas, to be
white, gray), gray-tvhite, gray, in pi.
cani (sc. capilli), gray hairs.

capax, ads, adj. (capiO), that can
take, capacious, susceptible for, apt for.

capella, ae, f., a she-goat, the Ca-
pella. caper, prT, m., a goat.

capillus, I, m., dim. (caput), hair of
the head (in distinction from the beard),
hair.

capio, cepT, captum, 3 (R. kar,
take), to seize, take, comprehend, under-
stand (take), ivin, gain.

Capitolium, T, n. (caput), the Capi-
tol.

caprea, ae, f . (capra, R. kvar,
kuap, to smell, cap, Van., but Curtius
f r. karp, krap, to spring, capr), a wild
goat.

Caprea, ae, f. (capra), (the marsh)
of Caprea.

captlvus, a, um, adj. (capio), taken,
captive.

capto, 1 (capiO), to take (eagerly), to
strive to take.

caput, itis, n. (R. kar, take, com-
prise, cap), the head, (of a river) the
head, source.

carbasus, I, f., pi. carbasa, a texture
of fine Spanish \hix,Jine linen (robes).

career, eris, m. (R. skar, to keep,
skar(s), kar, car-cer), a prison, barrier
(of the race-course).

card5, inis, m. (R. skard, to swing,
kard, card), the hinge (of a door).

careO, ul, 2 (R. sxar, to cut off,
car-Ore, to be cut off), to be without, be
free from, want, lose.

carica, ae, f. (sc. ficus), a Carian
(fig), a dried jig, dried figs.

carina, ae, f. (R. kar, to be hard,
car), the keel (of a ship) ; by meton., a
ship.

carmen, inis, n. (R. kas, sing, kas-
man, car-men), a song, song, a poem.

caro, carnis, f. (R. kru, to become
rough, raw, car), flesh, piece of flesh,
meat.

carpo, psl, ptum, 3 (R. skarp, to
ait, tear, scarp, carp-O), to jiluck, break
off, browse, eat, enjoy, carp at; (with
viam), to go ; (with aethera), to cleave,
to fly through.

cams, a, um, adj. (R. ka, to love),
dear, precious, loved by.

casa, ae, f. (R. skad, cover, scad,
cad, cad-ta, cas-ta, cas-sa, casa), a hut.

Cassiope, es, f., wife of Cepheus
and Andromeda's mother.

cassus, a, um, adj., empty, icorth-
less.

Castalius, a, um, adj., Castalian.

castanea, ae, f., chestnut-tree.

castra, Orum, n. (R. skad, to cover,
cad, cad-tro, cas-tru-m), a camp.

casus, lis, m. (cado), fall, accident,
fortune, misfortune.

catena, ae, f. (R. kat, make to fall),
a fetter, chain.

Catullus, T, m., a poet ; s. Am. 3,
15,7. catulus, I, m., a cub.

cauda, ae, f. (R. skud, to spring
forth), tail of an animal.

causa, ae, f. (R. skav, be on one" 8
guard, guard, kav, cav, cav-es, cav-es-
ta, cau-s-ta, cau-s-sa, causa), a matter
guarded, a cause, reason, ground, occa-
sion, an affair.

cautes, is, f. (R. ka, kan, to
sharpen), a pointed rock.

caveo, dvl, cautum, 2 (R. skav,
guard), to take care, to make provision.

252

CAVERNA

CHORDA

caver na, ae, f. (cavus), a hollow, a
cavern.

cavo, 1 (cavus), to holloiv out.

cavus, a, um, adj. (R. ku, kvi, kvan,
to be holloiv, cav), hollow, hollowed out.

Cecrops, opis, m., mythical king of
Athens.

Cecropius, a, um, adj., of Cecrops,
Cecropian.

cedo, cessT, ccssum, 3 (JR. same as
cad-O, cad, ce-cid, ce-id, ced-), to go
forth, yield, give way, go over.

celeber, Celebris, e, adj. (R. kar, to
go, go to, kal, eel, eele-ber, gone to),
(much gone to), frequented, numerous,
celebrated.

celebrO, 1 (celeber), to frequent, to
Ml with one's presence, to solemnize,
celebrate, praise.

celer, eris, adj. (same R. as celeb ro,
go swiftly), quick, swift.

celer, prop, name (R. kar, be prom-
inent, cer, eel), one of the king's body-
guard ; cf . Celsi.

celo, 1 (R, skal, eel, to cover), to
conceal, hide.

celsus, a, um, adj. (cello), (R. kar,
kal, eel, to be prominent), raised high,
lofty.

CSnaeus, a, um, adj., of Cenaeum,
Cenaean.

census, us, m. (censeO), (R. kas,
sing, formally declare ; but Harpers1
Diet, derives it fr. centum, centere, to
hundred, number), the registering and
taxing of the R. people, census, prop-
erty.

Centaurus, T, m., Centaur, pi. Cen-
taurs, a Thessalian people ; Met. 2, 636;
9, 191.

centum, num. adj. (R. dak an, ten,
dakan x da, kanta), hundred.

Cepheus, el, m., s. of Belus, and
father of Andromeda ; Met. 4, 738.

Cepheus, a, um, adj., of Cepheus,
Cephean.

Cephlsis, idis, fern, adj., of Cephi-
sus.

Cephisus, T, m., a river in Phocis ;
Met. 3, 19.

cera, ae, f . (R. skar, kar, to sepa-
rate), wax.

ceratus, a, um, adj. (cera), of wax,
waxed, waxen.

Cerberus, I, m., the three-headed
dog of the lower world, offspring of
Echidna, Echidnea canis, also mon-
strum Medusaeum, as Echidna was de-
scended f r. Medusa.

Cerealis, c, adj. (Ceres), of Ceres,
cereal (cereals).

Ceres, eris, f., daughter of Saturn
and Rhea, mother of Proserpine ; Met.
5, 338-571.

cerno, crevl, cretum, 3 (R. skar. kar,
separate, cer, ere-), to separate, divide,
distinguish, see clearly, discern.

certamen, inis, n. (certo, cerno), a
contest, a prize-fight.

certe, adv. (certus), certainly, surely,
at any rate, at least.

certo, 1 (cerno), to contend, decide by
a contest, vie ivith, struggle.

certus, a, um, adj. (cerno), deter-
mined, fixed, sure, unerring, resolved,
assured of.

cerva, ae, f . (R. kar, hard, cer), a
hind.

cervix, Tcis, f . (R. kar + R. vi, kar,
prominent, and vi, vi-k, vi-N-K, bind),
the neck.

cervus, T, m. (same R. as cerva), the
(horned) stag, deer.

cesso, 1 (cedo), to fall back, delay,
linger.

ceterus, a, um, adj. (R. ki, kai,
demon, pronom. stem, kai-tara), the
other {that which is over), the others, the
rest.

ceu, adv., ccve (fr. R. ki, as in
ceterus, + R. ve, fr. var, val, vol
(vol-o), to will), or thisithia if you will);
(in comparison) just as, like as.

Ceyx (dissyl.), ycis, s. of Lucifer,
husband of Alcyone.

chaos, nom. and ace. n., abl. chaO,
chaos ; see n. Met. 1,7; for the (vast)
lower tcorld.

Charybdis, is, f., a whirlpool in
the strait of Sicily.

Chimaerifera, ae, adj., f., epithet of
Lycia, as the Chimaera- or monster-
bearing.

Chiron, onis, m., the Centaur, son
of Saturn and Philyra.

chorda, ae, f., a string, chord (R.
guar, to be flexible, x°P> X°P5r7> chor-
da).

CHORUS

COEPI

253

chorus, I, m., a dance in a ring, a
band of dancers and singers, a chorus.

chrysolith- us or os, I, m. and f.,
chrysolite or topaz.

cibus, T, m. (R. rap, to take, cip, cib,
c'ib-xi-8), food.

Cibyreius, a, nm, adj., of Cibyra, a
city in Phrygia, Cibyreian.

Cicones, ura, m., a people in Thrace ;
Met. 10, 2 ; 11, 3.

ciconia, ae, f., a stork (R. ran, to
bend, con-).

Cilix, icis, ad'].,ofCilicia, Cilician.

Cimineril, Drum, m., see note, Met.
11, 592.

cingo, nxT, ctum, 3 (R. rar, to be
bent, ka-n + k(ar), c-i-n-g-ere), to com-
pass in a circle, surround, gird, gird
about, wreathe.

cinis, eris, m. (R. rnu, cnu, cun-, to
scratch, to scrape), ashes.

Cinyras, ae, m., 1, name of an As-
syrian king, Met. 6, 98 ; 2, of a Cyprian
prince, s. of Pygmalion.

circa, adv. and prep. (R. rar, to be
bent, kar + k(ar), cir-ca), around, round
about, circu-eo, 4. to go around.

circuitus, us, m. (circueO), circuit.

circum, adv. and prep, (same R. as
circa), around, round about.

circum-do (do), dedl, datum, dare,
to surround, encompass.

circum-fero, tull, latum, 3 (fero),
to carry around, cast around.

circum-fluo, fluxT, 3, to flow around.

circum-fluus, a, um, adj., flowing
around, surrounded by water.

circum-fundo, fadl, fflsum, 3, to
pour around, press around.

circum - lino, litum, 3 (lino), to
smear around, besmear, embellish.

circum-sono, are, to sound about.

circumsonus, a, um, adj., barking.

circum-spicio (specie), spexl, spec-
turn, 3, to look about, to look about one's
self.

circum - sto, stetT, 1, to stand
around, surround.

Circus, I, m. (same R. as circa), the
Circus Maximus, in the valley between
the Palatine and Aventine.

cithara, ae, f., the cithern, guitar.

citius, adv. comp. (cito), more quick-
ly, sooner.

citra, adv. and prep. (R. ri, dem.
pron. stem, ci-ter-tra, ci-tra, abl. fern.,
on this side), on this side, nee virtus
citra genus, nor is (my) merit this side
of—\. e., lower than— {my) birth.

citus, a, um, adj. (cieO), quick, swift.

civllis, e, adj. (civis), of a citizen,
civil.

civis, is, m. (R. ri, lie down {abide),
Kel-fxai, kei, kei-va, a house, cei-vi-s, ci-
vi-s, one in the house, at home, in opp.
to a foreigner), a citizen, a fellow-citi-
zen.

clades, is, f. (R. rar, to thrust,
slay, kal, cal, cla-), a throwing down,
overthrow, defeat, disaster.

clamo, 1 (R. rar, to sound, call,
kal, cal, cla-), to shout, cry aloud, to call
by name.

clamor, Oris, m. (clamO), a shout,
a shout of applause, a shout of joy.

Clarius, a, um, adj., of Claros, Cla-
rian.

Claros, T, a city in Ionia, celebrated
for its temple of Apollo.

clarus, a, um, adj. (R. same as
clamo), (loud), clear, bright, illustrious.

classis, is, f. (R. same as cljImO,
cla + t), a calling together, 1, of citizens
to vote), {classis) ; 2, to arms ; then 3 (to
naval warfare), a fleet.

claudo (dsi), si, sum, 3 (R. sriat, to
shut, klu, clan-), to close, shut in, shut,
inclose, shut up.

clava, ae, f. (R. rar, to thrust, kal,
cal, cla-), a stick, club.

clavus, I, m. (R. srlu, shut, klu,
clan-, clav-), a nail.

clipeatus, a, um, adj. (clipeus), (R.
RiA-p), steal, hide, clc-p, clip-), shield-
armed ; clipeus, I, m., a shield.

cllvus, I, m. (R. riu, to lean), an
acclivity, a slope, declivity.

Clymene, es, f., d. of Tethys, Met.
1, 750.

Clymeneius, a, um, adj., of Cly-
mene.

co-argu5, ul (con, arguo), to convict,
expose.

coctilis, e, adj. (coquO), burned, of
brick.

co-eo, iT, itum, 4 (con, eO), to go to-
gether, assemble, unite.

coepT, perf., coeptum, coepissc (fr.

254

COEPTUM

CON-CAVO

R. ap, bind, ap-e-re (aptus), co-ap-e-re,
coep-ere), to ft, together, on all sides,
begin, undertake.

coeptum, I, n. (coepl), something
begun, undertaking.

co-erceo, ercul, ercitum, 3 (arceO),
to keep together, inclose, restrain, con-
fine.

Coeus, I, m., father of Latona.

co - (con)gnatus (nBtus, nSscor),
(born with), related, kindred.

co - (con)gnosco, novl, nitum, 3
(gnOsco, nOscO), to come to know, to
become acquainted with, to know, recog-
nize, perceive.

cogo, coegl, coactum, 3 (con, ago), to
drive together, bring up (mil. with ag-
men), force, compel.

co-haereo, haesl, haesum, 2, to hang
together, cohere.

co-liors, hortis, f . (hors, fr. R. ghar,
seize, inclose, har, hor-tu-s (an inclos-
ure), then (of men) co-hor-ti, cohors), a
cohort, troop, multitude, retinue.

Colchus, a, um, adj., of Colchis,
Colchian.

col-iabor, lapsus, v. dep., 3 (con,
labor), to fall together, sink in, fall in
ruins (collapse).

col-ligo, leg!, lectum, 3 (con, lego),
to gather together, assemble, collect,
gather up.

collis, is, m. (R. kar, kal, eel,
be prominent, high), a hill.

col-luo, lul, lutum, 3, to moisten.

collum, I, n. (R. kar, bend, kal,
cal), the neck.

colo, ul, cultum, 3 (R. kar, go,
move), to till, cultivate, dwell in, inhabit,
honor, worship.

colonus, I, m. (colO), a tiller of the
ground, farmer, peasant, tenant, inhab-
itant.

Coloplionius, a. um, adj., of Colo-
phon, a city in Ionia.

color, oris, m. (R. skal, kal, cover,
col-), color, complexion.

colubra, ae, f. (same R. as color,
(dark) color), a female serpent, snake.

columba, ae, f. (of same R. as
color), a dove.

columna, ae, f . (R. kar, prominent,
kal, cal), a column.

coma, ae, f . (R. kas, rub (car-ere, to

comb), co-ma, hair (considered as an
ornament).

com-bibo, bibl, 3 (con, bibO), to
drink together, to drink in, absorb.

comes, itis, m. (con, eO), (one who
goes with), a companion, partner, at-
tendant.

comito, 1 (comes), to accompany,
attend.

comitor, atus, v. dep., 1, to accom-
pany, attend.

com-memoro, 1 (con, memoro), to
make mention of, commemorate.

commentus, part. pass, of com-
miniscor, contrived, invented.

com-inereo, ul, Hum, 2, to merit,
deserve.

comminus, adv. (con, manus), hand
to hand, in close contest.

com-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to
bring together, join, begin, put together,
commit, give up to.

communis, e, adj. (con, mtlnus),
common, in common.

como, compsi, comptum, 3 (R. am,
take, co-am, co-em, com-, to put togeth-
er), to arrange, dress, comb, adorn.

compages, is, f. (compingO, con,
pango), a joining together, union.

compesco, pescul, 3 (R. park, to
bind), to hold in check, confine.

com-plector, plexus sum, v. dep.
(con, plector), to twine around, clasp,
embrace.

com-pleo, GvT, etum, 2 (con and
pleo), to make full, fill full, fill, fulfill,

complexus, Us, m. (complector), a
clinging about, surrounding, embrace.

com-pono, posul, positum, 3 (con
and pono), to put together, arrange in
order, put to rest, compose, compare.

com-precor, 1, v. dep., pray earnest-
ly (con and precor).

com-prendo (con and prehendo),
prendT, prensum, 3, to seize together, on
all sides, grasp ; comprehend.

com-primo (con, premO), press!,
pressum, 3, to press together, compress,
suppress.

coalmen, inis, n. (conor), an exer-
tion, struggle, effort.

con-cavo, 1, to make hollow, bendy
curve.

CONCENTUS

CONSPICIO 255

concentus, tis, m. (concino), a har-
mony, symphony.

concha, ae, f., a bivalve, shell-fish,
mussel.

con-cin5, cinul, 3 (con, canO), to
sing or play together, sing harmonious-
ly, sing of.

con-cipio, cepl, ceptum, 3 (capiO), to
lay hold of, catch, to receive into one's
self, conceive, compose, utter.

concitus, part. fr. concieO, aroused,
stormy, stirred.

con-clamo, 1 (clamo), to shout, call
together.

concolor, Oris, adj., of like color.

concordo, 1 (concors), to agree to-
gether, harmonize.

concors, cordis, adj. (cor), concord-
ant, harmonious.

con-cresc5, crOvT, crgtum, 3, to grow
together, cleave together, thicken, hard-
en, congeal.

con-curro, currT, cursum, 3, to run
together, engage in combat, to fight.

con-cursus, Us, m., a running to-
gether, concourse, an encounter (in bat-
tle).

con-custodi5, 4, to guard together,
to guard carefully.

con-cuti5 (quatiO), cussl, cussum, 3,
to strike together (to bring into concus-
sion), shake violently, shatter.

condicio, Onis, f. (condicO), an
agreement, a condition.

con-do, didT, ditum (do, dere, to
put), to put together, build, put away,
put in, pnt in (the grave), bury.

conditor, Oris, m., a builder.

con-duc5, xT, ctum, 3, to draw to-
gether, unite, bind.

c5n-fero, tulT, latum, 3, to bring to-
gether, try one's strength with, in fight,
try with.

con-fici5, feci, fectum, 3 (faciO), to
finish ; part., confectus, a, um, ex-
hausted.

confldo, fisus sum, 3, to trust, con-
fide in.

confinium, I, n. (conflnis), in pi.
confinia, the common boundary, con-
fine.

c5nfiteor, fessus sum, 2 (fateor), to
confess, to make known.

con-fugio, fOgl, 3, to flee for refuge.

con-fundo, ffldl, fflsum, 3, to pour
together, mix together.

con-gelo, 1, trans, and intrans., to
thicken, harden, stiffen.

con-geries, Ci, f . (congerO), what is
brought together, a lieap, mass, pile.

con-gero, gessl, gestum, 3, to bring
together, heap up, unite.

con-gredior (gradior), 3, to melt
together, engage together, in fight, at-
tack.

conici5 (coniiciO, conjiciO), jGd,
jectum, 3, to throw together, hurl.

conjugialis, e, adj. (conjugium),
relating to marriage, conjugal.

conjugium, I, n., union, marriage.

con-jungo, junxl, junctum, 3, to
join together, unite.

conjunx (conjux), jugis, comm.
(conjungO). a spouse, wife, husband.

conor, v. dep., 1 (R. perhaps kam,
trouble one's self, con), to undertake,
endeavor.

con-queror, questus sum, v. dep.,
to complain, bewail.

con-scelero, 1, to cause to share a
crime, to dishonor.

con-scendO, dl, sum, 3 (scando), to
mount, go on board of, together.

con-scius, a, um, adj. (sciO), one
who knows together with, privy to,
conscious.

con-senesc5, senul, 3, to grow old
together.

consensus, t5s, m. (consentiO), an
agreement, consent.

con-sequor, cfitus sum, v. dep., to
follow up, come up with, overtake.

con-sidero, 1 (fr. sldus, B. sum, to
be smooth, bright, sld-us, a (bright)
constellation, considerate, to observe
the stars), to consider, observe.

con-sido, sSdl, sessum, 3, to set one's
self down, to be seated.

consilium, i, n. (consulO), counsel,
purpose, wisdom.

con-sisto, stitl, 3, to cause to stand,
to place one's self, to put in jwsition, to
take, have, a place.

consolor, v. dep., 1, to console.

consors, tis, adj. (con, sors), sharing
lot with, consort, wife.

conspiciO (specio), spexl, epectum,
3, to look at, behold.

256 CONSPICUUS

CORNU

c5nspicuus, a, um, adj. (conspiciO),
conspicuous, stately.

con-sterno, avi, atum (strengthened
form of consterno, 3), to throw into con-
fusion, consternation.

con-sto, stitl, statum, 1, to stand, to
remain standing.

con-suesco, suevl, suetum, 3, to
accustom one's self, be accustomed.

consulo, sului, sultum, 3 (salio), (R.
sab, go, spring, sal, sol, sul, con-sul-o,
to come together), to meet in consulta-
tion, to consult, deliberate, to consult (an
oracle).

con-sumo, sumpsT, sumptum, 3
(sumo, fr. sub and emO, sub-im-ere, su-
mere, It. am, to take), to consume, ex-
haust, devour, destroy.

con-surgo, surrexi, surrectum, 3, to
raise one's self, rise.

contactus, us, m. (contingO), contact.

con-temno, tempsl, temptum, 3, to
contemn, despise.

contemptor, Oris, m. (contemno), a
despiser.

contemptrix, icis, f ., a woman who
despises, a despiser.

con-tendo, tendl, tentum, 3 (tendo,
to stretch), to stretch, strain, to compare
one's self with,

conterminus, a, um, adj. (con, ter-
minus), bordering on, near by.

con-terreo, terruT, territum, 2, to
terrify.

oon-ticesco, ticui (taceO), 3, to be
silent, keep silent.

contiguus, a, um, adj. (contingo),
touching upon, contiguous.

con-tineo, tinul, tentum (teneo), 2,
to hold together, hold fast, to contain ;
part., contentus, limited, bounded ; con-
lent.

con-tingo, tigi, tactum, 3 (tangO), to
come in contact with, touch, reach, to
happen to one, to fall to one's (good) for-
tune.

con-torque5, torsi, tortum, 2, to
hurl violently, hurl, brandish.

contra, adv., cum, con (R. sak,
sakam, skvom, skom (follow, be ivith),
con, con-ter-tra, contra, abl. fern., over
against, on the contrary.

con-traho, xl, ctum, 3, to draw to-
gether, contract.

contrarius, a, um, adj. (contra), set
over against, lying opposite, opposite,
contrary.

conubium, i, n. (the u before b - (u)
in Met. 1, 480, but short (ii) in 6, 428,
also proniiba in same line ; short ii in
Verg. seven times, and once in Lucret.
3, 777) ; (con, ntibo), intermarriage,
marriage.

conus, i, m. (xwro?, R. kan, sharp-
en), a co?ie, the (cone-like) top, or apex,
of a helmet, crest.

con-valesco, valul, 3, to get well,
convalesce, gain strength.

con-vello, vulsi, vulsum, 3, to pull
violently, tear up, grind.

con-venio, veni, ventum, 4, to come
together, assemble.

con-verto, vertl, versum, 3, to turn
round, turn against, convert, change.

convexus, a, um, adj. (conveho),
arched, convex.

convicium, I, n., con, vicium (R.
vak, cry out, vOc (vox), vie, a crying
out together), a loud noise, wrangling,
quarreling, abusive speech.

convictus, us, m. (vivo), a living to-
gether, intimacy, social life.

conviva, ae, comm. (vivo), one who
lives with, a guest.

con-voco, 1, to call together, con-
voke.

co-orior, ortus sum, 4, to rise to-
gether, break forth together.

eopia, ae, f. (co-ops, is), abundant
means, abundance, wealth, riches, sup-
plies.

Copia, ae, f., personif., the goddess
of plenty.

coquo, coxl, coctum, 3 (R. pak
(bake), (or R. kak, Corssen), cook, kap,
pok, coc, coqu-), to cook.

cor, dis, n. (R. skard, spring, swing,
skard (icapSia), kard, cord, cord-i), the
heart.

Corinna, ae, f., a feigned name of
the object of Ovid's love (fr. the name
of the celebrated Gr. poetess).

Corinthus, I, f., a city on the isth-
mus between Peloponnesus and Hellas,
Corinth.

corniger, era, erum, adj. (cornu,
gerO), horn-bearing, horned.

cornu, us, n. (R. kar, hard, car,

CORNUM

CUM

257

cor), a horn, horn ; wing (of an army) ;
(used of) apoijit of land; also cornum,n,

cornum, I, n. , the cornel-cherry.

corona, ae, f. (R. kar, to be bent,
kor, Koputvr}, cor, corona), a wreath,
garland, crown.

corporeus, a, urn, adj. (corpus), of
body, flesh, meat.

corpus, oris, n. (R. kar, to make,
kar-p, cor-p, cor-p-us), what is made,
body, substance, a body, flesh, corpse.

cor-rigo, rexT, rectum, 3 (regO), to
set right, correct.

cor-ripi5, ripuT, rcptum, 3 (rapiO),
to seize violently, lay hold of, hasten
over, ruin, destroy, attack.

cortex, icis, m. (R. skak, rub, skor,
cor-), the bark of a tree, shell (of fruit).

coruscus, a, urn, adj. (coruscO), (R.
skak, to spring, leap, move tremulously,
coruscate), vibrating, glittering.

Corycides, urn, f. (sc. Nymphac),
of the promontory COrycus, in Cilicia.

costa, ae, f., a rib.

cothurnus, T, m. (noOopvos), a high
Grecian shoe ; the high-heeled, thick-
soled shoe of Gr. tragic actors), buskin ;
see note, Am. 1, 15, 15.

crater, eris, m. (KpaT-qp, KprjTrjp, a
mixing-vessel (for the mixing of wine
with water, bowl; a (bowl-like) open-
ing, abyss, crater.

creber, bra, brum, adj. (R. kau,
make, create, kra, ere, creo, cresc-0 ;
+ varah fr. R. kvar, var, ber, bent,
stretched), outspread, numerous, fre-
quent, abounding in.

cre-do, didl, ditum, 3 (fr. R. krat,
confidence, cret, crcd-, + R. dha, put
(do, dere), cred-dere, cre-derc, put con-
fidence), to trust, believe, think.

credulitas, atis, f. (credo), credu-
lity.

credulus, a, um, adj. (credo), cred-
ulous.

cremo, 1 (R. kar, cook, seethe, kar,
ere-), to burn.

creo, 1 (R. kar, make, kra, creja,
crea-), to produce, create.

crepito, 1 ^crcpO, R. krap, make a
noise, crep-), to rattle, clatter, clash,
gnash.

crepusculum, T, n. (dimin. of
creper, creperus, R. skap, cover, dark-

en, c-nep, c-rcp), dusk, evening, twi-
light.

crescS, crcvl, cretum, 3 (creO, cre-sc-
ere), to grow, increase ; part, cretus, a,
um, sprung from, born of.

crimen, inis, n. (R. skar, kar, dis-
tinguish, cer, cer-nO, cer-ni-meu, cri-
men), a judgment, charge, reproach,
guilt, crime.

crinis, is, m. (R. kar, jut out, kri,
cri-), hair.

crlnitus, a, um, adj. (crinis), hair-
ed, with angue, snake-haired, Met. 10,
349.

crista, ae, f. (same R. as crinis),
crest.

cristatus, a, um, adj. (crista), crest-
ed.

croceus, a, um, adj. (crocus), of
saffron , saffron-colored.

Croesus, I, m., see note, Trist. 3, 7,
42.

cruciatus, us, m. (crucio, crux), tor-
ture.

crudelis, e, adj. (crudus), rough in
character, cruel.

crudus, a, um, adj. (cruor, cruidus),
raw, crude, unfeeling.

cruento, 1 (cruor), to stain, cover
with blood.

cruentus, a, um, adj. (cruor), bloody,
blood-stained.

cruor, Oris, m. (R. krit, to become
rough, raio), blood.

crus, crOris, n. (R. kar, go, move),
the leg, shank, shank-bone, foot.

cublle, is, n. (cumbo, cubi), a couch.

cubitus, I, m., cubitum, I, n. (cubO),
the elbow, for lying or leaning upon; (as
a measure), a cubit.

cub5, ul, itum, 1 (cumbo, 3), (R.
kup, go up and down, kub, cub-), to
lie down.

culmen, inis, n. (R. same as crinis,
skar, kar, eel, cul-), top, point ; (of a
building), gable.

culpa, ae, f. (R. skarp, scratch,
skalp, sculp, culp), injury, guilt, fault,
blame.

culpo, 1 (culpa), to blame, censure.

cultor, oris, m. (colO), tiller, cultiva-
tor, of the soil ; a worshiper.

cultus, Us, m. (colO), worship*
. cum, prep. (R. sak, follow, be with,

258

CUM

DANAE

sakam, skom, com, cum), with, together
with, at same time with.

cum, conj. (R. pronom. stem ka,
which, kva. qua, quo abl., quo-m ace,
cu-m, when, as, while, as often as, as
soon as ; since, inasmuch as (causal),
though, although, while (concessive).

rumba, ae, f. (R. kubh, hollow), a
boat, skiff.

cunae, arum, f. pi., a cradle.

cunctor, v. dep., 1 (K. kak, kank,
to be anxious, cane-, cunc-ta-ri), to delay
(wisely), hesitate.

cunctus, a, urn, adj. (conjunctus),
joined together, all together, all.

cuneus, T, m. (R. kan, sharpen), a
wedge.

cupido, inis, f. (R. kap, swell up,
cup-, enp-ere), a desire, wish, for.

Cupido, inis, m., the god of love,
Amor, s. of Venus.

cupidus, a, um, adj. (cupio), desir-
ous, eager for.

cupio, IvI or iT, Itum, 3 (R. as cu-
pido), to tvish, desire.

cur, adv. (R. pron. stem ka, qua,
interrog. abl. qua-re, qua-r, quo-r, co-r,
cur), wherefore, why.

cura, ae, f. (R. skav, beware, kav,
cav, cov, cov-i-ra, co-i-ra, coe-ra), care.

curalium, I, n., coral.

curia, ae, f. (R. sku, cover, skav,
cav-ro, cov-os-ia, cov-s-ia, cu-s-ia, cflria,
house ; but perh. fr. vas, dwell), the
curia, senate-house.

euro, 1 (cura), to care for, be anxious
for.

curro, cucurrT, cursum, 3 (R. kar,
go, cur, cur-jere, cur-r-), (of hasty mo-
tion), to run, fly, sail, flow.

currus, us, in. (curro), a chariot.

cursus, us, m. (currO), a running,
course, prize-race, flight, sail, journey.

curvamen, inis, n. (curvus), a bend,
curve.

curvatura, ae, f . (curvus), a round-
ing, rim.

curvo, 1 (curvus), to crook, bend,
curve.

curvus, a, um, adj. (R. kar {to be
bent), kvar, cur, cur-vu-s), crooked, bent,
curved.

cuspis, idis, f., etym. unc, a point,
pointed end ; by meton., a lance,
spear.

custodia, ae, f . (custos), a watching,
guard ; by meton., guardian.

custos, Odis, m., comm. (R. kudh,
guard, cud-to, cus-to-s), a guard, pro-
tector, protectress ; by meton., a safe, a
(safe) quiver.

cutis, is, f. (R. sku, cover, scu, cu),
the skin.

Cyane, es, f., a fountain near Syra-
cuse.

Cybele, es, f., a goddess worshiped
in Phrygia and in Home ; mother of
Midas.

Cyclades, um, f., islands in the
Aegean, the Cyclades.

Cyclops, opis, in., see note, Met. 13,
755.

eyenus, T, m. (R. kan, sound (cano),
cinu-s, eyenu-s, kvkvo-s), the swan ; for
its dying song, Cic. Tusc. I, 30, 73.

Cycnus, I, m., s. of Sthenelus, turned
into a swan ; Met. 2, 367.

Cynthus, T, m., a mountain in Delos,
birthplace of Apollo and Diana.

Cyprius, a, um, adj., of Cypms,
Cyprian.

Cytlierea, ae, f., name of Venus, fr.
Cythera, an island where she was wor-
shiped ; Cytherea.

Cytoriacus, a,um, adj., of Cytorus,
a mountain in Paphlagonia, Cytorian.

D

Daedal as, T, m., ficu'SaAos (R. dar,
hew, work in art, 5aA, by redupl., 5at-
5aA-), worker in art, Daedalus.

damma (dama), ae, f. (etym. unc,
perh. fr. dam, tame), a deer, buck, doe,
antelope, gazelle, chamois.

darn no, 1 (damnum), to occasion loss
to, damage ; to condemn, censure.

damn at us, a, um, adj., injurious,
hurtful, damaging.

damnum, I, n. (R. da, share, da-p,
dap-s, dap-no, dam-nu-m), a sharing
(giving) in vain, a loss, damage, injury.

damnosus, a, um, adj., ruinous.

Danae, es, f ., d. of Acrisius, mother
of Perseus.

DAPHNE

DENSUS

259

Daphne1, cs, f., d. of the river-god
Pcneus ; changed into a laurel-tree,
8d<f>vrj.

daps, apis, f . (R. da, see damnum),
a feast, banquet, food, meat.

de, prep, with ahl. (fr. pronom. stem
da, de),//w», down from, up from, out
of (made) ; from (causal) ; about, in ac-
cordance with.

dea, ac, f . (K. same as deus, which
see), a goddess.

de-beo, ui, itum, 2 (de-habeO), to
have something f . some one, to owe, be
in debt, be bound, be under obligation,
be under the necessity.

decern, num. (K. dakam), ten.

de-cerpo, cerpsl, cerptum, 3 (carpO),
to pluck off, pluck.

decct, uit, 2 (R. dak, honor, dec),
{it) is seemly, becoming.

de-cido, cidT, 3 (cado), to fall down.

decies, num. adv. (dakam), ten
times.

decimus, a, urn, num. adj. (decern),
tenth.

de-cipio, cepT, ceptum (capio), to
deceive, de-clino, 1, to turn.

declivis, e, adj. (clivus), inclining
downwards, sloping.

decor, Oris, m. (decet), comeliness,
grace ; ornament.

decorus, a, um, adj. (decor), becom-
ing, fitting, decorous, beautiful, stately.

de-cresco, crevl, cretum, 3 (crescG),
to decrease, grow less, shorter, smaller.

decus, oris, n. (decet), ornament,
grace, honor, glory, rank.

dS-decet, uit, 3 (decet), it is unbe-
coming.

dedecus, oris, n., dishonor, disgrace,
shame.

de-diico, duxT, ductum, 3, to bring
doivn, draw down, carry away, to
weave (in tela).

dS-fendo, dl, sum, 3, to ward off,
defend, protect.

de-fer5, tull, latum, 3, to carry
aunty, bring.

de-ficio, feci, fectum, 3 (facio), to
fail, be wanting, leave, desert.

de-figo, fixl, fixum, 3, to fasten, fix,
down.

de-fleo, flcvl, Actum, 2, to weep over,
lament.

de-fluo, fluxl, fluxum, 3, to flow
down, fall down.

df- for in is, e, adj., ill-formed, ugly.

de-f remit us, a, um, adj. (frenO),
unbridled.

de-fungor, functus sum, v. dep., 3,
to bring to an end, to finish (with terra)
one's earthly course.

de-gravo, 1, to weigh down.

Deianlra, ae, f ., d. of Oencus, sister
of Mel eager.

deicio (jaciO), jeel, jectum, 3, to hurl
down ; part, fig., dejected.

deinde, adv., pron. stem da, de,
inde, from there, afterwards, then.

de-labor, lapsus sum, v. dep., 3, to
glide down, fall down.

de-lenio, ivl, Itum, 4, to soften
down, soothe, charm.

de-leo, levl, letum, 2, etym. unc, to
destroy.

Delia, ae, f., see note, Am. 3, 9, 31.

deliciae, arum, f. (R. lak, lac,
entice, lic-ere, de-lic-ia, iae), enticing
things, delights.

de-lictum, I, n. (delinquo, to fail),
a failing, fault.

Delius, a, um, adj., of Delos, the
Delian ; name of Apollo, as born in
Delos.

Delos, T, f., an island in the Aegean,
Delos.

Delphi, Orum, m., city of Apollo's
oracle, in Phocis, Delphi.

Delphicus, a, um, adj., of Delphi,
Delphian, the Delphian.

delpliin, Inis, m , a dolphin.

delubrum, I, n. (lu-e-re, R. lu, lou,
lo, Ifl, wash, cleanse, lu-c-rc, lfl-bru-m,
de-la-bru-m, place for cleansing), a tem-
ple, shrine.

de-mens, tis, adj.,o«< of one's mind,
denwn ted, foolish.

de-mitto, mlsT, missum, 3, to let,
send, down, drop, plunge, sink.

demo (de, emO), dempsi, demptum,
3, to take from, remove, take off, away.

denique, adv. (pron. stem da, de,
de-no-que), and then, finally , at length.

dens, tie, m. (R. ad, eat, ed-eiv. ed-
e-nt, den-s), a tooth (elephant's tusk),
ivory.

densus, a, um, adj. (R. das a, thick),
dense, thick, thick-set, surrounded.

260 DEOIS

GREDIOR

Deois, idis, f., d. ofDeo(A^<o, Deme-
tcr) ; Persephone, Proserpine.

de-pello, pull, pulsum, 3, to drive,
chase, aivay.

de-pendeo, ere, to hang down,
from.

de-perdo, did!, ditum, 3, to destroy,
ruin, utterly ruin.

de-pereo, ii, itum, 4, de, per, eO, to
perish utterly, go to ruin.

de-ploro, 1, to deplore, lament.

de-pono, posui, positum, de, po-,
sino. 3. to lay down, away, lay aside,
subst., dGpositum, a thing laid down,
deposit, trust.

de-precor, v. dep., 1, to pray away,
turn away by prayers, deprecate.

de-prendo (prehendo), prendT, pren-
siim, 3, to snatch away, seize, catch, per-
ceive.

de-primo, press!, pressum, 3 (pre-
mo), to press down, depress.

de-rigesco, rigul, 3, only the perf.
in use, to become stiff, fixed.

de-scendo, dT, sum, 3 (scando), to
descend.

de-sero, uT, sertum, 3, to desert.

de-sidero (see consldero), 1, to de-
sire, long for, miss, regret.

desidia, ae, f. (de-sldo), a sitting
down, idleness.

de-signo, 1, to mark out, design,
depict.

de-sino, Ivi, ii, itum, 3, to leave off,
cease, end.

de-sisto, stitT, stitum, 3, to desist,
cease.

desolatus, a, um, adj. (desOlO), left
alone, desolate.

de-sperno, ere, to despise.

de-spicid, spexl, spectum, 3 (speciO),
to look down upon, disdain, despise.

de-stituo, uT, utum, 3 (statuo), to set
down, leave alone, fwsake.

de-sue tus, a, um, adj., unaccus-
tomed.

de-sum, f ui, esse, to fail, be want-
ing.

detegS, xT, ctum, 3, to uncover, lay
bare, detect.

deterior, ius, adj. comp. (fr. pro-
nom. stem da, de, down, downwards,
obs. de-ter), lower, infeHor, worse,

de"-tero, trivl, trltum, 3, to wear away.

de-terreo, uT, itum, 3, to frighten
from, keep from, deter.

de-tralio, xT, ctum, 3, to drawfro-m
or down, draiv off.

de-trecto, 1 (tracto, traho), to draw
down, to lower, detract, decline.

de-trudo, si, sum, 3, to thrust from,
drive down.

Deucalion, Onis, m., s. of Prome-
theus ; Met. 1, 318, seqq.

Deus, I, m. (R. same as div-us, di,
div, to be bright, bright heavens, dju,
djau, djav, djo, daiva, divu-s, dlus, dius,
deus), God, deity.

devius (via), a, um, adj., out of the
way, retired, devious.

de-volvo, volvT, voltltum, 3, to roll
doivn, roll off from.

de-vor5, 1, to swallow, check.

de-voveo, vovi, vOtum, 2, to curse.

dexter, tra and tera, trum, adj. (R.
dak, to seize, take, dak-s, dex, dex-ter),
to the right, right ; subst., the right
hand, sc. manus.

Diana, ae, f . (same R. as deus, div,
div-, deiv-ana, Diana, Diana), Gr. Arte-
mis, d. of Jupiter and Latona ; Diana ;
also as goddess of the moon, Luna.

dlco, xl, ctum, 3 (R. da, show, teach,
da-k, doc, di-k, die, deic, dlco), to say,
speak, relate, determine, be called.

dies, Si, m. and f . (same R. as deus,
div, diva-s, dia-s, die-s), day, daylight,
day (in sense of time).

Dies, day, personified, Day.

dif-fero, dis-tull, di-latum, 3 (to put
apart), (of time) to put off, defer, make
forget, Met. 6, 366.

difficilis, e, adj. (facilis), difficult,
hard.

dif-fldo, fTsus sum, 3, to distrust.

dif-fugio, fugl, 3, to flee apart,
to scatter.

dif-fund5, fttdl, ftisum, 3, to pour
forth, to spread, diffuse.

digitosus, a, um, adj. (digitus),
many-fingered.

digitus, I, m., a finger, a toe.

di-gnosco, gnovl, 3, to know apart.

dignus, a, um, adj. (R. dak, to
honor, die, dic-nu-s, dig-nu-s), worthy,
deserving, worth.

di-gredior (gradior), 3, gressus sum,
v. dep., to go apart, separate, go away.

DI-LANIO

dx-lanio, 1, to tear apart, rend.

di-lig5, lexT, lectum, 3 (legO), to
choose out, esteem, value, love.

di-luvium, I, n. (luO), (a washing
away), a flood, deluge.

dl-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to send
away, send down, let go, give up.

di-moveo, mOvI, mOtuin, 2, to move
apart, put aside, dispel.

Dindyma, Omni, n., a mountain in
Mysia.

Dirce, es, f ., a fountain near Thebes.

direptus, a, um, part, (di-ripiO), torn
off.

di-rigo, rexT, rectum, 3 (regO), to set
straight, direct; part, adj., dlrectus,
straight.

dirimo (dis, emo), ernl, emptum, 3,
to take apart ; decide.

dims, a, um, adj. (R. dvi, to fear,
dl-), fearful, cruel, dire.

Dis, Dltis, m. (dives, fr. R. div),
name of the ruler of the lower world, of
Pluto.

dis-cedo, cessT, cessum, 3, to go
apart, part from, go away, disappear.

dis-cerno, crevl, cretum, 3, to dis-
tinguish, set apart, divide, separate.

discidium, I, n. (scindO), a rending
apart, a separation.

disco, didicT, 3 (R. da, da-k, to shoio,
]X)int out, di-k, die, die, di-sc-ere, to
begin to show — to learn), to learn.

discordia, ae, f. (dis, cor), discord.

discors, dis, adj., discordant.

discrlmen, iuis, n. (discernO), a dis-
tinction, test.

discus, T, m. (Si'o-kos), a quoit.

dis-cutio, ssl, ssum, 3, to strike
asunder, scatter.

dis-icio, jecT, jectum, 3 (jacio), to
throw apart, scatter.

dispar, aris, adj., unequal.

di-spergo (spargO), spersl, spersum,
3, to scatter about, disperse.

di-spicio (specio), xl, ctum, 3, to see
distinctly, distinguish.

dis-pono (po-sinO, pOnO), ul, itum, 3,
to set apart, dispose.

dis-saepio, psl, ptum, 4, to part off
by a hedge, separate, divide.

dis-sideo (sedeo), sedT, sessum, 2, to
sit apart, be at variance.

0-MUS

261

dis-similis, e, adj., dissimilar, un-
like.

dis-simulo, 1, to dissemble, disguise.

dis-socio, 1, to disjoin, to part.

dis-suadeo, suasl, suasum, 2, dis-
suade.

di-stinguo, nxT, nctum, 3 (stinguo,
R. stig, stig, to prick, mark by prick-
ing, sti-n-gu-ere), to distinguish.

di-sto, are, 1, to stand apart, be dis-
tant, remote, different.

diii, adv. (dies, wh. sec for R.), a
long time, long.

diurnus, a, um, adj. (dies, dius-nus),
of the day, daily.

di-vello, vulsl, veil!, vulsum, 3, to
tear apart, rend.

diversus, a, um, adj. (diverto), turn-
ed a different way, opposite, diverse,
separate, different.

di-vertor, dep., to turn aside, turn.

dives, itis, adj. (same R. as deus,
divus), rich.

di-vido, vTsT, visum (R. vid, see,
know, di-vid-ere, to see one thing from
(mother), to distinguish, divide.

divlnus, a, um, adj. (dTvus), divine.

divus, a, um, adj. (same R. as deus),
divine, godlike ; also subst., a god.

do, dedi, datum, 1 (R. da, Skr. da, da,
give), to give, grant, give over.

doceo, uT, ctum, 2 (same R. as
disco, wh. see), to teach, shoiv ; part.,
doctns, taught, clever, practiced.

documentum, I, n. (doceo), proof,
lesson, example.

doleo, ul, 2 (dolor), to feel pain, to
grieve, mourn.

dolor, Oris, m. (R. dar, to cleave,
break, dal, dol), pain, grief, sorrow.

dolus, I, m. (R. dar, have an eye
to, aim at, dal, dol), deceit, cunning,
fraud.

domiua, ae, f. (domus), mistress (of
the house), lady.

dominor, Sri, v. dep. (dominus), to
lord it, to mile, govern.

do mo, ul, itum, 1 (R. dam, to tame,
subdue, dom), to tame, overcome, subdue,
conquer.

domus, us, f. (same R. as domo,
Vanicek ; but Curtius, fr. dam, to build),
a house (as dwelling), dwelling, home,

9

dis-silio (saliO), ul, 4, to leap apart. family, houselwld.

Si

i

262

DONEC

EGEO

donee, conj. (same R. as dies, div,
diva-s, dia-s, die-s ; then fr. dju, diu-s,
dio ; abl., do, on the day, do-ni-cum ;
literally, on the day not when, mark-
ing the time of ceasing, until ; then (fr.
the falling away of um) doni-c-, done-c-,
donee; Vanicek, p. 359 ; Corssen, Beitr.,
p. 435), until, so long as, while.

dono, 1 (donum), to present, bestow.

donum, I, n. (R. da, give, do), a
thing given, a gift, present, offering.

dos, dotis, f. (do, do-s), a marriage
gift, a dowry ; a gift ; pi., gifts (of
mind).

do talis, e, adj. (dOs), belonging to a
dowry ; dotal.

doto, 1 (dOs), to endow, portion.

draco, Onis, m., a serpent, dragon.

Dryades, nm, f. (ApvaSes), wood-
nymphs, Dryads.

dubito, 1 (R. dva, two, duo, du-b-
iu-s (dubi-tus), dubito), (to be two-\x\<g),
turn in two directions, doubt, ivaver, be
undecided, hesitate.

dubius, a, um, adj. (duo, see dubi-
to), moving in two directions, dubious,
doubtful, uncertain.

diico, xT, ctum, 3 (R. du, go, du-k„
dou-k, du-c, dfic-o), to lead, draiv,
bring fonvard, induce, allure, take on,
deduce, derive, hold, consider.

dulcedo, inis (dulcis), sweetness,
charm.

dulcis, e, adj. (R. gar, swallow,
gul, glu, gul-c-is, dul-ci-s), sweet, lovely,
charming.

dum, conj. (fr. dies, wh. see, dju,
diu, diu-s, diu-m ; ace, du-m, the day
long, all day, dum), while, so long as ;
until.

dummodo, conj. (dum, modo), if
only, provided that.

duo, ae, o (R. dva, two), two ; both.

duplico, 1 (duplex), to double, en-
large.

duritia, ae, f. (durus), hardness.

duro, 1 (dflrus), to make hard, hard-
en ; intrans., endure, continue.

durus, a, um, adj. (R. dhvar, dhur,
to hurt, dur), rough, hard, harsh, hard-
ened, insensible, oppressive.

dux, ducis, comm. (R. du, go, du-k,
due), a leader, guide, army-leader, gen-
eral (Eng., duke).

E

e, see ex.

ebenns, T, f., the ebony-tree, ebony.

e-bib5, bib!, bibitum, 3, to drink
out, exhaust.

ebur, oris, n., ivory.

eburnus, a, um, adj. (ebur), of
ivory.

ecce, interj. (perhaps a strengthened
form for e-ce, of which e is thepronom.
stem i in locative, and ce the demonst.
pron. particle ; the meaning being,
there ! see there !), lof see there!

Echion, onis, a Theban, husband of
Agave ; Met. 3, 126.

ec-quis, quid, pron. interr. adj. and
subst. (formed fr. ec-ce, e-ce, as hie fr.
hi-ce, see ecce), is there any one who, or
thing which ?—ecquid, interr. particle,
whether.

e-disc5, didicl, 3, to learn by heart.

edo, edl, Csum, 3 (R. ad, eat, ed-ere),
to eat. edSx, acis, adj., devouring.

e-do, didT, ditum, 3 (e, do, dare), to
give out, bring forth, produce ; to give
out, declare.

Kdonis, idis, adj. f., Edonian, be-
longing to the Thracian people EdOni.

e-duco, xT, ctum, 3, to draw out,
lead forth, bring up.

ef-fero, extull, glatum, 3 (e, ferO),
to carry out, raise up, lift up, bring
forth.

ef-ferv€sc5, bui, 3, e, ferveO (of the
stars), to shine out.

ef-ficio, feci, fectum, 3 (e, facio), to
b?ing to pass, accomplish, bring forth.

effigies, 61, f . (fingo), an image.

ef-fl5, 1, to breathe out.

ef-flu5, xl, 3, to escape.

ef-fodio, fOdT, fossum, 3 (e, fodiO), to
dig out, dig up.

ef-fugi5, fugT, 3 (e, fugio), to fee
awav, escape, shun.

effulgeS, fulsi, 2 (e, f ulgeO), to shine
forth, or upon.

ef-fundo, fud!, fflsum, 3, to pour
out, or forth ; part., effusus (of comae),
loosened, disheveled.

egeo, uT, 2 (R. agh, to need, eg-), to
need, be in want of be without.

E-GERO

ERRATICUS 263

e"-ger5, gcssT, gcstum, 3, to get out,
throw out, your forth, exhaust.

ego, pers. pron. (R. giia, a pron.
stem ho), I ; pi., nos, we.

5-gredior, gressus sum, 3 (gradior),
to go forth, go up.

egressus, Gs, m., a going forth,
egress.

eheu, interj., alas! ah!

ei (hei), interj., ah (me) !

e-jaculor, 1, v. dep., to hurl forth,
shout out (ejaculate).

g-icio, jecl, jectum, 3 (e, jaciO), to
cast out or forth, eject.

ejecto, 1 (eiciO), to throw out vio-
lently.

S-labor, lapsus sum, 3, v. dep., to
glide forth, slip out, escape.

electrum, I, n. (rjKeicTpov, fr. R.
ark, to fash), amber ; in pi., amber-
drops.

elegus, I, m. (e-Aey-os, fr. R. ra, to
sound, ra-k, la-k, Aey-, e-leg-), an el-
egy-

elegeius, a, um, adj. ; see note, Am.
3, 9, 3.

element a, Orum, n., the elements.

Eleus, a, um, adj., of Elis, Elean.

e-lid5, si, sum, 3 (laedO), to strike
out, shatter, strangle.

e-lig5, legT, lectum, 3 (legO), to
choose out, elect.

Elis, idis, f ., a district of the Pelo-
ponnesus.

el oq uium, I, n., eloquence.

e-ludo, ludl, lusum, 3, to ivinfr. in
play ; to elude, parry ; to delude, de-
ceive.

e-luo, lul, liitum, to wash out, or
away.

Elysius, a, um, adj., of Elysium,
Elysian.

emends, 1 (menda), (R. ma, fail), to
clear of failure, to improve, amend,
purify.

e-mico, uT, atum, 1, to dart forth,
mount up, project.

eminus (e, manus), adv.,/«wi a dis-
tance.

5-mitt5, mlsl, missum, 3, to send
out or forth, give loose to.

5n, interj. (etym. unc), lo ! there !
(see ! there !).

enim, conj. (e, nam, e fr. pron. stem

i, and nam fr. R. gna, na, know, na-m,
ace. sing, fern.), (namely), for, indeed.

Enlpeus, I, m., river in Thessaly ;
also a river-god.

e-nltor, nixus, nisus, sum, 3, v. dep.,
to work one's way out, struggle, strive.

Ennius, I, m., name of the earliest
Roman epic poet ; Am. I, 15, 19.

ensis, is, m. (R. as, throw, as-i), a

SWOJXl.

eo, ivi, il, itum, 4 (R. i, go), to go, go
away, go against, jiass away.

eodem (Idem), adv., to the same
(place), to that, thereto.

Eons, a, um, adj., of ^a>?, Eos, the
dawn, eastern.

Epaphus, I, m., s. of Jupiter andlo.

Ephyr?, es, an old name for Corinth;
fr. a nymph of the name.

Epimethis, idis, f., d. of Epime-
theus.

e-poto, avl, potum, 1, to drink out,
swallow up.

epulae, arum, f. (etym. unc), costly
food, a banquet.

eques, itis (equus), a horseman,
knight.

equidem, adv. (comp. of interj. e,
qui (abl.) and dem fr. R. da, 3d pers.
pron. stem, de, de-m, ace), indeed, by
all means.

equus, I, m. (R. ak, to be sharp,
swift, ac, ec, equ-), a horse, steed.

Erebus, T, m.,*Epe/3o? (R. rag, to
color), the dark, darkness, (the dark)
lower world, Erebus.

erg5, adv. (fr. e and regO). (R. rag,
reach, extend, e-reg-o, e-rg-O), from the
direction, on account of, consequently,
therefore.

£ rid anus, T, m., the legendary name
of the river Po ; Met. 2, 324.

e-rig5, rexl, rectum, 3 (regO), to raise
up, rise up.

erilis (herilis), e, adj. (erus), belong-
ing to the master or the mistress of a
family, the master's, the mistress's.

Erinys, yos, f., Greek name for the
goddess of vengeance, corresponding to
the Latin Euria.

S-ripiO, ripul, reptum, 3 (rapio), to
snatch out or away, tear off, take away.

erraticus, a, um, adj. (errO), wan-
dering, erratus, Gs, m., a wandering.

264

ERRO

EX-HALO

erro, 1 (R. ar-s, wander), to wander,
go astray, err.

error, oris, m., wandering, going
astray, error.

Error, oris, ra. (personified), Error-

erubesco, ul, 3 (ruber), to turn red,
blush.

erudio, 4 (rudis), to instruct, teach.

e-ruo, ml, rutum, 3, to pluck out.

erus, I, m. (improp. lierus), (R. as,
to be^ es, cs-u-s, es-a ; Ger., Herr), (the
one that is ?), master, lord, owner.

Erycina, ae, f., of Eryx, name of
Venus, worshiped at Eryx.

Erymanthus, I, a river in Arca-
dia,

Eryx, cis, m., a mountain in Sicily,
on which was a temple of Venus.

et, conj. (R. a, pron. stem of 1st and
3d pers., a + ta, a + ti, en, a-t, e-t), and,
and indeed, and so, also, both — and.

etenim, conj. (et, enim), (and — for),
for.

etiam, conj. (et, iam = jam, jam fr.
ja, pron. stem of 3d pers., ja-smin,
locative, ja-m), also, and also, and
even.

etsl, conj. (et and si fr. reflex pron.
sav, sva, sva-i, et), and if, if also,
though.

Euboicus, a, urn, adj., of Euboea,
Euboean.

Eumenides, um, f. ('Evjueptfe?), the
euphemistic word for the Erinyes (\vh.
see), the well-minded, well-disposed,
gentle.

Eumolpus, T, m., aThracian singer,
pupil of Orpheus.

Euphrates, is, m., river in Baby-
lonia.

Europa, ae. f., d. of Agenor ; Met.
6, 104.

Eurotas, ae, m., a river in Laconia.

Eurus, T, m., 8. E. wind, E. wind.

Eurystheus, el, m., s. of Sthenelus;
Met, 9, 203.

Eurytus, I, m., king of Oechalia,
father of Iole.

Euxmus, a, um, adj., the Euxine
(sea).

e-vado, vasl, vasum, 3, to go out,
pass out of, over.

e-vanesco, vanul, 3, to disappear.

evanidus, a, um, adj., vanishing.

e-veho, vexl, vectum, 3, to carry Gut,
to be borne on or up.

e-vello, vulsl, vulsum, 3, to pull, tear,
out or up.

eventus, us, m. (evenio), issue, event,
consequence.

everto, vertl, versum, 3, to turn
about, overturn, throw down ; part,
pass., inverted.

evitabilis, e, adj., avoidable.

evoco, 1, to call out, bring in, evoke.

e-volo, 1, to fly out, fly away.

e-volvo, volvl, vol utum, 3, to roll
out, unroll.

ex, or e, prep, with abl. (R. ag, eg,
out)t out of oy from, from, in consequence
of, according to.

ex-animis, e, adj., lifeless.

ex-animo, 1, to deprive of life; part,
perf., lifeless.

ex-audio, 4, to hear (distinctly).

ex-cedo, cessl, cessum, 3, to go out
from, retire, depart, exceed, be be-
yond.

ex-cido, cidT, 3 (cado), to fall out, to
fail.

ex-cio, civl, cltum, 4, to call forth,
to frighten, start from.

ex-cipio, cepl, ceptum, 3 (capio), to
take out, except, receive, catch, take up
the word.

ex-clam5, 1, to cry out, exclaim.

ex-cludo, clusi, clusum, 3 (claudo),
to shut out, exclude.

ex-colo, colul, cultum, 3, to improve,
educate.

ex-cuso, 1 (causor, fr. R. skav, kav,
cav, caves, cav-es-ta, cau-s-ta, cau-s-sa,
causa, causa-ri, to bring causes, grounds
for),* to excuse.

ex-cuti5, cussT, cussum, 3 (quatiO),
to strike, shake out, to shake violently,
drive out.

exemplum, T, n. (eximO), something
taken out, an instance, example, proof,
manner.

ex-eo, il, itum, 4 (eo), to go out, come
out, go away, leave, mount up.

exequiae, arum, f. (ex, sequor),/o/-
lowing out, a funeral procession, obse-
quies.

ex-erceo, ul, itum, 2 (arceO), to set
in motion, employ, exercise, vex, trouble.

ex-halo, 1, to breathe out, exhale.

EX-IIAURIO

EXTRA

2G5

ex-haurio, hausT, haustum, 4, to
draw out, exhaust.

ex-hibeo, uT, itum, 2 (habeo), to hold
forth, exhibit, show.

ex-horresc5, ul, 3 (horreo), to shud-
der.

ex-hortor, 1, v. dep., to exhort, en-
courage, spur.

ex-ig5, Ggl, actum, 3 (ago), to drive
forth, drive, exact, to finish.

exiguus, a, um, adj. (exigO), small,
short, weak.

exXlis, e, adj. (exigo, ex-ig-ili, ex-ig-
li, exllis), thin, lean, weakly.

eximius, a, um, adj. (eximO, take
out), taken out from the crowd, select,
distinguished.

ex-imo, OmT, emptum, 3 (emO, to
take, buy), to take out.

exitiabilis, c, adj. (exitium), de-
structive.

exitium, I, n. (exeO), destruction,
ruin.

exitus, fls, m. (exeO), (out-go), issue,
end.

exoner5, 1 (onus), exonerate, free
from the burden of, free.

ex-or5, 1 (to beg out), to move by
entreaties, prevail upon.

exosus, part, (odl), filled with hate,
detesting.

ex-pallesco, uT, 3, to grow pale at,
pale.

expedio, 4 (pes), (to get one's feet
from), to set free, let loose, disen-
gage.

ex-pell5, pull, pulsum, 3, to drive
out, expel.

experior, pertus sum, 4 (fr. ex and
B. par, pass through, try, par, per),
(put to a pass through), to try, put to the
test.

cxpers, tis, adj. (ex priv. and pars),
without share in, destitute, not having
expeHence.

ex-peto, IvT, Itum, 3, to seek out, seek
after, desire.

ex-ploro, 1 (plOro, B. pru, to flow,
plav, plov-, plor-, make to flow), (to
make flow out), to bring out, search,
explore, discover.

ex-pono, posul, positum, 3 (pOnO ~
po-sino), to set out or forth, to land, ex-
pose.

13

ex-primO, press!, pressum, 3 (pre-
mo), topress out, express, give expression
to.

ex-sanguis, e, adj. (ex priv.), with-
out blood, bloodless, pale.

ex-ser5, serul, sertum, 3, to thrust
forth, put forth.

ex-silio, ul, 4 (saliO), to leap forth,
spHng out or up.

exsilium, I, n. (exsul), banishment,
exile.

ex-sisto, stitT, stitum, 3, to stand
forth, come forth, appear.

ex-spatior, 1, v. dep., to go out of
the track, wander.

ex-specto, 1, to look out, wait for,
expect.

ex-splro, 1, to breathe out, expire.

ex-sterno, stravl, stratum, 1, to
drive (out of) beside one's self, to af-
fright.

ex-stingu5, stinxl, stinctum, 3, to
put out, extinguish, destroy.

ex-st5, are, 1, to stand forth, be con-
spicuous, extant.

ex-struo, struxl, structum, 3, to heap
up, pile up.

exsul, ulis, comm. (B. sar, go, sal,
sal-o, sul), one who has gone out, is
banished, an exile.

ex-sult5, 1 (ex-silio), to leap forth,
exult.

exta, orum, pi. n. (B. (Europ.) ank-
sta, enksta, eksta, exta, iyKara (ev)),
what is within, the inwards (the nobler,
as heart, lungs), entrails.

extemplo, adv. (ex, tempulo, tem-
plo, tempus), in a moment, instantly.

ex-tendo, tendl, tensum, tentum, 3,
to stretch out, extend.

ex-tenuo, 1 (tenuis), to thin out,
make thin, reduce, absorb, extenuate.

externus, a, um, adj. (B. ao, eg,
ec, ecs, ex, ex-ter(us) ; comp., out, out-
er, exter-nu-s), on the outside, outward,
foreign, strange.

ex-terre5, uT, itum, 2, to frighten,
terrify.

ex-timescp, timuT, 3 (timeO), to fear
greatly,

extimus, a, um, adj. (superl. U>
ex-ter, see externus), outermost.

extra, adv. (fr. ex-ter, extra; abl.t
extra-d, £. C. de Bacch. 16), zcithput.

zm

EX-TRAHO

FECUNDUS

ex-traho, traxl, tractum, 3, to draw
out, extract.

extremus, a, um, adj. (superl. of
ex-ter, see externus), outermost, ex-
treme, last.

ex-uo, ill, titum, 3 (R. av, put on,
ex-uv- (as in ex-uv-iae), ex-u-ere, to put

off), to draw out, put off, unclothe, dp
vest.

ex-iiro, ussl, ustum, 3, to burn out,
burn up, destroy.

exuviae, arum, f. pi. (see exuo),
what is taken off, clothing ; equipments,

fabrico, 1 (faber, fr. R. dhabh,
dhab, to Jit, fab-, faber, f abri, fabri-ca,
f abrica-re), to frame, fashion, fabricate.

fabula, ae, f. (fari, fr. R. bha, ap-
pear, show, fa, fa-ri, shoiv, reveal (by
the voice), speak), tale, narrative, fable.

facies, el, f . (R. bha, appear, bha-k,
fac), the face, figure, beautiful foivn,
look.

facilis, e, adj. (facio), to be done,
easy to do, easy.

facinus, oris, n. (f acio), a deed, a bold
or evil deed, a crime.

facio, feci, factum, 3 (R. dha, put,
do, fa, fa-c-ere, fe-fac-T, fe-fic-I, fe-ic-I
=fect), to make, do, build, create, give,
occasion ; pass., flo, fieri, f actus sum,
to be made, become.

factum, I, n. (facio), a deed.

faex, cis, f. (etym. unc), the dregs.

fagus, I, f., a beech-tree.

falcatus, a, um, adj. (falx), sickle-
shaped) hooked.

fallax, acis, adj. (fallo), deceitful,
fallacious.

fallo, fefellT, falsum, 3 (R. spal,
waver, Skr. sphal, fal-), to deceive ; in
pass., deceive one^s self, beguile.

falsus, a, um, adj. (fa,\\0), false, de-
ceitful, unreal, fictitious.

falx, cis, f . (R. park, to crook), a
sickle, pruning-hook.

fama, ae, f. (same R. as fabula),
what is said, fame, report, renown, good
name.

fames, is, f. (R. gha, be empty,
want), hunger, famine.

famula, ae, f . (R. bhag, take posses-
sion of, fag-ma, fa-ma, house, property,
famulus, familia), a maid-servant, fe-
male attendant.

famulus, I, m. (same R. as famula,
allied to Oscan famel), a house-servant,
attendant.

fas, indecl. n. (R. as in fabula, bha,
fa, fa-ri), the divine word, right, jus-
tice.

fastidium, I, n. (R. dhars, be bold,
fars, fas-tu-s, fastu-taedium, fastu-tld-
ium, fastidium), disdain, disgust.

fastigium, I, n. (R. bhars, be stiff,
bhars-ti, a point, top, fast + igium, fr.
ag-ere), something carried upward, a
gable, roof, top.

fa talis, e, adj. (fatum), determined
by fate, fatal, fated.

fateor, fassus sum, 2, v. dep. (same
R. as fabula), to confess, allow.

fatidicus, a, um, adj. (fatum, dTco),
prophetic, fatifer, death-dealing.

fatigo, 1 (R. same as fames, gha,
fa, to be empty, want, fa-ti, want, weari-
ness, f a-ti-sce-re, grow weary, then f at-
ig-are, ig fr. agere), to make weary, to
fatigue.

fatum, I, n. (fari, see fabula), what
is uttered, fate, destiny, ruin, death.

Faunus, I, m., ancient king of Lati-
um, then honored as god of fields and
woods ; like the Greek Pan.

Faustulus, I, m., see Fasti, 4, 854.

fautrix, Tcis, f. (faveo), one that
favoys, protectress.

fauces, f. plural (faux), (R. BiitfKA,
an opening), throat, mouth.

faveO, favl, fautum, 2 (R. bha,
shine, appear, bha-v, fav-), orig., to
shine upon, to favor, stand by.

favilla, ae, f . (faveo), glowing ashes,
ashes.

favor, oris, m. (faveo), favor, ap-
plause.

favus, T, m. (R. bhu, to grow, fu,
fau, fav), a honey-comb.

fax, facis, f. (same R. as faveO,
bha-k, fac-, fac-s), a fire-brand, torch-
light, torch.

fecundus, a, um, adj. (same R. as

FELIX

FLAGELLUM 267

favus, fau, fav, feu, fev-Gre, to bear),
fruitful, fel, fellis, n., gall.

fellx, Icis, adj. (same B. as fScun-
dus), fruitful, fortunate, happy, lucky,
pro mining.

femina, ae, f. (B. dha, suck, give
suck, fe), female, a woman, woman.

femineus, a, um, adj. (fgniina), of a
icoman, womanly.

femur, oris, n., a thigh.

feralis, e, adj. (ferO), pertaining to
the dead, death-bringing, deadly.

ferax, acis, adj. (fero), fruitful.

ferS, adv. (B. dhar, hold, hold
firm, far, f er, fere, firmly), close upon,
nearly, about, almost.

feretrum, I, n. (ferO), a bier.

ferinus, a, um (ferus), of wild ani-
mals.

ferio, Ire (B. dhvar, dhur), to stHke.

feritas, atis, i., fierceness.

fero, ferre, tull, latum, 3 (B. bhar,
carry, fer, fer-o), to carry, bear, bnng,
carry away, bring forth, relate, praise.

ferox, Oris, adj. (ferus), wild, fierce,
ferocious, raging.

ferreus, a, um, adj. (ferrum), of
iron, hard-hearted.

ferrug5, inis, f . (ferrum), iron-rust.

ferrum, I, n. (B. bhars, stiffen, fers,
fers-u-in, ferrum), iron ; by meton., an
iron instrument, knife, weapon.

fertilis, e, adj. (ferO), fruitful, fer-
tile.

fertilitas, atis, f., fertility.

ferus, a, um, adj. (B. dhvar, dhur,
disturb, fer-), wild ; fera, a wild a)ii-
mal ; cruel.

ferveo, ferbuT, fervT, 2 (B. bhar,
bhur, swell, brew, boil, bhru, fru, frev,
ferv), to rage (for heat), be hot, foam.

fervor, Oris, m. (ferveo), heat, rage,
fervor.

fessus, a, um, adj. (same B. as fatl-
gO, gha, fa, fe), weary.

festlno, 1, B. (dhan, strike, storm,
dhan-d, -fend, -fend-tu-s, in-fes-tu-s,
fed-tl-no, festlno), to hasten, hastily
get ready, prepare.

festus, a, um, adj. (same B. as faveo,
bha, bha-s, fes-), festive ; subst., fes-
tum, a feast, festival.

fetus, a, um, adj. (B. same as fecun-
fius), fruitful.

fetus, Us, m., the bringing forth, the
offspring ; also fetilra, ae, f.

flbra, ae, f . (B. bhid, cleave, fid, fid-
bra, flbra), a fiber, filament.

fie tills, e, adj. (fingO), earthen.

ficus, I, Us, f., a fig-tree.

fidSlis, e, adj. (fides), faithful, true.

fides, eT, f . (B. bhadh, bind, bhidh,
fid, fid-e-s), faith, truth, credit, con-
firmation, warrant.

fides, fidis, f . (B. spa, span, span,
stretch, spi, spi-d, sfi-d, fid-), a string,
chord, a stringed instrument, cithern,
lyre, lute.

fidiicia, ae, f. (fidus), confidence, a
pledge, security.

fidus, a, um, adj. (sameB. as fides,
feid, fid, fidus), faithful, true.

flgo, fixl, fixum, 3 (B. dhagh,
dhigh, to touch, mold, to fix, fig, fi-n-g,
fig), to fix in or upon, fasten, strike in,
pierce.

figura, ae, f. (fingO), a figure, form,
beautiful form, beauty.

filia, ae, f. (B. perhaps same as fS-
mina, fe, fl, a suckling), a daughter.

filius, I, m. <B. as filia), a son.

fllum, I, n. (B. ghar, to wind, twist,
har, hir, hllu-m, fllu-m), a thread,
string.

undo, fidl, fissum, 3 (B. bhid, to
cleave, fid, fi-n-d), to cleave, split, rend.

fingo, finxl, fictum, 3 (B. same as
flgo), to form, mold, form to one's self,
imagine, invent.

finio, 4 (finis), to limit, bound, end,
finish, bring to an end.

finis, is, m. (B. same as findO, fid-
ni, finis), something that divides off, a
boundary, limit, end.

finitimus, a, um, adj. (finis), bound-
ing, adjoining, bordering upon, neigh-
boring.

firm us, a, um, adj. <R. same as
fere, dhar, hold firm, far, fir), firm,
strong.

fistula, ae, f . (B. spu, blow, breathe,
spu + s(pu), pu-s, fus-ta, fus-tu-la, fis-
tula), something to blow through, a
reed, shepherd's pipe, pipe.

flagellS, 1 (flagellum\ to scourge.

flagellum, I, n. (B. bhlagh, to
strike, flag, flag-ru-ra, fiagel-lu-m, di-
min.), a ichip, scourge.

268

FLAGRO

FORTUNA

flagrS, 1 (B. bharg, to light, burn,
bhlag, flag), to burn, glow, burn with
jmssion.

ilamen, inis, n. (B. bhal, bhla, to
blow, flow, fla, fla-re, flo), blowing of
the wind, a blast.

flamma, ae, f . (B. same as fiagro,
flag, flag-ma, flam-ma), aflame, blazing
light, blaze, flash of lightning, flame of
love.

flammifer, fera, ferum, adj. (flam-
ma), flame-bearing, flaming.

flatus, tls, m. (flo, E. same as flamen),
blowing, breath, breeze.

Havens, ntis, part. adj. (flaveO), gold-
en-yellow, gold-colored.

flavesco, ere, 3 (flaveO), to become
yellow or gold-colored.

flavus, a, um, adj. (B. guar, to be
green or yellow, ghal, fla-), yellowish,
yellow, blond, fair.

flebilis, e, adj. (fleo), to be wept over,
lamented, lamentable, tearful.

flecto, flexT, flexum, 3 (B. park, to
bend, falc, flee, flec-t-), to bend, curve,
turn.

fleo, 2 (B. same as flo, flamen), to
shed tears, weep, cry, lament.

fletus, us, m., weeping, tears, stream
of tears.

flexilis, e, adj. (flectO), flexible.

floreS, ul, 2 (flos), to bloom, blossom.

floridus, a, um, adj., flowery.

flos, floris, m. (B. same as flatus, fla,
flu, flou, flo, flo-s), that which is blown,
blossom, flower.

fluctus, tls, m. (fluo), flowing, stream-
ing, flood, wave.

fluito, 1 (fluo), to float, flow.

lliimeii, inis, n. (fluo), flowing water,
a stream, flood, river, god of a river,
river-god.

flumineus, a, um, adj. (flflmen), of
a Hver.

fluo, fluxl, fluxum, S (B. same as
flo, flatus, flu, flu-ere), to flow.

flu vial is, e, adj., of a river,

fluvius, T, m. (fluO), a river.

focus, I, m. (B. same as fax, bha,
shine, bha-k, fac, foe-), fire-side, hearth.

fodio, fOdl, fossum, 3 (B. bhadh,
dig, fod-), to dig, dig up or through.

foedS, 1 (foedus), to make foul, defile,
pollute, deform.

foedus, a, um, adj. (B. dhu, to blow,
kindle, smoke, fu, fou, fov, foe-du-s,
smoked), foul, base, ugly, loathsome.

foedus, eris, n. (B. bhadh, bhidh,
to bind, fid, foid, foed, foed-u-s), some-
thing that binds, a compact, league,
treaty, bargain, law.

folium, T, n. (B. same as flos, bhal,
blow, swell, fol-), a leaf, foliage.

fons, fontis, m. (B. ghu, pour, fu,
fou, fov, fov-ont, font), a spring.

foramen, inis, n., an opening.

for-ceps, lpls, m. (BB. for, fr.
guar, glow, far, for, for-mu-s, adj.,
warm, forma, things that are warm,
ceps fr. kap, seize, take, cap (as in cap-
ere), formu-cape-s, forcipes), that wh.
takes what is warm, glowing, tongs,
fire-tongs, pincers.

forem, = essem, fr. v. sum ; fore =
f uturum esse ; I woidd be, were ; will
be, about to be ; B. of both, bhu, be-
come, fu, fu-re, fo-re, fu-rem, fo-rem.

foris, is, f . (B. dhu (as in foedus),
blow, dhva-ra), a door ; in pi., the leaves
or folds of a door, folding-dows ; en-
trance.

forma, ae, f. (E. dhar, hold, make
firm, far, fer, for, for-ma), a form,
shape, figure, beautiful form, beauty.

formidabilis, e, adj. (formidare,
formldo. inis). formidable, fearful.

formTdo, inis, f. (B. mar, frighten,
mor, mov + in(or), mor-mi, mor-ml-re,
for-ml-re), fear, horror, fright.

for mo, 1 (see forma for B.), to form,
fashion, represent.

formdsus, a, um, adj. (forma), well-
formed, handsome, beautiful.

forn-ax, acis, f. (B. ghar, glow),
(see forceps), a furnace, oven.

fors, tis, f. (B. bhar, carry, bring,
fer, for-ti, for-s, that wh. brings itself
about, happens, comp.f ors, fert), chance,
hap, fortune.

forsitan = fors sit an, adv. (chance-
maybe-whether). perchance, perhaps.

fortis, e, adj. (B. dhargh, to hold
out, forgh, for-tis), one that holds out ;
firm, strong, brave, courageous.

fortiter, adv. (fortis), bravely, vigor-
ously.

fortiina, ae, f. (fors), fortune, deci-
sion, prosperity ; goddess of Fortune.

FORUM

FUNGOR

269

forum, T, n. (B. same as foris, dhu,
to blow, dhva-ra, prop., a place where
it blows, an open place), the Forum at
Rome.

fossa, ae, f. (fodio), a ditch, pit.

foveo, fovT, fotum, 2 (B. dhu, kindle,
warm, fu, fou, fov, foveo), to warm,
cherish.

fragilis, e, adj. (frangO), easily
broken, fragile, frail.

fragmen, inis, n. (frango), a frag-
ment, ruin.

fragor, Oris, m. (frango), a breaking,
crackling, rustling.

fragum, I, n. (B. ghra, to smell,
f ra ; the word f ragra-re fr. ghra + ghra
= fra-gra-, to be fragrant), strawberries.

franco, fregl, fractuni, 3 (B. var,
draw, bend, break, var-k, vrag, fra-n-
g-0), to break, break to pieces, fracture.

frater, fratris, m. (B. bhar, carry,
support (fer-, fer-o), bhra-tar, <f>prj rrjp,
fra-ter, one that supports ; i. e., in rela-
tion to the sister), a brother.

fraternus, a, um, adj., of a brother,
fraternal, brotherly.

frauds, 1 (fraus), to defraud, cheat.

fraus, fraudis, f. (B. dhvar, dhur,
hurt, break, dur (durus), fru, frn-d,
frau-s), fraud, deceit, deception.

freino, nl, itum, 3 (B. bhar, sound,
bhra-m, frem-ere), to roar, rage, mur-
mur, hum.

frend5, frSsum, fressum, 3 (B. guar,
rub, ghar-dh, fre-n-d-ere), to bruise,
crush, gnash.

freno, 1 (frCnum), to bridle, curb.

frenuin, I, n. (B. dhar, dura, hold
firm, far, fre-nu-m), a bridle, curb, bit.

frequens, ntis, adj. (B. shark,
•press, fare, frac, free, frequ-cre, fre-
qu6n-s), frequent, numerous, rich in,
full of.

frequents, 1, to frequent, to visit in
numbers, to celebrate.

fretum, I, n. (B. bhar, move quick,
swell, rage, bhra, fre-t-u-m), a strait,
a channel.

frigidus, a, nm, adj. (frTgus), cold,
frigid, stiff.

frigus, oris, n. (B. bhars, stiffen, be
stiff, bhars-k, firk, frik, frlk, frig), cold,
frost, coolness, coldness of death, shud-
der.

frondeo, Crc (frOns), to be in leaf, to
have leaves.

frons, dis, f. (ctyra. unc), a leaf,
leafage, foliage, a garland of leaves.

frons, tis, f. (B. bhar, bhur. of
quick movement, quiver, bhru (<t>pv),
fru (Eng., brow, eyebrow), fru-ont,
front, frons), the brow, forehead, front.

fructus, us, m. (fruor), fruit, pro-
ceeds, profit.

fruor, fructus, frnitus sum, 3 (B.
bhug, enjoy, fug, frug, frugv-i, fru-i),
to enjoy, rejoice in.

frustra, adv. (B. same as fraus,
dhur, fru, fru-d, fru-d-tru-s, fru-s-tru-s,
abl. fern., frustra, prop., erroneously),
in vain, to nopurpose.

frutex, icis, m. (B. bhar, bhur,
fru, to swell), a sh?%ub, bush, shrubbery.

fruticosus, a, um, adj., bushy.

frux, frugis, f. (B. same as fruor,
bhug, bhrug, enjoy, use, fug, frug, frug-
i-s), fruit, fruits of the earth.

fuga, ae, f. (B. brugh, bend, turn,
flee, t 'ug), flight, exile.

fugax, acis, adj. (fuga), inclined to
flee, fleeing, swift.

fugio, f agl, fugitum, 3 (fuga), to flee,
shun, disappear.

fug5, 1 (fugio), to put to flight.

fulgeo, fulsl, 2 (B. bharg, to light,
shine, bhalg, falg, fulg-ere), to shine,
lighten, glitter.

fulgor, Oris, m. (fulgeO), effulgence.

fulica, ae, f., a coot.

fulmen, inis, n. (fulgeO), lightning.

fulmineus, a, um, adj., of lightning,
brilliant, splendid.

fulvus, a, um, adj. (B. ghar, green
or yellow, ghal, ful-vu-s), deep yellow,
reddish yell&w, gold-colored.

ftimft, 1 (ftlmus), to smoke, fume.

fumus, I, m. (B. dhu), smoke.

funda, ae, f ., a sling.

fundamen, inis, n. (fundo), 1 (fun-
dus, B. bhu, grow, make grow, fu,
fu-d, fu-d-no, fundO), a foundation.

fundo, fddl, ffisum, 3 (B. ghu, jxntr.
fu, fu-d, fu-n-d-ere), to ]X)ur, pour out,
scatter, extend.

funestus, a, um, adj. (funus), death-
bringing, deadly , fatal .

fungor, functus sum, 3 iB. Bnuo,
use, enjoy, fug, fu-n-g-i, have use of),

270

FUNUS

GLAEBA

to discharge, perform, fulfill, end (with
morte), die.

fiinus, eris, n. (B. same as fumus,
dhu, to smoke, f u, f u-n-us, smoke from
burning a body), funeral procession,
burial, funeral, death.

furca, ae, f. (B. bhab, to cleave,
split, for, fur), a fork.

furialis, e, adj. (furiae, R. same as
f urO), of the Furies, raging, mad.

faro, ul, 3 (B. bhab, bhue, to
rage, quiver, fur), to rage, be mad.

furor, Oris, m. (furo), rage, madness,
fury.

furtim, adv. (fur, fr. B. bhab, car-
ry, carry away), stealthily.

furvus, a, um, adj., bhab, bhue (as
in furo), the idea of rapid motion (e. g.,
quivering) being mingled with that of
color), dark-colored, dusky, gloomy.

fusilis, e, adj. (f undo), fluid, molten.

fusus, I, m. (B. spad, spand, move
violently, swing, fund-to, fil-su-s), a
spindle.

G

galea, ae, f . (B. skal, kal, cover,
cal, gal, gal-ea), (a covering for the
head), a helmet (of leather).

Gallicus, a, um, adj., of Gaul, Gal-
lic,

Gallus, T, m., see n. Trist. 4, 10, 53.

garrulus, a, um, adj. (B. gab, to
sound, gar + s, gar-s-u-s, gar r-u-s, gar-
r-u-lus), garrulous, talkative.

gaudeo, gavlsus sum, 2 (B. gav, to
rejoice, gau-), to rejoice, enjoy.

gelidus, a, um, adj. (gelfl), cold, icy ;
gelu fr. B. gab, be bright, shine, gal,
gel.

gemellipara, ae, f . (gemellus), twin-
bearing.

gemellus, T, m. (gdfciinus), twin-
born, twin.

gemino, 1 (geminus, I, m.), to double,
repeat.

geminus, T, m. (B. ga, gan, produce,
beget, gam, gem), twin-born, double,
two-fold.

gemitus, us, m. (gemO), a sighing,
groan, complaint.

gemma, ae, f . (gemO) a bud, the eye
(of the grape) ; figuratively, fr. resem-
blance in shape, a gem, precious stone.

gemo, ul, itum, 3 (B. gam, press, be
full, sigh, gem), to sigh, groan, cry,
lament.

gena, ae, f. (R. ganu, cheek, gen),
the cheek.

gener, erl, m. (glgnO, gen-ul), a son-
in-law. gener5sus, a, um, ad]., fine.

genetrix, Icis, f. (gigno), she that
produces, a mother, producer.

genialis, e, adj. (genius, glgnO, gen-),
what belongs to the Genius, genial,
glad, delightful.

genialiter, adv. (genialis), genially,
gladly.

genitor, oris, m. (glgnO, gen-), one
that produces or begets, parent, father,
sire.

gens, tis, f. (glgnO, gen), that which
is united by birth, a race, clan, people.

genu, lis, n. (B. ga, to bend, curve,
ga-nu, ge-nu), the knee.

genitalia, um. n. (gena), knee-bands,
garters.

genus, eris, n. (gigno, gen-), birth,
offspring, race, kind.

germ anus, a, um, adj. (germen, fr.
B. kab, make, create, car, cer, gar, ger,
ger-men, and so Eng., germ, germ-ane),
full, own, true (of birth), real, genuine,
germane.

ger5, gessT, gestum, 3 (B. gas, go,
come, make go or come, carry, ges, ger-
ere), to carry, bring, bear, carry out,
execute, wage.

gestamen, inis (gerO), something
carried, a burden.

gestio, 4 (gero, ges-tu-m), to use
gestures), to desire (demonstratively)
eagerly, long for.

gesto, 1 (gero), to bear, carry, wear.

gestus, us, m. (gero), carriage (of
the body), gesture.

Getae, arum, pi. m., see note, Tris-
tia, 4, 10, 110.

giganteus, a, um, adj. (gigas), of the
giants, gigantic.

gigno, genul, genitum, 3 (B. ga,
ga-n, prQduce, beget, gen, gi-gen, gi-
gn-ere), to give birth to, beget, bear.

glacialis, e, adj. (glacigs), icy.

glacies, el, f., ice.

glaeba, ae, f. (B. gab, gue, to

GLANS

HARUNDO

271

round, gar-g, glo-g, gle-(glac)b-a), a clod
or lump of earth, land, soil, mass.

gliins, dis, f . (B. gar, fall, gal, gal-
an = paA-ay-o-s, glan-s), an acorn.

glomerS, 1 (glomus, fr. same K. as
glaeba, glo-b-mo, glo-m-us), to form into
a ball, press together, thicken.

gloria, ae, f . (B. kru, hear, sound,
klu, clou-os, glov-os, glo-os, glOs), re-
nown, glory.

glOrior, 1, v. dep. (gloria), to boast
one's self, glory in.

gliibO, ere (B. skalbh, calbh, clabh,
glab, scratch, peel, gltib-ere), to shell,
peel.

Gorg5, onis, Medusa, d. of Phorcys ;
Met. 4, 743.

gracilis, e, adj. (B. kark, to be lean,
kar + kar, kra + kal, gra-cil-i-s), slend-
er, thin, fine.

gradior, gressus sum, 3, v. dep. (B.
gardh, strive after, stride, grad), to
step, walk, go.

gradus, us, m. (gradior), step, pace,
course, position, step (of a tem-
ple).

gramen, inis, n. (B. gar, swalloiv,
eat, gra-s, gra-men), grass, turf, plant,
herb.

gramineus, a, um, adj. (gramen), of
grass, grassy.

grandis, e, adj. (B. gar, be heavy,
strong, gra, gra-ndi-s), great, grown up,
advanced (in age).

grand 6, inis, f. (B. ghrad, to sound,
rattle, grad, gra-n-d-o), hail.

granum, I, n. (B. gar, wear away*
gra-), a grain, kernel.

grates, pi. f. (B. guar, glow, desire,
ghra,gra), thanks.

gratia, ae, f. (same B. as grates),
favor, friendship, grace, thanks.

grator, 1, v. dep. (same B. as gra-
tes), to wish {one) joy.

gratus, a, um, adj. (same B. as gra-
tCs), dear, agreeable, gracious, thankful.

gravidus, a, um, adj. (gravis), load-
ed, great with child, pregnant.

gravis, c, adj. (same B. as grandis),
heavy, dull, covered with, heavy (to
bear), sad.

gravitas, atis, f. (gravis), weight,
gravity, weariness, dignity, worth.

gravo, 1 (gravis), to make heavy,
load, oppress.

gremium, I, n. (B. garbii, grabh,
to seize, hold, grab-mo, greb-mo, gre-
mo), the lap.

gressus, us, m. gradior), a step,
course.

grex, egis, m. (B. gar, come togetlier,
gar + g(ar), gre-g), a herd, flock, swarm,
crowd.

grus, uis, comm. (B. gar, sound,
garu, gru-s), a crane.

gurges, itis, m. (B. gar, swallow,
gar + gar, gur-g-e-s), a whirlpool, abyss,
depth.

gutta, ae, f . (B. skju, sku, flow
out, fall, sku-t, gutt-a), a drop.

guttur, uris, n. (B. same as gutta),
throat.

H

habena, ae, f. (habeO), thong, rein,
reins.

habeo, uT, itum, 2 (etym. unc, but
in Corssen, Krit. Beitr. 106, fr. B. gha,
gha-p, ha-p, holdfast), to have, hold,
possess, show, hold for, consider.

habitabilis, e, adj. (habito, habeO),
habitable.

habito, 1 (habeO), to have, possess,
inhabit.

h&c, adv. (hie), abl., here.

haedus, T, m., a kid.

II ae mo n i us, a, um,adj., Ilaemonian.

Haemus, I, m., a mountain in Thrace.

liaereo, haesl, haesum, 2 (B. ghais,

haes, haer-ere, hang, cling), to cling to,
stick fast in, to keep firm, adhere, hesi-
tate.

luilitus, us, m. (halo, 1, halitO, 1),
breath.

hamatus, a, um, part, adj., hooked.

bamus, I, m. (B. gham, bent), a hook.

harena, ae, f. (B. buas, bruise,
crush, has, har-ena), sand, sand-floor,
arena (of the amphitheatre).

harundo, inis, f . (B. ab, grow, ar-
und-o), a reed, sedge ; by meton., a
wreath of reeds, shaft of an arrow, ar-
row ; fishing-rod, a comb of reed (in
weaving).

272

HASTA

HOKRIDUS

hasta, ae, f. (B. ghas, strike, has-),
a spear, lance, thyrsus-staff.

hastile, is, n. (hasta), the shaft of a
spear.

liaud, adv. comp. of ho + au (as in
au-fero) + d = de (as in unde), not, not
at all.

haurio, hausl, haustura, 4 (B. ghtt,
pour, ghu-s, hau-s, hau-r-ire), to draw
up or out, drain, drink up.

haustus, us, m. (haurio), a draught,
drink.

hebeto, 1 (hebes), to dull, weaken.

Hebrus, I, m., river in Thrace.

hedera, ae, f . (B. ghad, seize, had,
hed), ivy.

Heliades, urn, f., the three daugh-
ters of Helios, who were changed into
. poplars, Met. 2, 340, amber.

Helice, es, f., the constellation of
the Great Bear, Met. 8, 207.

Helicon, Onis, m., a mountain in
Boeotia, sacred to the Muses.

Hennaeus, a, um, adj., of Henna or
Enna, a city in Sicily.

herba, ae, f . (B. bhar, carry, sup-
port, bhar-bh, her-b-a), green stalk or
blade, grass, plant.

Hercules, is, m., son of Jupiter and
Alcmene.

Herculeus, a, um, adj. (Hercules),
of Hercules, Herculean.

here's, edis, m. (B. ghar, take, seize,
har, her, her-e-re, here-s), an heir, suc-
cessor.

heros, Ois, m. (rjpcos fr. B. vira,
man, Frjpo), hero.

herous, a, um, adj. (heros), heroic.

Hesperides, um, f., daughters of
Night, or of Atlas, and Hesperis ; Met.
11, 114.

Hesperius, a, um, adj. (Hesperus),
Hesperian, western.

Hesperus, T, m., the evening, even-
ing-star.

hesternus, a, um, adj. (heri fr. B.
ghjas, yesterday, hies, hes, hes-i, her-i),
of yesterday, yesterday's.

heu, inter j., alas ! ah ! oh !

hiatus, us, m. (B. gha, be empty,
yawn, ghi, ghi-a, hia-sc-ere, hia-re), a
yawning, opening, cleft, mouth.

hibernus, a, um, adj. (hiems), win-
try.

Hiberus, a, um, adj., Iberian, of
Iberia.

hie, adv., here, in this thing, on this
occasion.

hie, haec, hoc, pron. demonst. (R.
gha, ho, ho-ka (ka = pron. stem inter-
rog. indef.), hi-ce, hie), this, the latter
(in reference to the nearer, or the last
mentioned).

hiemps, hiems, emis, f. (B. ghi,
throw {\i.-(av, snow, as thrown fr. the
heavens), ghj-am, hj-am, hiem), winter,
storm, stormy weather.

hinc, adv. (hin-ce, hie), from here,
hence, hereupon, in consequence of.

hinnitus, us, m. (hinnio fr. B. ghar,
sound, ghir, hir-ni-s, hin-ni), a neighing.

Hippomenes, is, m., son of Mega-
reus ; Met. 10, 575.

Hippotades, is, m., son of Hippo-
tes, i. e., Aeolus ; Met. 4, 663.

hirsutus, a, um, adj. (B. ghar,
ghar-s, make rough, hirs, hirs-u),
rough, shaggy, hirsute.

hirtus, a, um, adj. (B. same as hir-
sfltus), rough.

hisco, ere (B. gha, be empty, yawn,
ghi, ghi-a, hi-sc-erej, to open, yawn,
gape.

Hister, strT, m., the Hister, the
Danube.

holus, eris, n. (B. ghar, be green,
ghal-as, hol-us), vegetables.

homo, inis, n. (B. ghama, earth,
gham-an, the earthly, son of earth, hom-
o-n), man, human being.

honestus, a, um, adj. (honor), hon-
ored, honorable.

honor (honos), Oris, m. (B. GnvA,
praise) ho + suffix nas), honor, place of
honor, honorary gift, prize.

honor o, 1 (honor), to honor.

hora, ae, f . (borrowed fr. dipa, B. ja,
go, comp. Lat. i), hour, time; pi., Horae,
the Hours.

Horatius, Q,. Flaccus ; sec n. Trist.
4, 10, 50.

horrendus, a, um, adj. (horreo),
dreadful, fearful, horrible.

horreo, ul. 2 (B. ghar, ghar-s, to
be rough, stiff, hors, hors-5-re, horr-e-re),
to bristle ; shudder, be afraid of.

horridus, a, um, adj. (horreo),
rough, bristling, dread.

IIORRIFER

ILLIO

273

horrifer, fera, ferum, adj. (horreO,
fero), horror-bringing, dreadful.

hortamen, inis, n. (hortor), an en-
couragement, incitement.

hortor, 1, v. dep. (R. dharoh, to
hold to, f orgh, forcta-ri, horta-ri), to en-
courage, urge on.

hortus, T, m. (R. ghar, take, har,
hor, hor-tu-s), a garden.

hospes, itis, comm. (fr. hosti-pet-s,
hosti fr. R. ghas, to injure, hos, hos-
ti-s, and pet- fr. R. pa, protect, pat,
pe-t), one who protects a stranger, or is
protected by a stranger, a guest, a host,
stranger.

hospita, ae, f., see hospes.

hostis, is, comm. (R. ghas, injure),
one that injures, a stranger, enemy,
enemy (to the state).

hue, adv. (hjc), hither.

hfimamis, a, um, adj. (hom6), of
man, human.

humilis, e, adj. (humus), what lies
on the ground, low, humble.

humus, I, f. (R. giiama, earth),
earth, ground, soil.

Hyacinthia, Orum, n., festival in
honor of Hyacinthus ; Met. 10, 219.

Hyacinthus, I, m., son of Amyclas ;
Met. 10, 162.

hydra, (vSpa), ae, f., water-serpent,
hydra.

hydras, T, m. (v&pos), a water-ser-
pent, snake.

Hymen, enis {vfirjv), or Hymenacus,
god of marriage, Hymen.

Hypaepa, Orum, n., a city in
Lydia.

Iambus, I, m. (!a/x/3o?) ; Trist. 4, 10,

Iapetus, I, m., father of Prometheus.

las on, onis, son of Aeson, the king
of Iolcos.

ibl, adv., R. i (pron. stem 3d pers.) +
bi (local ending), i-bl, in that place, there.

Icarus, I, m., son of Daedalus.

Icelos, T, m., a god of dreams, son
of Somnus.

ico, IcT, ictum, 3 (R. ik, strike), to
strike, hit.

ictus, fls, m. (IcO), a stroke, blow.

Ida, ae, Ide", Cs. f., Mt. Ida in Phry-
gia.

idcirco, adv. (id-circa), on that ac-
count.

idem, eadem, idem (i + idem, the
former a pronom. stem, the latter the
demonstr. suffix dem from da), the same.

ideo, adv. (id and eo), for that rea-
son, therefore.

Idmon, Onis, m., the father of Arach-
ne.

Idmonius, a, um, adj., belonging to
Idmon, Idmonian.

igitur, adv. (the pron. stem i + (the
particle) ge, = je, + (the suffix), tus, i-
ge-tus, i-gi-tur), therefore, accordingly.

ignarus, a, um, adj. (in and gnarus),
not knowing, ignorant, unacquainted
with.

Ignavus (in and gnavus), a, um, adj.,
not active, inactive, lazy.

Ignis, is, m. (R. ag, drive, ig-), fre,
flash, glow, heat, splendor.

Tgnifer, a, um, adj., f re-bearing.

Tgnobilitas, atis, f. (in and nobili-
tas), low birth.

Ignorantia, ae, f. (ignOrans), igno-
rance.

ignoro, 1 (i(n)gnOra-re), (R. gna,
know, gna-ru-s (gnO-ru-s), gnOra-re), not
to know, be ignorant of.

IgnoscS, nOvi, nOtum, 3 (in-gnOscO,
same R. as ignOrO), to take no knowl-
edge of, to pardon.

ignotus, a, um, adj., unknown.

ilex, icis, f., the holm-oak, scarlet-
oak, ilex.

Ilia, ium, n. pi., the lower part of the
abdomen, the groin.

Ilion, T, n., and Ilios, I, f., poetic
name of Troy, Ilium.

Ilioneus, ei, m., son of Niobe.

iliac, adv. (ille, wh. see, and -ce, fr.
pron. stem ki, cei, -ci, -ce, ille-ce), in
that way, on that side, there.

ille, a, ud, pron. dem. 3d pers. (fr.
pron. stem ana, ana-la, ono-lo, on-lo,
ol-lo, ollu-8, illu-s, ille), that, that (one)
there, that well-known ; he, she, it.

illlc, adv. (see iliac and ille), in that
place, there.

274

ILLINO

IMPORTUNUS

illino (in, lino), illeyl, illitum, 3, to
smear, spread, over.

illudo, in, lildO, illflsl, illflsum, 3, to
play at, make sport of, jeer at.

ill ust ris, e, adj. (lux, il-lus-tri-s),
light, lustrous, illustrious.

Illyricus, a, um, adj., of lllyria,
Illyrian.

imago, inis, f. (R. ik, be like (ima-
re), imi-ta-ri. ima-go), an image, copy,
form, conception, thought.

imbellis, e, adj. (in, bellum), un-
warlike.

imber, bris, m. (R. abh, ambu, to
sivell, break forth, imb-, imb-e-r), pour-
ing forth, rain, rain-storm.

imbuo, ul, Gtum, 3 (in, and R. pa,
drink, po, pu, bu (bu-a, a drink), im-
bu-ere), to wet, moisten ; imbue.

imitamen, inis, n. (imitor), imita-
tion, resemblance.

imitator, Oris, m. (imitor), imita-
tor.

imitor, Sri, v. dep. (see imago), to
imitate, resemble.

im-madesco, madul, 3 (in, inades-
co), to grow moist or wet.

immanis, e, adj. (in and manis, fr.
manus, old Latin for bonus, and fr. R.
ma, to measure), (measureless), im-
mense, monstrous, violent, fierce.

immedicabilis, e, adj. (in, medica-
bilis), incurable.

immemor, oris, adj. (in, memor),
unmindful.

immensus, a, um, adj. (in, metior),
unmeasured, immense, boundless.

immeritus, a, um, adj. (in mcritus),
undeserving, innocent ; undeserved.

im-mineo, Sre (in and mineO, f r. R.
man,j«< out, min, min-ere), to project
over, lean toward, hang over, to be close
to, to strive for.

im-mftis, e, adj. (in, mltis), not
mild, unmerciful, cruel.

im-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3 (in, mit-
to), to send in, let loose upon or in, let
loose, hasten ; part., immissus, hanging
down, loose.

im-mo, adv. (fr. pron. stem ana, en,
in, in-mo, im-mo, superl. abl.), in in-
most, by no means, no indeed.

immobiiis, e, adj., immovable.

im-morior, mori, mortuus sum, 3,

v. dep., to die in, or upon, or over, die
aivay.

im-motus, a, um, adj. (in, moveo),
unmoved, immovable, calm.

immunis, e, adj. (in and mQnis, fr.
R. mu, bind), not bound, free from
service, exempt from.

im-miinitus, a, um, adj. (in, munio,
4), unfortified.

im-murmuro, 1, to murmur, or
whisper in or upon.

impar, paris, adj. (in, par), un-
equal.

im-patiens, ntis, adj. (in, patiens),
not able to bear, or suffer, impatient.

impedio, 4 (in and pes), (in-foot, get
the foot in), impede, hinder, obstruct,
stop.

im-pell5, pull, pulsum, 3 (in, pello),
to set in motion, drive on or in, impell,
strike.

impense, adv. (in and pendO), at or
with expense, richly ; eagerly.

im-perfectus, a, um, adj. (in, per-
flciO), incomplete, imperfect, undevel-
oped.

imperium, T, n. (im-per5, -parO),
command, dominion, dominions, em-
pire.

im-pero, 1 (in, parO, prop, to bring
or get into ; e. g., terrae seges irnpera-
tur, Tac. Germ. 26), to enjoin, command,
govern.

impetus, us, m. (in, petO), a press-
ing, or falling, upon, attack, assault,
press ; impulse ; impete, old abl.

impiger, gra, gram, adj. (in, piger),
not indolent, active.

impius, a, um, adj. (in, pius), with-
out a sense of duty, undutiful, ungodly,
ruthless.

im-pleo, plevT, plgtum, 2 (in, pleO),
to fill in or up, fill full, fill, make full,
fulfill.

im-plico, uT, itum, or avi, atnm, 1
(in, plicO), to infold, embrace, clasp,
twine about.

im-p5no, posuT, positum, 3 (in,
pon5), to place -upon, or into, or in, set
in, lay upon, impose, ascribe to.

importunus, a, um, adj. (in and
-portu-nu-s, fr. same R. (por) as por-
tu-s, not op-portune, inopportune, unfit,
grievous, impudent, importunate.

IM-PPwIMO

INDIGENA

275

im-primo, pressl, pressum, 3 (in,
premO), to press upon, impress, strike
into.

improbus, a, urn, adj. (in, pro-
bus), not good, bad, mischievous,
wicked.

im-priidens, ntis, adj. (in, prQdSns,
not foreseeing), improvident, impru-
dent.

impulsus, Qs, ra. (impellO), a push-
ing against, thrust, impulse.

impune, adv. (impflnis), without
punishment, with impunity, safely.

impunis, e, adj. (in and poena), un-
punished.

im-puto, 1 (in, puto), to reckon, to
impute, ascribe.

in, prep. (fr. ana, pron. stem, 3d
pers., en, in), with ace. —into, to, to-
ward, till, for, according to ; with abl.,
in, among, on, under, within.

Inachides, ae, m., descendant of
Inachus, Inachide ; used of Epaphus,
Met. 1. 753 ; of Perseus, ib. 4, 720.

in-aequalis, c, adj., unequal.

in-amoenus, a, um, adj., unlovely,
disagreeable.

inanis, e, adj. (R. ak, to reach to,
ac-na, acn-ua, a measure of land, in-
acni-s, in-ani-s), empty, void ; lifeless,
vain, useless.

in-aratus, a, um, adj., unplowed.

in-ardesco, arsl, 3, to burn, kindle,
glow.

in-calesc5, calul, 3, to grow warm,
to glow, kindle.

in-cedo, cessl, cessum, 3, to step,
march.

incendium, I, n. (incendO), a fire,
conflagration.

in-certus, a, um, adj., uncertain,
untrusticorthy ; undecided, doubtful.

incessus, Us, m. (incedO), a step,
gait, walk, manner of walking.

in-cido, cldl, clsum, 3 (caedo), to cut
into, inscribe, carve on or in.

in-cipio, cSpI, ceptum, 3 (capiO), to
take in hand, to begin ; subst., incep-
tum, beginning, undertaking.

inclitus, or inclutus, a, um, adj.
(clueO), in intensive, very much heard
of, renowned.

in-cludo, clOsI, clflsum, 3 (claudo),
to shut in, inclose, shut, close.

in-cognitus, a, um, adj. (cognOsco),
unknown.

incola, ae, in. (colo), an inhabitant,
dweller.

in-commendatus, a, um, adj., un-
recommended, given up, abandoned.

in-cGnsolabilis, e, adj. (consolor),
inconsolable, incurable.

incrementing I, adj. (crSsco), in-
crement, increase.

in-crep5, ul, itum, 1 (crepO), to let
sound, sound ; chide, reprove.

in-cresco, crevl, crgtum, 3, to grow
upon, increase.

in-cub5, ul, itum, 1, to lie upon or in.

in-culpatus, a, um, adj. (culpo),
unblamed, blameless.

in-cumbo, cubul, cubitum, 3 (cum-
bo), to lay one's self upon or in, lean
upon, bend to.

in-cunabula, Orum, pi. n. (cflna),
swaddling-clothes, hence cradle ; birth-
place; childhood.

in-curro, currl, cursum, 3, to run
into, incurso, 1, to run against.

incursus, Us, m. (curro), an incur-
sion, assault.

in-curvo, 1, to bend, crook, curve.

incurvus, a, um, adj., crooked, bent.r

iii-custortitus, a, um, adj. (custo-
dio), unwatched.

indagS, 1 (indages), (to drive in, of
game), to trace out, search for.

indago, inis, f. (R. ag, drive, ind-
ag-o), (an in-driving as of game in hunt-
ing), an incircling, inclosing.

inde, adv. (fr. RR. ana (pron. stem
of 3d pers.), an, in, and pron. stem da,
the, that one), from there, from that
place, there ; from that time ; thence,
in consequence of that.

in-defessus, a, um, adj., unwearied.

in-dejectus, a, um, adj., not cast
down.

in-deploratus, a, um, adj., unde-
plored, unwept.

indicium, T, n. (dico, R. da, da-k,
show, teach), a showing, discovery, evi-
dence, proof, indieo, 1, to show.

in-dlco, dixl, dictum, 3 (dico, fr. da,
da-k, dik, deic, dTc), to declare.

indigena, ae, comm. (indu = in and
gigno), one boi'ti in a country, native,
indigenous ; a native.

276 IN-DIGESTUS

INNOCUUS

in-dlgestus, a, urn, adj. (digerO), un-
digested, unarranged.

in-dign5, 1, v. dep., to consider as
unworthy, to be indignant at, to be
angry.

in-dignus, a, um, adj., unworthy,
undeserving, undeserved.

in-dolesco, dolul, 3 (doleO), to feel
pain, be grieved.

in-duco, duxl. ductum, 3, to lead or
bring in, draw over ; part, perf ., spread
over.

indulged, sT, turn, 2, etym. unc, to
indulge, be indulgent to, yield to.

induo, ui, tltum, 3 (inde and u
(ind-u), fr. R. av, clothe), to put on,
assume, clothe with, invest.

in-duresco, ui (dtirus), to grow
hard, harden.

in-duro, 1 (durus), to make hard,
harden.

Indus, I, Indian, of India.

in-eo, il, itum, 4, to go into, enter ;
begin, enter upon.

inermis, e, adj. (arma), unarmed.

iners, ertis, adj. (ars), unskilled, in-
active, idle, dull.

in-expugnabilis, e, adj. (expugnO),
^impregnable ; (of gramen) that can not
be rooted out.

infans, ntis, adj. and subst. (in-for,
fari), one that can not talk, infant,
young ; an infant.

fnfaustus, a, um, adj., unfortunate,
unpropitious, unlucky.

infectus, a, um, adj. (facio), not
done, unfinished.

in-felix, icis, not happy, unfortu-
nate, unlucky.

infernus, a, um, adj. (inferos), that
which is below, of the lower world, in-
fernal.

In-fero, tull, illatum, 3, to carry,
bring, into or to.

Inferus, a, um, adj. (pron. stem a +
dha ; adha + ra (eompar. suffix), a-n-
dhara, i-n-feru-s), the lower, that which
is below, of the lower world ; comp., in-
ferior, lower (in place) than, inferior ;
superl., Imus, or Inflmus, lowest, deep-
est, innermost.

in-festus, a, um, adj. (fr. in-fend-
tu-s, fend the same root as in de-f end-o,
fr. dhan-d, to strike), hostile.

in-ficio, feci, fectum, 3 (faciO), to
put upon, to stain, dye, color ; to infect,
taint.

In-fitior, 1 (fateor), not to confess,
to deny, disown.

fn-flectO, exl, exum, 3, to bend,
curve.

In-flo, 1, to blow into or upon, to
inflate.

infra, adv. (inferus), abl. sc. parte or
via, in the lower part, below ; comp.,
Inferius, lower.

in-fringo, f regl, f ractum, 3 (frango),
to break in or off, bruise.

in-f undo, fudl, f usum, 3, to pour in
or upon, infuse.

in-gemo, ui, 3, to groan, sigh over.

ingenium (gigno, gen), what is in-
born, natural quality of mind or heart.

ingens, tis, adj., great.

in-gero, gessl, gestum, 3, to put
into or upon, throiv or heap upon.

in-gratus, a, um, adj., unpleasant,
unthankful, ungrateful.

in-gredior, gressus sum, 3, to go
into, enter, enter upon.

inguen, inis, n, (R, agh, angh, to
narrow), (narrowing), the groin.

in-haereo, haesl, haesum, 2, to hang
to or upon, oleave, adhere, inhere.

in-hibeo, uT, itum, 2 (habeo), to
have in, restrain, check, hinder.

in-icio, jCcI, jectum, 3 (jaciO), to
throiv upon or into, to lay upon.

inimicus, a, um, adj. (amicus), un-
friendly, inimical ; subst., an enemy, a
foe.

iniquus, a, um, adj. (aequus), not
even, uneven ; unfair, unjust, unfa-
vorable: hostile.

injuria, ae, f. (injurius, in-jus), in-
jury, wrong, injustice.

injuste, adv., unjustly, unfairly,
wrongly.

in -Justus, a, um, adj., unjust,
wrongful^ unjustly gained.

innabilis, e, adj. (in-no), that can
not be sivum in.

in-natus, a, um, adj. (in-nascor),
born in, inborn, innate.

in-necto, xul, xum, 3, to tie to or
upon, to bind, encircle.

innocuus, a, um, adj. (noceO), harm-
less, innocent.

INNUBUS

INTER-DUM 277

innubus, a, um, adj. (in-nflbo), 'un-
married.

in-numerus, a, urn, adj., unnum-
bered, numberless.

in-nuptus, a, um, adj. (nabo), un-
married.

in -ops, opis, adj. (in-(ops), opis),
without help, helpless, poor, needy,
scanty, weak.

in-ornatus, a, um, adj., unadorned.

inquam, v. defective, (K. syllable
qua (in-qua-m), cognate to Sansc. khjn,
to view, Vanicek), I say, say I (always
used after one or more words in a
direct quotation).

inquiro, qulslvl, qnTsItum, 3 (quae-
ro), to seek after or into ; to inquire,
examine, into.

In-sanus, a, um, adj., not sound,
unsound in mind, insane, mad.

Inscius, a, um, adj., not knowing,
ignorant of.

In-scrib5, psT, ptum, 3, to write
in or upon, inscribe, ascribe, desig-
nate.

In-seco, ul, ctum, 1, to cut into or
in ; insecti, notched.

In-sequor, secfltus sum, 3, to follow
after or upon, follow, pursue.

In-ser5, uT, rtum, 3, to put into, in-
sert, involve, mingle.

Insidiae, f . plural (insideO), (a sitting
in), lying in wait, ambush, ambuscade,
deceit, plot, snare.

insignis, e, adj. (slgnum), distin-
guished by a mark, remarkable, signal;
subst., insigne, a sign, badge ; (in plu-
ral), costume, attire.

Iii-silio, silul, 4 (salio), to leap into
or upon, spring upon.

In-sisto, stitl, 3, to step upon, tread;
in Met. v, 558, with alarum-remis, to
hover, poise, the oar-like wings keeping
them from sinking.

Iii-solitus, a, um, adj. (soleO), un-
wonted.

In-somnis, c, adj. (somnus), sleep-
less.

in-sono, uT, itum, 1, to sound in,
sound loudly, resound.

Tn-sopTtus, a, um, adj., not lulled to
sleep, sleepless.

in-spicio, exT, ectum, 3 (specie), to
look into, inspect, examine.

In-splrd, 1, to breathe into, blow into,
inspire.

In-stabilis, e, adj. (stO, sta), that
does not stand firm, unsteady, un-
stable.

Instar, indecl. (etym. unc), image,
form ; ad instar, or simply instar with
gen. after the image of, like, as, as
good as.

InstigS, 1 (stig, stig ; stigO, not used,
to be sharp, sharpen), to incite, urge, in-
stigate.

in-stituo, ul, titum, 3 (statuO), to
establish, institute.

In-sto, stitl, 1, to stand upon, press
upon ; draw nigh, impend ; press, in-
sist upon, urge.

lii-stringo, nxl, ctum, 3, to bind
upon or around; part., instrictus, set
(sc. gemmis).

In-struo, xl, ctum, 3, to furnish, pro-
vide ; instruct.

In- suet us, a, um, adj., unaccustom-
ed, unused.

Insula, ae, f., island.

insults, 1 (Insilio), to spring at or
upon, dance.

In-sum, f ui, esse, to be in or on, or
upon.

in-super, adv., over and above, be-
sides.

In-surgo, surrexl, surrectum, 3, to
rise upon or up to.

in-tabesco, bul, 3, to waste away,
pine, melt, dissolve.

in-tactus, a, um, adj. (tango), un-
touched, intact.

intellego (inter-legO), exl, ectum, 3,
to see into, understand.

in-temptatus, a, um, adj., untried.

in-tendo, dl, turn, 3, to stretch upon
or out, extend, stretch out, cover.

inter, prep, with ace, pron. stem an
+ tara, comp. suffix, an-tara, in-ter),
between, among, in the midst of, during.

inter-cido (cadO), idl, 3, to fall be-
tween, perish, die.

inter-cipio (capiO), cCpI, ceptnm, 3,
to take away between, seize upon, inter-
cept, carry away, rob.

inter-dico, xl, ctum, 3, to speak be-
tween, interpose, forbid, interdict.

inter-dum, adv., now and then, at
times, sometimes.

278

INTER-EA

IS

inter-ea, adv., meanwhile, in the
mean while.

inter-eo, il, itum, Ire, to perish, go
to ruin, die.

interior, ius, Oris, adj. comp., inner,
interior ; superl., intimus, a, um, inner-
most.

interius, adv., within.

inter-mitto, mlsl, missum, 3, to
leave off, intermit, omit.

inter-nodium, ii, n. (nodus), the
space between two knots or joints, an
internode or joint.

in-territus, a, um, adj., unterrified.

inter-rump5, rupl, ruptum, 3, to
interrupt.

inter-sero, uT, rtum, 3, to put in be-
tween, interpose.

inter-texo, ul, xtum, 3, to weave in
between, interweave.

inter-venio, venl, ventum, 4, to
come in between, intervene, interrupt.

in-texo, ul, xtum, 3, to weave into
or in, inweave, interweave.

intibum, i, n., endive.

in -ton 5, ul, 1, to thunder.

in-tonsus, a, um, adj. (tondeo), un-
shorn.

intra, prep, with ace. (for R, see
inter), abl. intra-(d) = intera parte, with-
in.

in-tremo, ul, 3, to tremble, quake.

in-tro, avl, atum (R. tar, tra, to
move, tra-re, tra-n-s, part, pres., in-
trare), to enter, go into, tread.

intror^hm, adv. (intrOversus), to-
tvard the inside, inward.

iiitus, adv. (in, tus), within, into.

in-utilis, e, adj., useless, injurious.

in-vado, si, sum, 3, to go into, fall
upon, invade.

in-veho, xT, ctum, 3, to carry into
or to, to ride, drive, sail, fly.

in-venio, venl, ventum, 4, to come
upon, find, meet with, find out, invent. \

in-vergo, ere, to turn, incline to,
pour upon.

in-victus, a, um, adj. (vincO), uncon-
quered, unconquerable.

in-video, vldl, visum, 2, to look
askance at, to envy, be envious, refuse,
grudge.

invidia, ae, f., envy, hate, dislike,
odium.

invidiosus, a, um, adj., envious, in-
vidious, envied, hated.

i nvid us, a, um, adj., envious, unfa-
vorable.

invisus, a, um, adj. (invideO), hated.

invit5, 1 (R. vak, voc, voc<3, vocita-
re, invoci-tare, invici-tare, in-vic-tare,
in-vi-tare, to call), to invite, entertain.

in vitus, a, um, adj. (R. vak, to will,
vie, in-vic-(i)tu-s, in-vl-tus), unwilling,
reluctant, contrary to one's will.

invius, a, um, adj. (in-via), impassa-
ble, impenetrable.

in-voco, 1, to call upon, invoke, call
to one's assistance.

lolciacus, a, um, adj., of Iolchos,
lolchian.

Iole, Ss, f., d. of Eurytus, king of
Oechalia.

ipse, a, um, pron. (RR. i, pron. stem
3dpers. + pse, self, fr. pa-t, po-t, poti-s,
one who is able, master), he himself, in
person, the very one,' then with pro-
nouns of other persons, and all genders,
herself, itself, myself, thyself.

ira, ae, f . (R. ir, to be angry, injure),
anger, wrath, angry feeling, assault of
anger.

irascor, i, 3 (for R. see ira, ira-sc-i),
to be angry, get angry.

Iratus, a, um, adj, (ira, ira-tu-s), an-
gry, enraged.

Iris, is, f ., goddess of the rainbow, d.
of Thaumas, messenger of Juno.

ir-requietus, a, um, adj. (in, re,
quies, quietus), unquiet, restless.

ir-rideo, si, sum, 2, to laugh at, ridi-
cule, laugh to scorn.

irritamentum, i, n. (irrlto), an in-
citement.

irrito, 1 (R. ra, rai, to sound, ir-rl-
re, ir-rl-ta-re), to move to passion, to ex-
cite, incite, provoke, irritate.

irritus, a, um, adj. (in, ratus), not
determined, invalid, void, in vain, in-
effectual.

irr5ro, 1 (rOrO), to bedew, moisten,
sprinkle.

irrumpo, rupl, ruptum, 3 (in, rum-
pO), to break in or into, or upon.

Irus, I, m., name of a beggar in
Ithaca.

is, ea, id, demons, pron. (pron. stem
i), he, she, it, that, this ; such an one.

ISMARIUS

JURO

279

Ismarius, a, um, adj., of Ismaros, a
mountain in Thrace, Ismarian ; Thra-
cian.

Ismenos, I, m., 1, a river in Boeotia,
near Thebes ; 2, son of Niobe.

Isse, Cs, f., d. of the Lesbian Maca-
reus.

iste, a, ud, fr. i, pron. stem + TA pron.
stem i-s (is-tu-s), is-te, is-ta, is-tu-d,
demonstr. pron., Mis, that (pointing to
the 2d pers.), that one of yours, that one
near you.

ita, adv., fr. i + ta, ita, so, thus, in
this icay.

iter, itineris, n. (fr. i, R. of eo, i-

tu-m, it-es, it-in-es, it-er, it-in-er-is),
a going, a way, journey, march, road,
street.

iter<5, 1 (for R. see itcrum), to do a
second time, repeat, reach again.

iterum, adv. (fr. pron. stem I (is),
with comparative as adv., ace. sing, n.,
i-teru-m), the other, a second time, once
more, again.

lulus, I, m., son of Aeneas, also
called Ascanius.

Ixion, onis, m., king of the Lapithae
in Thessaly, punished in Tartarus by
being bound fast to an ever-revolving
wheel.

jaceo, uT, itum, 2 (for R. see jaciO),
(intrans. of jaciO, to be thrown, hence),
to lie down, recline, rest, lie in the grave,
lie in ruins.

jacio, jecl, jactum, 3 (R. ja, ja-k, to
go, cause to go), to throw, lay, throw
out (in speaking).

jactG, 1 (jacio), freq., to throw, hurl,
shake, throw out, fling out, boast.

j act fir a, ae, f., a throwing away, a
loss, damage.

j actus, us, m. (jaciO), a throiv, cast,
throw (of dice).

jaculatrix, Tcis, f.,she that throws,
shoots (of Diana), the huntress.

jaculor, dep., 1 (jaciO), to throw.

jaculum, I, n., a javelin.

jam, adv. (R. ja, pron. stem 3d pers.,
jasmin, ja-m, locative), now, just now,
already ; only now.

jam-dudum, adv. (jam, du-dum, fr.
diu-dum, see dum), now fo?' some time,
some time ago, long since.

janua, ae, f . (R. ja, ja, to go), a pas-
sage-way, entrance, door, house-door.

jecur (jocur), jecoris, jecinoris, jo-
cinorie, n. (fr. jak-an), the liver.

jejunium, i, n. (jejflnus, etym.
unc), fasting, hunger.

juba, ae, f. (etym. unc), the mane of
a horse, Met. v, 403.

jubar, aris, n. (R. niv, dju, to shine,
ju-bar), brightness, radiance, of the sun,
of a star.

jubeo, jussl, jussum, 2 (R. ju, ju-g,
ju-dh, ju-b, to bind, make binding), to
order, bid, command.

judex, icis, m. (jus-dex, jus same
R. as jubeo, dex same as dlcO, which
see), a judge ; an umpire.

judicium, I, n. (judex), a judgment,
judicial sentence, decision.

jugalis, e, adj. (jugum, wh. see), of
a yoke ; of a marriage-union ; nuptial,
matrimonial.

jugerum, I (is), n. (same R. as ju-
gum), a piece of land, 240 feet long by
120 wide, a juger; acre (though much
smaller than the English acre).

jugulo, 1 (fr. jugulum, which has
same R. as jugum), to cut the throat,
slay, murder.

jugulum, I, n., the throat.

jugum, I, n. (same R. as jubeo,
wh. see), a yoke, collar ; a team ; span ;
the beam of a weavers loom ; a moun-
tain-ridge (or yoke), height.

junctura, ae, f ., a ligament.

j uncus, T, m., a rush, a bidrush.

jungo, nxl, nctum, 3 (R. ju, ju-g,
ju-n-g, to bind), to join, unite, yoke ;
unite in marriage, wed, marry.

Junonius, a, um, adj. (JunO), of
Juno, Junonian.

Juppiter, jovis, m. (R. div, dju,
djau, djav, to shine ; djov, Jov-i-s ; Ju-
piter (pater), then with doubling of con-
sonant, Ju-ppiter, father of light • but
Cic. in De Nat. D. II, 25, 64, derives
from juvo, "juvans pater " ; juva-re,
however, is fr. same R. div) ; Jupiter,
or Jove, Gr. Zev's, son of Saturn and
Rhea, chief god of the Romans.

jurO, 1 (R. ju, to bind, ju-s, ju-r-is,

2S0

JUS

LANUGO

jflra-re), to swear, take an oath, swear
by some person or thing.

jus, jQris, n. (R. ju, to bind, ju-s,
that which binds), right, law, justice ;
duty ; justness; power, authority.

juste (Justus), justly, with right.

Justus, a, urn, adj. (jfis),just, right-
eous, rightful, true, lawful, equitable,
legitimate.

juven&lis, c, adj. (juvenis, and fr.
same R. as juvO), youthful, juvenile.

juvenaliter, adv. (juvenalis), youth-
fully, after manner of youth.

juvenca, ae, f . (juvencus, contr. fr.

juvenicus, fr. juvenis), a young cow,
heifer.

juvencus, I, m. (juvenis), a young
bullock, bullock.

juvenis, is, adj. and subst. (fr. same
R. as juvO), youthful, young, a youth,
a young man.

juventa, ae, f. (juvenis), youth, the
goddess of youth.

juventus, fltis, f. (juvenis), age of
youth ; youth, young persons.

juvo, javl, jutum, 1 (R. div, dju,
juv-), to help, aid, assist ; to delight,
please, rejoice.

labefacio, feci, factum, 3 (labo, fa-
cio), to cause to fall, shake, weaken.

labo, 1 (R. rab, to hang down, fall,
lab (labi), lab, laba-re), waver, totter,
give way.

labor, lapsus sum, dep., 3 (see labo),
to slide, slip, glide, fall, sink.

labor, Oris, m. (labos), (R. rabh,
rab, lab, to seize, undertake), effort to
reach anything, labor, exertion, trouble.

laboro, 1 (labor), to labor, take pains,
be in trouble.

lac, ctis, n. (R. galakt, glakt, lac),
milk ; milk of plants.

lacer, era, erum, adj. (R. var, to
draw, tear, var-k, vlak, lac-), torn, lace-
rated, lacerating.

lacerna, ae, f . (see lacer ; f r. lacinia,
apiece of cloth), a mantle worn over the
toga, as a dress-robe, or worn on jour-
neys, or in wet or cold weather.

lacero, 1 (lacer), to lacerate, mangle ;
to distress, trouble.

lacerta, ae, f ., a lizard.

lacertosus, a, urn, adj. (lacertus),
muscular, powerful.

lacertus, I, m. (R. lak, to bend),
the upper arm, from the elbow to the
shoulder ; the arm ; lacerti, the claws
of the scorpion ; the arm of a river.

lacesso, IvT, Itum, 3 (laciO, R. lac,
to allure), to excite, provoke, attack.

lacrima, ae, f . (R. dak = lac, to
bite, Gr. Sdicpv), a tear.

lacrimo, 1 (lacrima), to shed tears,
weep.

lacrimosus, a, urn, adj. (lacrima),
tearful, full of tears ; lamentable.

lacto, 1 (lac), to give milk.

lacus, us, m. (R. lac, to bend ; hol-
low), a hollowing out, deepening ; a
basin, vessel, tank ; a cooling-trough.
Met. ix, 171 ; a lake ; pool.

laedo, si, sum, 3 (R. sridh, to in-
jure, slidh, lid, laid, laed-ere), to hurt,
injure, wound ; to trouble, annoy, grieve.

laetabilis, c, adj. (laetus), joyful,
glad.

laetor, dep., 1 (laetus), to rejoice, be
glad.

laetus, a, um, adj. (R. pri, to rejoice,
prai, plai, plae, lae-), joyful, glad,pleaS'
ing, delightful, laetitia, ae, f.,joy.

laevus, a, um, adj., laiva, laivo, left;
subst. (manus understood), left hand.

lambo, mbl, bitum, 3 (R. lap, to
lick, lab, la-m-b-), to lap, lick ; reach.

lamina, ae, f., a thin plate, especial-
ly of metal ; also of wood or marble.

L.ampetie, 6s, f., one of the Helia-
des ; Met. ii, 349.

laria, ae, f. (R. lac, to bend, lac-na,
15-na), wool.

lancea, ae, f. (R. lanka), a lance.

langueo, Gre (R. lag, to be soft,
la-n-g), to be faint, inactive, languid.

languor, Oris, m. (langueO), faint-
ness, languor.

lanificus, a, um, adj. (lana-faciO),
'that works in wool, of ivool-working.

laniger, gera, gerum, adj. (lana-
gerO), toool-bearing, fleecy.

lanio, 1 (R. same as lacer), to rend
in pieces, lacerate, to tear.

lanugo, inis (lana), f., down of the
beard.

LAOMEDON

LETIFER

281

IAomedon, ontis, m., king of Troy,
son of II us, father of Priam. /

lapidosus, a, urn, adj. (lapis), st6n^f.

lapillus, I, m. (lapis), a little stone.

lapis, idis, m. (B. lap, to peel), a
(hare) rock.

lapsus, As, m. (labor), a falling, fall.

laqueus, I, m. (B. same as laciO,
lac, to allure), a noose, snare.

la*, laris, m. (B. ra, la-la-s, la-r, to
stop, rest), originally a place of rest,
house, home ; then the deity of the
household, tutelary deity.

largus, a, um, adj. (etym. nnc,
perhaps from same B. as lasclvus),
abundant, rich, large.

lasclvus, a, um, adj. (B. same as
lar), playful, sportive.

lasso, 1 (lassus), to weary, fatigue,
tire.

lassus, a, um, adj. (etym.imc), weary,
tired.

late, adv. (latus), widely, broadly, to
a great extent.

latebra, ae, f . (lateO), a hiding-place,
retreat.

lateo, uT, 2 (B. radh, to forsake,
ladh, lat-), to be hidden, hide one's self.

lat i to, 1, reg., to hide.

JLatlnus, a, um, adj., Latin.

Latius, a, um, adj., of Latium,
Latin.

Latona, ae, f ., d. of the Titan Coeus
and Phebe, mother of Apollo and
Diana.

LatSnigena, ae, comm. in pi.,
children of Latona, Apollo and Diana.

Latous, T, m., son of Latona, Apollo.

latro, 1 (B. ra, to sound, ra-t, lat,
latra-re), to bark.

latro, Onis, m. (B. lu, to win, plun-
der, lau, lav, la-tr-o), a robber.

latus, a, um, adj. (B. star, to
strew, spread, stra, stla, la-tu-s), out-
spread, broad, wide, extended.

latus, eris, n. (B. prat, to broaden,
plat, lat-), breadth, the side, flank, of
animals, men, things.

laudo, 1 (laus), to praise, count hap-
py-

laurea, ae, f. (laurus), laurel-tree.

laurus, tis, m. (B. du, to burn, dau-,
lau-ro), laurel-tree, laurel, c?vwn, vic-
tory.

laus, dis, f. (B. kru, to hear, sound,
klu, clu- (clu-ere), lau-s), praise, renown,
fame ; words, deeds, of fame.

Iav5, lavl, lotum, lautum, lavAtum, 1
(B. lu, to wash, luv, lau, lav), to wash,
bathe.

lea, ae, f . (leO), a lioness.

leaena, ae, f . (Ae'cu^a), a lioness.

Lebinthus, or os, I, f., one of the
Sporadic isles, S. W. of Asia Minor.

lectus, I, m. (B. lagh, to lie down,
leg, lec-tu-s), a couch, bed ; a bier ; by
meton., marriage.

Leda, ae, f., d. of Thestius, wife of
Tyndareus, mother of Castor and Pol-
lux.

lego, leg!, lectum, 3 (B. rag, to
gather, read, lag, leg), to gather, collect,
read ; choose.

Lelex, egis, m., one of the Calydoni-
an hunters of Naryx, in Locris.

lena, ae, f . (lenO, B. lag, to be soft,
leg, leg-na, lSna), a bawd, procuress.

Lenaeus, a, um, adj. (kr^voi), a name
of Bacchus.

lenimen, inis, n. (leniO), a soothing
remedy, a solace.

lenis, e, adj. (B. lana, soft, lGni-s),
mild, soft, gentle.

lente, adv., slowly.

lentus, a, um, adj. (same B. as
Ignis; lan-ta, len-tu-s), pliant, soft,
tough ; insensible, sluggish, slow.

Leo, Onis, m. (R. liv, to be grayish-
yellow, laiv-an, le-o(n)), a lion ; the
Lion in the zodiac.

lepus, oris, m. (R. lap, to be bright,
light, lep-us, the light, the gray), a
hare.

Lerna, ae, f., a marsh in Argolis.

Lesbos, or As, I, f., an island in the
Aegean.

Lesbius, a, um, adj., of Lesbos, Les-
bian.

IS talis, e, adj. (lgtum), deadly.

Lethaea, ae, f., wife of Olenos ;
changed into stone on Mt. Ida.

Lethaeus, a, um, adj. (LethC), of
Lethe, Lethean.

LethS, 68, f. (same B. as lateO, Gr.
\r)9y)),forgetfulness, oblivion ; name of
a river in the lower world.

letifer, era, crum, adj., death-bring-
ing, deadly.

282

LETO

LITUS

leto, 1 (letum), to put to death.

letum, I, n. (B. ri, to let run, dis-
solve, li, lS-tu-m), death, ruin.

levis, e, adj. (B. ragh, to run,
lagu-i, legu-i, legv-i, levi-s), light.

levis, e, adj., smooth.

levitas, 5tis, f . (levis), lightness.

leviter, adv., lightly.

levo, 1 (same B. as levis), to make
light, lighten, relieve, lift up, soften,
moderate.

lex, legis, f . (same B. as lectus, leg,
leg-s, lex, what is laid down), a law,
rule, order, decision, condition.

liber, HbrT, m. (B. lap, to peel, lib,
lib-ro, lib-er), the bark of a tree.

liber, era, erum, adj. (B. lubh, to
desire, please, libh, lib, loub, loib, loeb,
lib-er), free, frank, open.

Liber, erl, m. (B. ri, to let run, pour,
lib, lib-er), originally an Italian deity,
who presided over all that is fruitful ;
then the name transferred to the Gr.
Bacchus.

Hbero, 1 (liber, free), to free, libe-
rate.

libertas, atis, f. (liber), liberty , free-
dom.

libet, uit, impers. v. (fr. same B. as
liber, free), it pleases, is agreeable ;
with mihi, Hike.

libo, 1 (same B. as Liber, Bacchus),
to draw, pour out, to make a libation ;
figuratively, to touch lightly, skim.

libro, 1 (B. kri, to lean, bend, cli,
cle-bra, li-bra, libra-re), to balance,
iveigh, poise, siving.

libum, I, n. (B. kar, to cook, mix,
kri, cli-, cli-bu-m, li-bu-m), a cake, pan-
cake.

L.ibycus, a, um, adj., Libyan.

Iiibye, es, f., Libya; Africa.

licentia, ae, f. (fr. licere), freedom,
license.

licet, uit, licitum est, 2, imp. v. (B.
rik, to let, let go, ric, lie, lic-ere, it is for
sale, it is free), it is allowed, permitted,
one may (or) can.

Licbas, ae, m., servant of Hercules.

lignosus, a, um, adj. (lignum),
tvoody, of wood.

lignum, I, n. (B. rag, to gather, leg,
lig, lig-nu-m, what is gathered), wood,
timber.

ligo, 1 (B. varg, to press, confine,
valg, vilg, vlig, lig, liga-re), to bind, bind
fast.

ligo, Onis, m. (B. laghan, ligon), a
spade.

figures, um, the Ligurians, a people
in northern Italy.

lilium, I, n. (Gr. \eipiov). a lily.

Lilybaeon, I, n., the western prom-
ontory of Sicily.

limbus, I, m. (B. rab, to hang
down, lamb, limb-), a border, edge,
fringe.

Hmen, inis, n. (same B. as limes), a
threshold ; entrance, door, house.

limes, itis, m. (B. lak, to bend, turn,
lie, lic-mit, limes), a cross-path, path,
limit, boundary.

limosus, a, um, adj. (limus), slimy,
muddy.

limus, I, m. (B. ri, to let run, pour,
li, li-mu-s), slime, mud.

lingua, ae, f . (B. dangua, dingna,
lingua, tongue), speech, language, utter-
ance ; tongue of land ; anther of a lily,
Met. X, 191.

linter, tris, f. (B. pru, to swim,
float, plu, plun, lun-, lin-ter), a trough,
vat ; a boat, skiff.

linteum, I, n. (linum), a linen cloth;
a sail.

linum, I, n. (B. linum, flax), linen.

liquefacio, feci, factum, 3, to make
liquid, to dissolve, melt.

liqueo, liqul, 2 (B. ri, to pour out,
li, lie, liqu-), to be liquid or fluid ; to be
clear, distinct.

liquesco, licul, 3 (liqueo), to become
liquid.

liquid us, a, um, adj. (liqueo), fluid,
liquid ; bright, clear.

liquor, oris, m. (Y\qne6), fluidity ; a
fluid, liquid (clear) water.

liquor, liqul (liquet)), to be fluid,
liquid ; to dissolve, disappear.

lis, litis, f . (B. star, to disturb, stir,
stri, strei-ti, stlei-ti, stli-ti, li-s), a dis-
pute, quarrel ; lawsuit.

llttera, ae, f. (B. ri, to pour, spread
over, 11, li-ttera), (what is spread over,
marked), a letter (of the alphabet), a
mark or sign ; collect., writing ; an in-
scription (as writing on a tomb).

litus, oris, n. (fr. same B. as littera),

LIVEO

LYCORMAS 283

something marked out, a shore, beach,
shut ikI.

Ilve5, Cre (fr. same R. as leo), to be
lead-colored, bluish, livid ; to envy.

llvor, Oris, m. (liveO), a leaden color,
taint, spot ; envy.

loco, 1 (locus), to place, put, set.

locus, I, m. (R, star, to strew, cover,
stark, stra-k, stlo-c, lo-c-u-s), a place,
spot, situation ; space ; room ; social
position.

lolium, I, n., darnel, tares.

longe, adv. (longus), long, in length,
far ; for a long period.

longus, a, um, adj. (etym. unc),
long ; tail ; vast ; long-continuing.

loquax, acis, adj. (loquor), loqua-
cious, talkative.

loquor, locfltus sum, dep. v., 3 (R.
ra, to sound, ra-k, lak, loqu-), to talk,
speak, say, mention, relate, declare.

lorica, ae, f. (lorum), a leather
cuirass, coat of mail.

lorum, i, n. (R. var, to wind, turn,
val, vol, vlo, lo-ru-m), a thong, strap,
reins, bridle.

lotos, I, f., lotus-tree.

liibricus, a, um, adj. (R. gla, to be
slippery, glu, glu-b, lu-br-o, lu-bri-cu-s),
slippery.

luceo, x, 2 (for R. sec lflx), to shine,
gleam.

lucidus, a, um, adj. (lflx), bright,
shining, clear.

Lucifer, erl, m. (lflx, fero), light-
bringing, the morning-star.

Liicretia, ae, f., the wife of Calla-
tinus ; Fasti, II, 741.

Lucretius, I, m., the poet, T. Lucre-
tius Carus, author of the poem "De
rerum natura "; Am. I, 15, 23.

lucrum, I, n. (R. lu, to win, gain,
lou, lu, lu-cru-m), gain, lucre.

luctor, art, 1, v. d. (R. ru, ru-g, to
break, bend, lug, luc-tari), to wrestle,
struggle, take pains.

luctus, tls, m. (lflgeO), mourning,
sorrow, distress, grief.

lucus, T, m. (lnx), the shining as in
an open place in a wood, a grove, sacred
to some deity, a wood.

ludo, sT, sum, 3 (R. krid, to play,
crid, croid, cloid, loid, lfld), to play,
sport, mock, play off, foil, parry.

lfulus, T, m. (Ifldo), a game, sport,
play ; in pi., public games, sports.

lugeS, xl. 2 (from same R. as luctor),
to mourn, gHeve, bewail ; be in mourn-
ing.

lugubris, e, adj. (lugeO, fero, luge-
ferO, lugu-ferO, lug-u-bri-s), belonging
to mourning, mournful, sad.

lumen, inis, n. (lflx), a light, light,
ray of light, light of the eyes ; by me-
ton., the eye ; light of life.

Luna, ae, f . (R. ruk, to shine, luc,
louc, lflc, luc-na, luna), the moon ; the
goddess of the moon, Diana.

luo, lul, latum, 3 (R. lu, to loose, lu,
lu-e-re), to wash, loose ; atone for, expi-
ate.

lupa, ae, f. (lupus), a she-wolf.

Lupercus, I, m. (RR. ark (and see
lupus), to keep off (arc-e-re)), (one that
keeps off wolves), the Roman name of
Pan, a priest of Pan.

lupus, T, m. (R. var, to tear, var-k,
vlak, vluk, lup-u-s), a wolf.

luridus, a, um, adj. (R. ghar, to be
green or yellow, ghvar, var, lfl-ri-dus),
pale yellow, pale, lurid.

lusor, Oris, m. (Ifldo), one who plays,
a player ; a playful writer, Trist. IV,
10,1.

lustro, 1 (lflstrum), to purify by an
offering ; to go around (as the priest, in
sacrifice, went around the object sac-
rificed), to traverse ; to review (mili-
tary).

lustrum, I, n. (R. lu, to wash), a
marsh, morass, bog.

lusus, fls, m. (Ifldo), playing, sport.

lutulentus, a, um, adj. (lutum, fr.
lu, to wash), muddy, slimy.

lux, lflcis, f . (R. ruk, to shine, Ink,
luc, louk, lflc, luc-s, lflx), light, day-
light, day, light of the eye ; life.

luxurio, 1 (R. rik, to let go, give
up, lflc, luc-tu-s, luxus, luxur-ia.luxuria-
re), to be rank, luxuriant, to swell,
shine.

Lyaeus, a, um, adj. (Avaios), one
that loosens, frees ; epithet of Bac-
chus.

Lycia, ae, f ., a district in southern
Asia Minor.

Lycius, a, um, adj. (Lycia), a Ly-
cian.

284

LYCORIS

MANO

Lycormas, ae, m., a river in Aetolia.

Iiycoris, idis, f. (also called Cythere),
a freedwoman, mistress of Cornelius
Gallus, Am. I, 15, 30.

Lydia, ae, f., a district in western
Asia Minor.

Lydus, a, um (Lydia), Lydian.

lympha, ae, f. (R. lap, to shine,
lamp, lump, limp, lymph-a), clear water,
spring-water.

lymphatus, a, um, adj. (lympho,
lympha), frenzied.

lyra, ae, f. (Avpa), a lute, lyre ; a
strain, tune.

M

Macareis, idis, f., daughter of the
Lesbian Macareus.

Macer, Aemilius, name of a poet ;
Tr. IV, 10, 44.

macies, 6T, f . (R. smak, smik, to be
small, mac, macia-re, macie-s), leanness,
meagerness.

macula, ae, f. (R. sma, to rw&,
smear, ma, mac-), a stain, spot.

madefacio, feci, factum, 3 (madeo,
facio), to make wet, moisten.

madeo, uT, 2 (R. mad, to swell, drop,
drip, mad-ere), to be wet, moist.

madesco, ul, 3 (madeO), to grow wet,
moist.

madidus, a, um, adj. (madeO), wet,
moist.

Maeandros, I, m., river in western
Asia Minor.

Maeonia, ae, f., an old name of
Lydia.

Maeonis, idis, f., the Maeonian,
Arachne.

Maeonius, a, um, adj., Maeonian.

maereo, ere (R. mi, to injure, dis-
turb, mi-s, mais, maer-ere), to mourn,
lament, be sad.

maestus, a, um, adj. (same R. as
maereO), mournful, full of sorrow.

magis, adv. (R. mak, mag, to be
great ; comp. (mag-ius), mag-is), more,
rather, in greater degree.

magister, trl (same R. as magis) ;
double comp., magis-ter, the higher,
greater, master, teacher.

magistra, ae, f . (magis), a directress,
school-mistress.

m agnan imus, a, um, adj. (mSgnus,
animus), great-sovled, magnanimous.

magnus, a, um, adj. (same R. as
magis), great ; major, greater (in age),
older, maximus, greatest (in age), oldest;
great (of persons), powerful, famous.

male, adv. (malus), ill, badly.

maledico, xT, ctum, 3 (male, dlco),
to speak ill, slander.

mallgnus, a, um, adj. (maligenus,
fr. male and g(e)n-o, fr. gen, gan, see
gigno), of an evil disj)osition, ill-dis-
posed, malignant.

malu, maluT, malle (magis-volo), to
have rather, prefer.

malum, T, n. (R. malo), an apple.

malus, a, um, adj. (R. "mar, mal,
to rub, rub to pieces, grind = soil,
blacken," Yanicek), hateful, ugly, de-
structive, bad, evil; unfortunate; subst.,
malum, T, n., anything evil or hurtful,
evil, mischief, harm, suffering, misfor-
tune.

maiulo, 1 (manus, do, both wh. see),
to give in hand, charge, commend, en-
joy, instimct ; subst., mandatum, I, n.,
direction, commission, instruction, or-
der.

man do, dT, sum, 3 (R. mad. to sir ell,
drip, moisten, man-d-0), to cheiv, eat,
bite.

mane, adv. (R. ma, to measure, ma,
ma-tu, time, matu-ru-s, timely, mane),
early, in good season, at early morn-
ing.

maneo, nsl, nsum, 2 (R. ma, ma-n,
to think, man-Sre (like Gr. /uteV-w), to
bethink one^s self, to stop, wait, stay,
remain ; await, wait for.

manes, ium, m. (same R. as mtlne,
ma, to measure, form, manus, an (old)
adj., conformable, good ; mfines, the
souls of the good), the souls of the
departed, the manes ; the deities of the
lower world ; the lower world.

manifestus, a, um, adj. (manus and
festus, fr. R. dhan-d, to strike, seize,
fend-, f end-tu-s, f ensu-s, manu- = mani-
festus, seized ivith the hand), manifest,
palpable, plain, evident.

mn.no, 1 (same R. as madeO, mad, to

MANTO

MEMOR

285

drip, mad-Ore (mad-nu-s), mS-na-re), to
Jloiv, run, drop, trickle.

Man to, fls, f., a Theban prophetess,
d. of Tiresias.

manus, fls, f. (B. ma, to measure,
form, ma, ma-nus, that which measures,
forms), the hand ; (hand- fight), box-
ing ; ultima manus, the last touch.

marcidus, a, um, adj., withered.

mare, is, n. (B. mar, to rub, grind,
ruin, die, mar-e, Vanicek, II, 708 ; but
others, as Curtius and Corssen, refer it,
and better, in meaning, to B. mar, to
shine, sparkle), the sea (as opposed to
the land), a sea ; sea-tvater.

margo, inis, m. (B. marg, to touch,
graze), a brink, edge, border, margin.

marltus, I, m. (for B. see mas,
male), a married man, husband.

marmor, oris, n. (same B. as mare,
mar, to shine, mar + mar, mar-mor),
marble, a marble, marble statue.

in armor eus, a, um, adj. (marmor),
of marble, like marble, marble-white.

Mars, rtis, m. (same (B. as mar-
mor ; the splendor-bringing god ; also
Mar-mar, Mamers), son of Jupiter and
Juno, god of war; by meton., war,
battle.

Marsya (or -as), ae, m. (fr. the Gr.),
the name of a Satyr ; Metam. VI, 382-
400.

Martius, a, um, adj. (Mars), of
Mars, warlike, martial.

mas, maris, m. (B. ma, ma-n, to
think, man-s, ma-s, Eng. man), male,
masculine, manly, man.

massa, ae, f. (B. mak, to knead,
mac, fr. Gr. /xa£a, dough), a lump, mass,
mass of gold, of marble, of milk ; used
of Chaos, Metam .1. 70,

mater, tris, f . (B. ma, to measure,
to form, ma-ter, like genetrix in mean-
ing), a mother, of men, of animals ; also
used of the earth, as producing all
things ; of fountains, as the source of
waters ; of Cybele, as the mother of the
gods.

materia, ae, and materiSs, Ci, f . (fr.
same B. as mater, as that of which any-
thing is formed), matter, materials,
stuff; object.

mater nus, a, um, adj. (mater), of a
mother, maternal, motherly.

matrona, ae, f . (mater), a married
woman, wife, matron.

matiiresco, tflrul (matflrus), v. inch.,
to grow ripe, ripen.

maturus, a, um, adj., ripe.

matutlnus, a, um, adj. (fr. same
B. as matflrus, mane, and Matfl-ta, the
goddess of the morning), of the morn-
ing, morning.

Mavors, ortis, m. (BB. magii, mah,
to cut (Gr. fjiax-i?), and vor-t-ere, vertere,
the battle-turner), an old name of Mars ;
by meton., war, battle.

Medea, ae, f. (Mijficia, wise woman,
fr. B. ma), Medea.

medeor, 5ri, v. dep. (B. ma, to think,
ma-dh, to learn, to be wise, Gr. fiaOe,
mede-ri), to help, heal, cure.

medicamen, inis, n. (medicor, me-
deor), a remedy, a drug, means of sor-
cery.

medicina, ae, f. (medicor), medi-
cine; art of healing .

mediocris, e, adj. (medius), mid-
dling, moderate, ordinary.

meditor, 1 (v. dep., fr. same B. as
medeor, which see), to think of, reflect
upon, meditate.

medius, a, um, adj. (B. madhja,
the middle), that is in the midst or the
middle, middle; subst., medium, t/ie
middle ; tlie midst of all, the public.

medulla, ae, f. (medius), the (mid-
dle) or interior of bones, or of plants,
marrow, pith.

Medusaeus, a, um, adj., of Medusa
(one of the Gorgons), Medusan.

Megareius, a, um, adj., of Mega-
reus (Hippomenes), Megareian.

mel, mellis, n., 1 (B. mar, to rub,
mal, to be soft), honey.

Melanth5, fls, d. of Deucalion.

Melas, anis, m., a river in Thrace.

membrum, I, n. (B. ma, mi, to les-
sen, mi-n, mi-nu, min-bro, mem-bru-m),
(a small thing), a limb, member, part,
of animals, then of things generally.

meminl, isse (same B. as mCns, \vh.
see), to bear in mind, remember.

Memnon, onis, m., son of Tithonus
and Aurora.

memor, oris, adj. (B. smar, to mark,
think, mar, mor, me-mor-ia, memor),
mindful, remembering.

286

MEMORO

MINUO

memoro, 1 (same K. as memor), to
bring to remembrance, commemorate,
to speak, remark.

Menandros, or-er, I, m. ; see note
on Amores, I, 15, 18.

mendacium, I, n. (mendax), a lie.

mend&x, acis, adj. (same K. as
mSns, men-ti-ri, mendax), lying, menda-
cious, false, hypocritical.

mens, ntis, f . (B. ma, to think, ma-n,
men, men-ti, mens), the mind, disposi-
tion, soul, heart, feeling, sentiment ;
thought, reason, presence of mind ; pur-
pose.

mensa, ae, f. (R. ma, to measure,
form, ma, ma-n, men-sa), something
measured off, a table ; by meton., a
meal, feast, course.

mensis, is, m. (same B. as mensa),
me-n-s-I-s, measure of time, a month,

mensor, Oris, m., a measurer.

mensura, ae, f . (same K. as mensa),
a measure.

menta, ae, f . (B. mat, to turn), mint
(the plant so called).

mentior, 4, v. dep. (see mendax), to
lie, deceive, impose upon.

mentum, T, n. (B. man, to jut, pro-
ject, men, men-tu-m), the chin.

Mercurius, T, m. (merx, it. B. smar,
mer, mer-ere), Gr. Hermes, son of Jupi-
ter and Maia, Mercury.

mereo, 2 (B. smar, mer, to mark,
share), to merit, deserve, earn, get.

meretrlx, Icis, f. (mereO), one that
earns money, a harlot.

mergo, sT, sum, 3 (B. masg, merg-,
to sink), to dip, plunge, sink, im-
merse.

mergus, I, m. (mergo), a diver, name
of a water-fowl.

meritum, I, n. (mereO), a service,
benefit ; reward.

merits, adv. (mereO), deservedly,
justly.

Merops, opis, m., king of Aethiopia.

inerus, a, urn, adj. (B. mar, to shine),
mer, mer-u-s, bright, clear, pure, un-
mixed, mere.

merum, T, n. (merus), unmixed
wine; wine.

messis, is, f . (metO), the harvest.

meta, ae, f. (B. mi, to sink in the
earth, set up), mai-ta, meta, the conical

pillar set up at either end of the spina
of the race-course, the mark, goal;
limit, boundary.

Methymnaeus, a, um, adj., of Me-
thymna, Methymnean.

metior, me"nsus sum, 4, v. dep. (B.
ma, to measure, me, m5-ti, me-tl-rl), to
measure, to pass over, traverse.

metuo, ul, 3 (metus), to fear, be in
fear of, revere ; part., metuendus, a,
um, fearful; metuens, fearing.

metus, us, m. (B. ma, to think, me,
me-tu-s),/<?ar, dread, apprehension; by
meton., what creates fear, a terror.

meus, a, um, adj. (pron. stem, 1st
pers., ma, me), mine, my own.

mic5, ul, 1 (etym. unc), to quiver,
glitter, flash forth.

Midas, ae, m., a Phrygian king, son
of Cybele.

miles, itis, m. (B. mil, to join, come
together, meile-t, meile-s, miles), soldier,
warrior ; (collective) soldiery.

militia, ae, f. (miles), military ser-
vice, war.

mille, num. adj. (B. mil, as of
miles), a thousand ; subs, plural, milia,
thousands.

Mimas, antis, m., a promontory in
Ionia.

minae, arum, f. (B. man, to put
forth, project, min), threats, menaces.

minax, acis, adj. (minae), threaten-
ing, menacing.

Minerva, ae, f. (B. ma, to think,
men, min, Min-er-va), the goddess of
wisdom, d. of Jupiter, Minerva.

minister, strl, m. (B. ma, mi, to
minish, diminish, mi-n, mi-nu, (min-
or, min-us, less), min-ius-tro, double
comp. suff., min-is-ter), the lesser, ser-
vant, subordinate, minister.

ministerium, I, n. (minister), ser-
vice, ministry.

ministra, ae, f. (minister), a servant.

ministro, 1, to serve, wait upon,
hand.

minitor, 1, v. dep. (minae), to threat-
en.

minor, 1, v. dep. (minae), to threaten.

Minos, Ois, m., son of Jupiter and
Europa.

minuo, ul, 3 (same B. as minister),
to diminish, impair, weaken.

MINUS

MORDEO

287

minus, adv. (see minister for B.),
less.

Minyae, 5rum, m., the Minyans, so
called from Minyas, a king in Thessaly.

mirabilis, e, adj. (mlror), wonder-
ful, admirable.

miraculum, I, n. (mlror), a wonder-
ful thing, marvel, miracle.

mlror, 1, v. dep. (for K. see mlrus),
to wonder at, admire.

mlrus, a, um, adj. (B. smi, to laugh,
wonder, smai-ro, smi-ro, mi-ru-s), won-
derful, strange, marvellous.

misceo, ul, mixtum, mistum, 2 (B.
mik, to mix, mic-sc-, mi-sc-ere), to mix,
mingle, unite.

miser, era, um, adj. (B. mi, to dis-
turb, mis, mis-er), miserable, wretched,
unhappy.

miserabilis, e, adj. (miser), miser-
able, pitiable.

misereor, itus, sum, v. dep., 1 (mi-
ser), to pity.

miseror, v. dep., 1 (miser), to lament,
bewail.

mltis, e, adj. (etym. unc.), mild,
gentle, friendly.

mitto, mlsl, missum, 3 (B. mat, to
turn, set in motion, mit, mit-t-ere), to
send, let go, throw, hurl.

Mnemosyne, es, f., mother of the
nine Muses.

moderamen, inis, n. (modus), a
means, of ruling, of guiding ; direction,
management.

moderate, adv. (modus), with mod-
eration, moderately.

moderator, Oris, m. (modus), one
who directs, manager, ruler, governor.

moderatus, a, um, part, and adj.
(modus), moderated, governed ; mod-
erate.

moderor, 1, v. dep. (modus), to mod-
erate, direct, govern, rule.

modestus, a, um, adj. (modus),
modest, kind.

modicus, a, um, adj. (modus), mod-
erate, measured.

modo, adv. (modus), only, if only ;
just now ; now— now.

modulor, 1, v. dep. (modus), to sing
and play with due measure, to modulate,
tune.

modus, T, m. (B. ma, to measure,

mo, mod-), measure ; melody, harmo-
ny, tune ; way, manner.

moenia, ium, n. pi. (B. mu, to bind,
make firm, mun-, moe-ni, old sing.,
moe-ne, moe-ni-a), walls, defenses, forti-
fications ; by meton., a city, town.

molaris, e, m. (fr. mola, B. mar, to
rub, crush, mal, mol, mol-a), of a mill,
a millstone, stone.

moles, is, m. (B. mak, makh, mag,
magh, mah, to be great, mah-li, mo-li,
mo-le-s), a great mass, weight ; a mas-
sive building, pile ; a dam, pier, mole ;
fig., labor, trouble.

molimen, inis, n. (molior), a great
effort, exertion.

molior, 4, v. dep. (B. same as mole's),
to set in motion something heavy, to
hurl, to exert one's self, strive, toil.

mollis, 4 (mollis), to make soft, soft-
en, tame, check.

mollis, e, adj. (B. mar, to rub, make
soft, mal, mal-d, moll-), soft, mild;
weak.

moneo, uT, itum, 2 (B. ma, ma-n,
men, mon-, mon-ere, causal of men), to
remind, admonish, advise, warn.

monimentum, I, n. (moneO), a
monument, memorial.

monitum, I, n., an admonition, ad-
vice, counsel.

monitus, Us, m., a reminding,
warning, admonition.

mons, tis, m. (B. man, to project,
jut out, men, min, mon, mon-s), a
mountain, range of mountains ; by
meton., the god of a mountain.

mon strum, I, n. (same B. as moneO,
mOn-s-tru-m = quod nos monet), an evil
omen, portent ; a wonder, marvel ; a
monster.

m on t anus, a, um, adj. (mons), of a
mountain, mountainous.

monticola, ae, m. (mOns, colO), in-
habitant of a mountain.

mora, ae, f. (B. smar, to 7nark, be-
think, mar, mor, mor-a), bethinking,
stopping, a delay, hindrance.

moratus, a, um, adj. (mOs), of man-
ners, mannered, constituted, condi-
tioned.

mordeo, momordT, morsum, 2 (B.
smard, to hurt, mard, mord, mord-Cre),
to bite, morsus, Cs, m., a bite.

288 MOEIBUNDUS

NAMQUE

moribundus, a, um, adj. (morior),

morior, morl, mortuus sum, 3 (B.
mar, to rub, mor, vex one's self, mor-i),
to die. moror, 1, dep., to delay.

mors, tis, f . (morior), death ; by
meton., the dead.

mortalis, e, adj. (mors), mortal,
liable to die ; human ; subst., mortal, a
man.

mo rum, I, n. (fiS>pov), a mulberry.

morus, T, f., a mulberry -tree.

m5s, mOris, m. (B. ma, measure,
form, mo, mO-s), a custom, manner,
usage, habit ; in pi., manners, habits,
character.

motus, tis, m. (moveo), a moving,
movement ; emotion.

move5, mOvI, mOtum, 2 (B. mu, to
push, move, mav, mov, mov-6re), to set
in motion, move, remove ; break up ;
excite, cause ; arouse.

mox, adv. (B. probably same as of
magnus), soon, presently, soon after,
then.

mucro, Onis, m. (B. muk, to prick,
muc-r-o), the point of a sword ; by
meton., sword.

miigltus, us, m. (mugiO), (R. ma,
mi, to sound), a lowing, bellowing.

Hiulceo, mulsT, mulsum, 2 (B. mark,
to touch, mule-), to touch lightly, stroke ;
soften, soothe, quiet.

mulciber, eris or erT, m. (mulceO,
and perhaps ferrum (a molliendo ferro,
Paul D., p. 144 ; or fr. bhar, fer, fer-o),
a name of Vulcan ; by meton., fire.

mult if id us, a, um, adj. (muitus, fin-
do), cleft into many parts, many-cleft.

multo, adv. (muitus), by much, much.

uiultum, adv. (muitus), much, very.

muitus, a, um, adj. (B. managha,
much, monogo-s, mologo-s, molgo-s,
mulgu-s, mulgl-re, then the part. pass,
perf ., mulgl-tus, mul-tu-s), much, many,
great, wide ; comp. plus, more; superl.,
plurimus, most, very many.

mundus, I, m. (B. mand, to adorn,
mund), order (cf . kootaos), beauty ; the
universe, world.

uiunio, 4 (mtlnus), to make firm,
strong, to fortify.

munus, eris, n. (B. mu, to bind,
strengthen, mil, moi, moe), something
which binds, service, office, function ;
favor, gift, reward, offering.

miirex, icis, m. (B. sma, to tvipe,
smear, sma-r, mur, mur-o, muri-co,
muri-c), the purple {shell-) fish, purple
dye, purple.

murmur, uris, n. (B. marmara, mur-
mur, murmuring, whispering ; roaring,
growling ; rushing sound.

murmuro, 1 (murmur), to murmur,
rustle.

murra, ae, f . (perhaps f r. same B. as
miirex), myrrh-tree, myrrh.

miirus, I, m. (same B. as miinus), a
wall ; by meton., city, town.

musa, ae, f. (fr. the Gr.), a, the,
Muse ; pi., the (nine) Muses.

muscus, I, m. (B. musa, mus-cu-s),
moss.

mustum, I. n. (B. mud, fresh, young,
mud-to, mus-tu-s), new wine, must ; by
meton., vintage.

mutabilis, e, adj. (mutO), mutable,
changeable.

invito, 1 (B. mu, to set in mo-
tion, mav, mov, mov-ta-re, mu-ta-re),
to move away from, change, alter ; ex-
change.

mutus, a, um, adj. (B. mu, as of
munus, to bind, close (the mouth)), mute,
dumb, silent.

miituus, a, um, adj. (mutO), changed,
borrowed, lent; mutual, reciprocal.

Mycale, e"s, f., 1, name of a promon-
tory in Ionia ; 2, name of a Thessalian
sorceress.

Mygdonis, idis, adj., o/^ Mygdonia =
Lydia ; Mygdonian, Lydian.

myrtus, I and tis, f., a myrtle, myr-
tle-tree.

N

Naias, adis, f . = Nais, idis (from no,
to swim), a Naiad ; in pi., the Naiads.

nam, conj. (B. gan, gna, to know,
na-man, na-ma, na-me (nomen), ace.

sing, fern., na-m ; or (Corssen) fr. pron.
stem, na), namely, for, indeed, certainly.
namque, conj. (nam, a strengthened
nam), for, verily, indeed.

NANCISOOR

NEX

289

nanciscor, v. dep., nactns sum, 3
(R. nak, to reach, get, nac-ni-sc-i, na-
nci-sc-i), to reach, attain, get, find.

naris, is, f. (R. sna, snu, to flow,
swim, na-s, na-s-i, na-r-i-s), a nostril;
the nose ; in pi., the nostrils.

narratus, us, m. (narrO), narration,
relation.

narro, 1 (R. gna, to know, gna-ru-s,
narrO-re), to make known, narrate, re-
late.

nascor, natus sum, v. dcp., 3 (R. ga,
ga-n, to beget, produce, gna, na-sc-o-r),
to be born, begotten ; to spring forth,
arise, grow ; part., natus, born ; and
subst., one born, a son ; and nata, a
daughter.

natalis, e, adj. (nascor), relating to
birth, natal, native ; sc. dies, birthday.

nato, 1 (fr. no, nare), to swim.

natura, ae, f . (nascor), nature ; be-
ing, creature ; element ; natural quality
or disposition.

naufragus, a, um, adj. (navis, f ran-
ge), shipwrecked ; wrecked, ruined ;
subst., a shipwrecked person.

navigium, i, n. (navis, -agium, fr.
ago, nav-ig-iu-m), a sailing, navigation ;
a ship, boat, vessel.

navigo, 1 (navis, ago), to sail, go by
sea ; sail over, navigate.

navis, is, f. (R. sna, to flow, swim,
na-vi-s), a ship.

na vita, nauta, ae, m. (navis), a sailor,
seaman.

navo, 1 (R. gan, gna, to know, gna,
na (g-)na-vu-s, nava-re), to perform in-
telligently, accomplish.

ne, encl. interrog. particle (R. na,
negative particle), (but weaker than ne) ;
enclitic to other interrogatives for em-
phasis.

ne, neg. adv. (R. same as ne), that
not, in order that not ; not, with imper. ;
only not, in order not to.

ne, inter j. (R. na, pron. stem, nae,
nG), truly, vei'Hy, indeed.

nebula, ae, f. (R. nabii, to swell,
break forth, neb, neb-ula), mist-cloud,
mist, fog, vapor.

nee, see neque.

neco, 1 (nex), to put to death, kill.

nectar, aris, n., drink of the gods,
nectar ; by meton., wine, milk.

u

nefas, n, indecl. (ne and fas, wh.
see), not right, wrong, sin, crime, a
wicked deed.

neg5, 1 (RR. ne, neg. part., and
agii, ag, a-j-o = ag-i-o, aio, to say), to
Bay no, to deny, refuse, decline.

Nemeaeus, a, um, adj,, of Nemea in
Argolis ; Nemean.

Nemesis, is and ios, f. (Ne'/meats), the
avenging goddess of justice, Nemesis.

nemo, neminjs, comm. (nS-homo),
no man, no one, nobody.

nemorosus, a, um, adj. (nemus),
woody, full of woods.

nempe, conj. (nam, wh. see, nem +
pe = que, wh. see), namely, truly, surely,
certainly.

nemus, oris, n. (R. nam, to allot,
jx>ssess ; to pasture, nem, nem-us), a
wood with places in it for pasture-land,
a ivood, grove.

neo, 2, nevi, netum (R. san, sna, to
spin, (s)ne-), to spin ; to weave.

nepos, Otis, m. (R. napat, son,
grandson, nepOt-), grandson ; nephew;
descendant.

Neptunius, a, um, adj.,©/ Neptune,
Neptunian.

Neptunus, T, m. (R. same as of
nebula, neb, Nep-), the god of water,
the sea, the clouds, son of Saturn, Nep-
tune.

neque, and nee, conj. (ne, que), and
not, also not, neque (nee)— neque (nee),
neither— nor, not only not— but also, and
besides, and indeed.

nequeO, 4 (ne, queO), not to be able,
to be unable, I can not.

nequiquam, nOquTcquam, nGquid-
quam, adv., to no])urpose, in vain.

nervus, I, m. (R. snar, to turn,
weave, ner-, ner-vu-s), a sinew, nerve ;
bow-string ; string of the lyre or simi-
lar musical instrument ; in pi., the
stnngs.

nescio, 4 (ne, scio), not to knoio, to
be ignorant of; nescio quis, I know not
who, somebody or other.

nescius, a, um, adj. (nescio), not
knowing, ignorant of, unable.

neu, see neve.

nS-ve, conj. = et ne, and not, nor,
and that not, and lest.

nex, necis, f. (R. nak, to disappear,

290

KEXILIS

NOX

destroy, nee, nec-is), a violent death,
murder ; death.

nexilis, e, adj. (necto), tied together.

nexus, us, m. (necto), a fastening,
clasping ; in pi., coils, folds.

111, conj. and adv. (same R. as ne,
ne), unless, if not.

nidus, I, m. (R. nas, to go, dwell,
nis, nis-do, nl-du-s), a nest.

niger, nigra, nigrum, adj. (same R.
as nex, nox, nic-ro), of night, dark,
black.

nihil, nihilum, nllum, nil, n. indeel-
(ne, hilum ; hilum (fr. R. ghar, to
bend), a thread, something of no con-
sequence), not a thread, nothing, not the
least thing.

Nilus, I, m., the Nile, a river in
Egypt.

nimbus, I, m. (same R. as nebula,
ne-m-b, ni-m-bu-s), a violent rain, rain-
stoiym ; rain-cloud, storm-cloud, cloud.

nimis, adv., too much, very (fr.
nimius).

nimium, adv. (nimius), by far, too
much, exceedingly.

nimius, a, um, adj. (RR. ne, ni, and
ma, to measure), not in measure, beyond
measure, too great, too much.

Ninus, I, name of an Assyrian king,
Ninus.

Niobe, es, f., d. of Tantalus and
Dione, Niobe.

nisi, conj. (ni, si), if not, unless ; ex-
cept, only, save, except that.

niteo, 2 (R. ski, to shine, skint,
knit, cnit, nit-Sre), to shine, glitter,
glisten.

nitidus, a, um, adj. (niteo), shining,
glittering, brilliant.

nitor, Oris, m. (niteo), splendor.

nltor, nlsus, nlxus, 3, to strive ; lean.

niveus, a, um, adj. (nix), snowy,
snow-white.

nix, nivis, f. (R. snig, snigh, to
wash, rinse, nigh-v, nigh-s, nih-s, nix),
snow, snowflake.

no, 1 (R. same as navis), to swim.

nobilis, e, adj. (nosco), known, well
known, famous ; of noble origin ; no-
ble.

nobilitas, atis, f. (nobilis), noble
origin, nobility, noble rank ; nobleness.

noceo, ui, 2 (R. same as nex, nak,

nee, noc), to injure, do harm to, be a
hindrance to ; part., nocSns, hurtful,
guilty.

nocturnus, a, um, adj. (nox), night-
ly, by night, nocturnal.

nodus, I, m. (R. ghadh, to seize,
hold, hed, he-n-d ; ghand, ghnad,
gnOd-o, nOd-u-s), a knot, girdle ; circle
(of the equator) ; knob, fold ; a knotty
point.

nolo, nolle, nolul (non, volo), not to
Willi to be unwilling.

nomen, inis, n. (nOscO), a name ;
title, fame.

nomiiiG, 1 (nOmen), to name, call by
name.

non, adv. (fr. na, neg. part, ne, and
pron. st. 3d pers., i, ai, ai-na, oi-no-s,
u-nu-s, ne oenu-m, noenum, nOn), not.

nondum, adv. (non, dum), not yet.

nonne, non, ne (interr. part.), not ?
(expecting the answer, yes).

nosco, nOvI, nOtum, 3 (R. gan, gna,
to know, gnO, nO-sc-0), to come to know,
to become acquainted with, get a knowl-
edge of (so the perf., novi, I have come
to know = I know) ; to recognize, under-
stand.

noster, stra, strum, pron. poss. (nOs),
our, our own, of us.

nota, ae, f. (nosco), something which
makes known, a mark, sign, character.

notitia, ae, f ., acquaintance.

no to, 1 (nosco), to make known, a
mark, indicate, note, censure, brand.

notus, I, m. (votos), (same R. as no,
nare), the rain-bringing wind, the south
wind.

novem, num. adj. (R. navan), nine.

noverca, ae, f . (same R. as novus),
a step-mother.

novies (noviens), num. adv. (novem),
nine times.

novitas, atis, f. (novus), newness,
novelty, news.

novo, 1 (novus), to make new, renew,
find out anew, change, alter.

novus, a, um, adj. (R. pron. st. nit,
nom, nu-n-c, nava, novu-s), new, fresh,
recent, strange, unusual ; superl., novis-
simus, the newest, the last ; the lowest.

nox, ctis, f. (R. same as nex), nak,
nee, noc, noc-ti, nocti-s, nox), night ;
darkness, blindness.

NUBES

OBLIVIUM

291

niibes, is, f . (R. nabh, to swell, nub,
nub-e-s), a cloud.

nubifer, fera, f crura, adj. (niibes,
fero), cloud-bearing.

nubilus, a, um, adj. (nflbSs), cloudy,
lowering, clouded, darkened.

nubilutn, T, n. (niibes), a cloud.

nubo, nupsT, nuptum, 3 (same R. as
niibes), to cover, veil ; to marry (of the
bride, to veil herself), be married; part.,
nupta (veiled), a married woman, bride.

nudo, 1 (nudus), to make naked or
bare ; strip, uncover.

nudus, a, um, adj. (R. nag, naked,
nag, irag-du-s, nudus), naked, bare, un~
covered, exposed.

nullus, a, um, adj. ; gen., Tus ; dat., i
(ne, ullus), not any, no one, none, nobody.

num, an interr. part. (fr. pron. stem
nu, now, nu-m, originally of time, now),
expecting the answer, no ; in ind. ques-
tion, whether.

numen, inis, n. (nuo), a nodding,
nod • will, divine will ; by meton.,
deity, divinity.

numer5, 1 (numerus), to number,
count ; reckon.

numerosus, a, um, adj. (numerus),
numerous ; harmonious, melodious.

numerus, I, m. (R. nam, to allot,
count, num, num-e-ru-s), a counting,
count, number ; multitude, crowd ;
numbers (of song).

Numitor, Oris, m. (Noma, R. nam,
as of numerus), son of the Alban king
Proca : Numitor.

nunquam, adv. (ne, unquam), not
ever, never.

nunc, adv. (fr. pron. stem nu, nu +
demonst. ce, nu-n-ce, nu-nc), now, at
present.

nuntia, ac, f. (same R. as nunc,
novus, nove-nt-io, nov-nt-io, nou-nt-
iu-s, ntintius), one that brings news,
messenger, reporter.

nuper, adv. (fr. nu (pron. stem as in
novus) + per, fr. par, irapa), newly, late-
ly, recently, in recent times.

nurus, us, f. (R. su, to beget, bear,
sunu-sa, snu-sa, snu-ra, then by tran-
sition to the u decl., nu-ru-s), a daugh-
ter-in-law ; a young woman, married
woman.

nusquam, adv. (ne, usquam), not
anyicliere, nowhere.

nuto, 1 (nuo), to nod with the head,
command with a nod ; waver, hesi-
tate.

nutrio, 4 (same R. as no, nare, sna,
snu, to flow, nu, nu-t-rl-re (fr. the flow
of milk)), to suckle, nourish, feed, bring
up.

nutrlx, Tcis, f. (nutrio), a (wet)
nurse, nurse. .

nutus, us, m. (nuo), a nodding, nod,
sign.

nux, nucis, f. (R. knu, knuk, to
scrape), a nut.

Nycteis, idis, f., daughter of Nyc-
teus ; Antiope.

Nympha, ae, f., -e, es, a nymph,
Nymph.

O, interj., O ! oh !

ob, prep, with ace. (R. apa, prep.,
op, ob). to, toward ; on account of.

ob-duco, xl, ctum, 3, to draw, or
cover over; part., obductus, clouded,
darkened ; contracted.

ob-eo, il, itum, 4, to go to ; go around,
draw around, spread over.

ob-icio, jecT, jectum, 3 (jacio), to
throw before or toward, bring before ;
throw out against, to reproach icith ;
lay to one's charge ; object.

obitus, us, m. (obeO), a going down,
setting ; death.

ob-ject5, 1 (jacto), to reproach with
or for.

oblectamina, um, n. pi. (oblecto),
delights ; sources of consolation.

oblenimina, um, n. pi. (lenio),
means of soothing, remedies.

ob-ligo, 1, to bind to, oblige.

ob-lino, levl, litum, 3, to smear over,
besmear.

obliquus, a, um, adj. (ob and liquus,
fr. R. lak, to bend, lie, lic-u-us), side-
long, slanting, oblique ; crooked, curved.

ob-liviscor, oblltus sum, 3 (ob and
R. i.iv, to be grayish-yellow, lai-va, liva
(lividus), ob-liv-i-sc-i), to grow pale ; to
forget, be forgetful.

oblivium, I, n. (same R. as obllvis*
cor), forgetfulness, oblivion.

292 OB-NOXIUS

OMNIPOTENS

ob-noxius, a, urn, adj., subject to,
liable to, obnoxious.

ob-orior, ortus sum, 4, v. dep., to
arise, spring up, break forth.

ob-ruo, rul, rutuin, 3, to overthrow,
cover over, bury, sink,

obscurus, a, um, adj. (fr. ob and
R. sku, to cover, scu, ob-scil-ru-s), cov-
ered, dark, gloomy, obscure.

ob-sequor, secutus sum, 3, to com-
ply.

ob-servo, 1, to observe, give atten-
tion to, watch, tend.
[obsidio, 5nis, f . ( obsideO), a siege.

ob-sisto, stitl, stitum, 3, to set one's
self before or against, oppose.

©b-situs, a, um, part., sown, covered.

ob-stipesco, stipul, 3, to be stupefied,
amazed, astonished, confused.

ob-sto, stitl, statuni, 1, to stand
against or in the way of ; oppose, hin-
der, withstand.

ob-strepo, uT, itum, 3, to make a
noise at, shout against or at.

ob-strusus, a, um, adj. (obstrudo,
obtrudo), veiled, bordered.

obtusus, a,um, adj. (tundo), blunt,
dull, obtuse.

ob-verto, vcrtl, versum, 3, to turn
toivard or against, to direct.

obvius, a, um, adj. (via), in the way
of, meeting ; with ire or venire, go or
come to meet ; obvious.

occasus, us, m. (ob, cado), the going
down or setting of the sun ; the land of
the setting sun, the west.

oc-cido, cidl, casum, 3, to fall or go
down, sink in death ; fall, die, perish.

occiduus, a, um, adj. (cado), going
down, failing, decaying.

occulo, ul, turn, 3 (ob and culo, fr.
R. skal, kal, to cover, hide, cal, ob-cal-
ere, oc-cul-ere), to hide, conceal.

occupo, 1 (ob, capio), to take posses-
sion of, lay hold of, occupy ; fall upon ;
surprise ; get the start of, anticipate in
doing a thing.

oc-curr5, currl, cursum, 3, to run
to meet, meet.

ocellus, I, m. (oculus), a little eye,
eyelet ; (dear) eyes.

ocior, us, adj. comp. (R. ak, to be
sharp, sivift, oc, oc-ior), swifter, quick-
er, sooner.

ocius, adv. (ocior), quicker, sooner,
swifter.

oculus, T, m. (R. ak, to be sharp, to
see, oc-u-lu-s), an eye ; sight ; a lumi-
nary, world-eye, god of the sun, an eye
(of a plant).

odi, isse, praet. def. v. (R. vadh, to
strike, thrust, vad, od-, od-io ; perf.,
Od-T), to be vexed at, not like, hate.

odium, I, n. (OdT), hate, odium.

odor, Oris, m. (R. ad, to smell, od-,
od-or), smell, odor, fragrant odor; a
bad smell.

odoro, 1 (odor), to fill with fra-
grance ; part., odoratus, sweet-smelling,
fragrant.

odorus, a, um. adj. (odor), sweet-
smelling, odorous.

Oeagrius, a, am, adj., of (the Thra-
cian king) Oeagrus.

Oeclialia, ae, f., a city in Euboea.

Oetaeus, a, um, adj., of Oeta, Oe-
tean.

Oete, 5s, f., a range of mountains in
Thessaly.

of-fendo, di, sum, 3, to strike
against ; to hit upon ; to stumble ; to
offend, injure.

omcium, T, n. (opificium, fr. opus
and facio), (a work-making), a service,
favor, a service of love ; ceremony, of-
fice ; obligation, duty.

olea, ae, f., an olive ; olive-tree.

O I onos, I, m., Met. X, 69.

olens, ntis, part., fr. oleO, smelling,
fragrant ; foul, rank.

olim, adv. (fr. pron. stem ana, 3d
pers., ana-la, ono-lo, on-lo, ol-lo ; illu-s,
ille ; oli-m), at that time, once, former-
ly ; at times, sometimes.

olTva, ae, f., the olive, olive-tree ;
olive-berry.

ollvum, T, n., poetic = oleum, oil.

olorinus, a, um, adj., of the swan,
swanlike.

Olympus, T, m., 1, mountain in
northern Thessaly, the seat of the gods,
Olympus; by meton., heaven; 2, a
pupil and friend of Marsyas.

omen, inis, n. (R. av, to observe,
mark, au, au-d, aus, os-men, o-men), a
sign, token, omen.

omnipotens, ntis, adj. (omnis, po-
tens), all-powerful, omnipotent.

OMNIS

OSTENDO

293

omnis, c, adj. (B. AMBn, to hold to-
gether, ambi, amb-, an, om-ni-s), all,
every ; omnes, all men ; omnia, all
things.

Onchestius, a, um, adj., of Onches-
tus, a city in Boeotia.

onerS, 1 (onus), to load, lade, burden.

onerosus, a, um, adj. (onus), burden-
some, heavy, onerous.

onus, eris, n. (B. an, to breathe,
sigh, on-, on-us (whereby one sighs)), a
burden, weight ; trouble, pains.

opticus, a, um, adj. (etym. unc),
shady, shaded ; dark, darkened.

operio, ul, pertum, 4 (B. par, to
Jill, share, prepare, par-i, ob-par-i, o-per-
i-re), {to prepare for), cover, shut.

operosus, a, um, adj. (opus), full of
work, pains taking, laborious, difficult ;
effective.

opifer, era, erum, adj. (ops-ferO),
aid-bringing, helpful.

opifex, icis, m. (opus, faciO), work-
maker, worker, maker, artisan, artist.

opperior, Ttus and pertus sum, 4, v.
dep. (ob and -perior), to wait, wait for,
await.

oppidum, T, n. (B. pad, to tread,
ped (pes, pedis), pedu-m, what is trod-
den, the soil, op-pedum, oppidum, what
lies on the soil), town, city.

op-pono, posuT, positum, 3 (ob,
pono), to set or place befwe or against,
oppose, hold before.

op-primo, pressl, pressum, 3 (ob,
premo), to press under or doivn,o])press,
overcome.

opprobrium, i, n. (ob, probrum), a
reproach, scandal, opprobrium ; shame,
disgrace.

op-pugno, 1 (ob, pugnO), to fight
against, storm.

ops (in sing, only, opis, opem, ope, pi.
entire), f . (B. ap, to bind, possess), op,
op-s, help, might, power ; means of any
kind, property ; helper.

op to, 1 (B. same as ops), to choose,
wish, desire.

opus, eris, n. (B. ap, to work, op-,
op-us), a work, labor, work of art,
workmanship; deed.

opus, indecl., adj. (same B. as opus,
work), need, necessity, needful, want-
ing ; it is (est) needful, there is need of.

ora, ae, f. (B. as, to breathe, live, bet
Os, Os-Gris, Ora), the lip, edge, brim,
border, margin, coast, land, district.

oraculum, I, n., onlclum (OrO),
oracle.

orbis, is, m. (etym. unc), a circle,
disk, orbit, ring, circle of tlie world, orb,
the earth ; wheel.

orbo, 1 (orbus), to deprive, bereave.

orbus, a, um, adj. (B. arbii, to give
over, deprive, orb-u-s), bereft, deprived,
fatherless, childless ; orphaned.

ordior, orsus sum, 4 (B. ar, to lift
up, arise, begin, or, ol, ord-I-ri), to begin.

ordo, inis, m. (same B. as ordior), a
beginning, row, order, line, regular
order, regularity.

orgia, Orum, n., noisy feasts of Bac-
chus, orgies.

origo, inis, f. (same B. as ordo, ar,
ol, or, or-ig-o), a beginning, origin, de-
scent ; by meton., author, ancestor.

orior, ortus sum, 4 (same R. as or-
dior), to rise, go up, go forth, descend
from ; originate ; oriens, sc. sol, the
rising sun, the east, Orient.

orno, 1 (B. var, to cover, surround,
orna-re), to fit out, furnish; adorn,
deck.

or5, 1 (Os), to speak, beg, entreat,
plead, pray.

Orontes, is and ae, m., a river in
Syria.

Orpheus, el, m., a Thracian singer,
son of Apollo and the Muse Calliope.

Orpheus, a, um, adj., of Orpheus,
Orphean.

Orphne, Os, f. (op^nj, darkness), a
nymph of the lower world.

ortus, tis, m. (orior), a rising, sun-
rise, east ; origin, beginning.

os, Oris, n. (B. as, to breathe, live, be,
Os), the mouth, tJie lips ; bits ; jaws ;
beak; by meton., speech ; face, coun-
tenance ; head.

os, ossis, n. (B. as, to throw away,
os, something thrown away), a bone ;
in pi., bones, body ; bones of the dead.

osculum, I, n. (Os), a little mouth, a
kiss.

Ossa, ae, f., a mountain in Thessaly.

ostendo, dl, sum, and turn, 3 (ob,
tendo), to show, stretch out.

ostentum, I, n., a sign, prodigy.

294

OSTIUM

PAPAVER

ostium, T, n. (<3s), mouth of a river.

os t rum, I, n., the juice, blood of the
sea-snail, purple.

Othrys, yos, m.} a mountain in
Thessaly.

otium, I, n. (R. av, to be glad, to
protect, au, au-tio, o-tio, o-tiu-m), pro-
tection, security, peace, leisure.

ovlle, is, n. (ovis), a sheepfold.

ovis, is, f . (R. same as otium, av, ov,
ov-i-s, prop., one that is protected), a
sheep.

ovum, I, n. (R. av, to blow, au ; au-
ra, av-er, a-er, air ; av-i, avi-s, a bird ;
Ovu-m (as coming from a bird)), an
egg.

pabulum, T, n. (ptlsco), food, nour-
ishment, fodder ; grass.

pa.ca.lis, e, adj. (pax), peaceful.

paciscor, pactus, sum, v. dep., 3 (R.
pak, to make strong, put together, pac,
pac-i-sc-i), to make a contract, agree,
stipulate ; part., pactus, agreed upon,
settled.

paco, 1 (pax), to bring to quietness,
to peace, pacify.

Pactolis, idis, adj., of Pactolus, Pac-
tolian.

Pactolos, or us, I, m., a river in
Lydia.

pactum, I, n. (paciscor), an agree-
ment, covenant, compact.

Padus, I, m., the Po, a river in Upper
Italy.

Paean, Snis, m., Paean, a name of
Apollo ; the song to his honor, paean.

paelex, pelex, icis (R. palavaka, a
maiden, pellex, paelex), a mistress, con-
cubine ; rival.

paenc, adv. (etym. unc), almost,
nearly.

paenitet, uit, 2, v. impers. (R. ki,
to seek, pay, punish, kvi, pi, poi, pae,
paenit-ere, to repent —feel pain, pun-
ishment), it repents one ; (I, you, etc.)
repent, grieve, rue ; one is discontented,
dissatisfied.

Paeones, um, m., the Paeonians ; a
people in Macedonia.

Paeonis, idis, a woman of Paeonia.

palam, adv. (R.par, to pass through,
bring forward, para, before, pala-m,
adverb, ace), before the peojrte, openly,
publicly.

Palatium, T (iT), n. (R. pa, to nour-
ish, guard, pa-1, pal-at-iu-m)* the first,
in time, of the seven hills of Rome, the
site of the earliest Rome ; then, as Au-
gustus had there his residence, the im-
perial residence, palace.

palatum, T, n. (etym. unc, perhaps
fr. same R. as palatium, pasco, pater),
the palate.

palear, aris, n. (etym. unc), the
skin that hangs from the neck of an
ox, the dew-lap.

Palici, orum, m., twin sons of Jupi-
ter and Thalia.

Pales, is, f . (R. pa, to feed, pa-1,
pali), the guardian deity of shepherds
and flocks, Pales.

palla, ae, f. (R. spa, spa-n, to spin,
weave, pann-, pann-u-s, panu-la, palla),
the long upper garment of Roman wo-
men, the palla, robe, mantle.

Pallas, adis, f., the Greek name of
Minerva, Pallas.

palleo, ul, 2 (R. pala, gray, pal-va,
pal-lu-s, pal-le-rc), to be pale, sallow ;
part., pallens, pale ; dark-colored ; dis-
colored.

pallesco, ul, 3 (palleo), to grow pale,
pale.

pallidas, a, um, adj., pale, sallow.

pallor, Oris, m. (palleo), paleness,
pallor.

palma, ae, f. (R. palma, the open
hand), 1, palm of the hand ; hand ; 2,
a palm-tree, palm ; a palm-wreath ; by
meton., wctory, palm ; a date, dates.

palmes, itis, m. (palma, 2), a palm-
shoot, vine-shoot.

pal lis, fidis, f., a marsh.

paluster, stris, marshy.

Pan, Panis, m., the god of shepherds
and woods ; of nature ; Pan.

pando, ndl, passum, 3 (R. pat, to
spread out, pa-n-t, pa-n-d, pand-e-re), to
spread out, expand, unfold; passae
comae, disheveled hair.

Panope, 6s, f., an ancient city in
Phocis, Panope.

papaver, eris, n. (R. pap, pamp, to
swell up, pap-a-ver), the poppy.

PAR

PAUCUS

295

par, paris, adj. (R. par, to come to,
be like, pari, par), equal ; substantively,
a iratch for ; a pair.

Parcae, arum, f. (R. park, to weave,
spin, Parc-a, Parc-ae, spinner, spinners
(spinsters ?) of the thread of fate), the
Fates (three), Clotho, Lachesis, and
Atropos.

pared, pepercT, parcitum, and par-
sum, 3 (parens, to spare, be sparing of;
refrain from ; guard.

parous, a, um, adj. (R. spar, to
refuse, shrink from, spar-u-s, paru-m ;
ace. as adv., too little, parcu-s), sparing,
frugal, thrifty.

parens, ntis, comm. (pario), afatJier
or mother, parent.

parentalis, e, adj. (parens), of par-
ents, parental.

pareo, ul, itum, 2 (R. par, to allot,
f 11, prepare, be ready, parS-re), to be
at hand or appear, to obey, sub?nit to,
comply with.

paries, etis, m. (R. i, to go, and par,
per, around or through, something that
goes around), a wall, yartition-waU.

parilis, e, adj. (par), {poetic), equal,
like.

pario, peperi, partum, 3 (R. par, to
bring, bHng forth, par-i-O), to bear,
bring forth, beget ; produce.

pariter, adv. (par), equally, in like
manner, alike, together, at the same
time.

ParnSses, idis, adj., Parnassian, of
Parnassus.

Parnasus, I, m., Parnassus, a moun-
tain in Phocis, sacred to the Muses
and Apollo.

parO, 1 (R. par, to allot, prepare), to
get ready, prepare, provide.

Paros, I, f., one of the Cycladcs in
the Aegean ; Paros.

Parrhasis, idis, f., Parrhasis, Par-
rhasia ; Arcadia.

pars, rtis, f . (R. par, to allot, share,
par-ti, par-s), apart of a whole, portion,
share ; a party, faction ; a place, re-
gion, part ; a task, duty, part.

Parth&on, onis, m., king of Caly-
don, Parthaon.

Parthenium nemus, Parthenius,
I, m., a mountain between Arcadia and
Argolis.

parti m, adv., ace. of pars, in part,
partly.

partus, as, m. (pariS), a bringing
forth, birth ; offspring, child.

pnrum, adv. (R. spar, to refuse,
spar-u-s, paru-m), too little, not.

parvus, a, um, adj. (R. pava, little,
small, pau, pau-ru-s, par-vu-s), (minor,
minimus), small, young ; little, low,
mean, weak.

pasco, pavl, pastum, 3 (R. pa, to
feed, pa-sc-ere), to feed, pasture, nour-
ish ; maintain ; feast ; gratify, feast
one's self.

pascuum, I, n., a pasture.

passim, adv. (pando), everywhere.

passus, Us, m. (pandO), a step, pace,
foot-step, track.

pastor, Oris, m. (p&scO), a shepherd.

Patareus, a, um, adj., of Pat ar a.

patefacio, feci, factum, 3 (pateO,
faciO), to make or lay open, open.

pateo, ul, 2 (R. pat, widen), to be
open.

pater, patrls, m. (R. pa, to feed, sup-
pori), father ; pi., fathers of the state,
patricians, senators ; elders.

patera, ae, f. (pateO), an open dish
or saucer, used in libations ; a pa-
tera.

paternus, a, um, adj. (pater), of a
father, paternal.

patientia, ae, f. (patior), patience,
endurance.

patior, passus sum, v. dep. (R. spa,
spa-n, to strain, exert one's self, spa-ti,
pa-ti, pa-ti-o-r), to suffer, endure, bear,
hold out ; allow, permit.

patria, ae, f. (pater), fatherland,
country, home.

patrius, a, um, adj., of a father,
fatherly, of the fathers ; of the father-
land, of home ; old, ancient.

patruelis, e, adj. (patruus), of or
from a father's brother ; subst.,s<w of
a father's brother, cousin.

patruus, T, m. (pater), a father's
brother, paternal uncle.

patulus, a, um, adj. (pateO), stand-
ing open, open ; broad, wide, wide-
spread.

paucus, a, um, adj. (same B. as par-
vus, pava), little, few ; in pi., a few,
few, few things, little.

296

PAULATIM

PER-CURRO

paulatim, adv. (same R. as pau-
luin), by degrees, gradually.

pauiuiii, adv. (R. pava, little, pau,
pau-1-lu-s), a little, a short time.

pauper, eris, adj. (BR. pava, little,
and par, to bring, get, pava-par(o), pav-
per, pau-per, one that brings, gets little),
poor ; subst , a poor man, a pauper.

paveo, pavl, 2 (R. pu, to strike, pav,
pave-re, to be struck down, be anxious),
to be struck with fear, to tremble, quake,
be afraid.

p avid us, a, urn, adj., fearful.

pavo, Onis, m., a peacock.

pavor, Oris, m. (paveo), a trembling,
anxiety, fear, panic.

pax, pads, f. (R. same as paciscor,
pak, pac, pax), reconciliation, tranquil-
lity, peace, quiet.

pecco, 1 (R. pad, to step, tread, ped,
pes, foot, pedi-cus, pec-cu-s, pecca-re),
to step over, transgress, to do amiss, to
commit a fault, to sin.

pecten, inis, m. (R. pak, to comb,
pec, pec-t-en), a comb.

pecto, pexl, pexum, 3, to comb.

pectus, oris, n. (Vanicek gives R.
same as pecus), the breast, heart, feel-
ings, spirit, soul, sense.

pecus, oris, n. (same R. as paciscor ;
Vanicek), cattle, herd, flock.

pecus, ndis, f., a single head of cat-
tle, one of a herd or flock.

pedes, itis, m. (pes), one that goes
on foot ; afoot-soldier.

Pegasides, um, f. pi., of Pegasus ;
the Muses.

pelagus, T, n. (n-e'Aayos, fr. R. PAR,
to strike, ir\a-y), the sea, the open sea.

Pelasgl, Oram, m., a people, living
in early times in Greece ; so, poetic for
the Greeks; adj., Pelasgus, a, um, Pelas-
gian.

Pelignus, a, um, adj., of the Peligni,
Pelignian.

pellis, is, m. (R. par, to fill, cover,
pel, pel-ni, pellis), a skin, hide.

pello, pepull, pulsum, 3 (R. spar,
to hinder, drive, spal, pel (pol, pul), pel-
je-re, pel-le-re), to beat, strike, thrust,
drive, drive away, expel.

penates, ium, m. (R. pa, to nourish,
pa-n, pen, pen-u-s, pantry, Pen-at-es),
the guardian deities of the household ;

of the state ; by meton., house, dwell-
ing.

pendeo, pependl, 2 (R, spad, spand,
to move one^s self violently, pend, pend-e,
intrans. to pendo), to hang, hang doivn,
be hung or suspended ; to hover, float,
in the air ; to toaver, be uncertain.

pendo, pependl, pensum, 3 (transi-
tive to pendeo, wb. see), to cause or
make to hang, to weigh ; to pay.

pendulus, a, um, adj. (pendeo),
hanging down, pendent.

Peneis, idis, f. adj., 1, of Peneus,
Penean ; 2, a nymph, daughter of the
river-god Peneus.

Peneius, a, um, adj., Penean.

penetralis, e (penetro), penetrating;
inward, interior; pi., penetralia, the
inner rooms, penetralia ; a sanctuary.

penetro, 1 (R. pa, pa-n, pen-u-s,
pantry, penes, within, + R. tra, to
move), to press, tra-re (in-tra-re), to press
within, penetrate, enter, reach.

Peneus (os), I, m., a river in Thes-
saly.

penitus, adv. (same R. as penus),
within, deep within, inwardly.

penna, ae, f . (R. pat, to move quick-
ly, pet, pet-na, pes-na, pen-na), a feath-
er ; wing.

penso, 1 (pendo), to weigh, weigh
carefully ; make good, compensate.

pensum, T, n. (pendo), something
weighed out for spinning or weaving ;
a task ; a work ; lesson.

per, prep, with ace. (R. par, to press
through or over, para, per), through,
over, throughout, during, by means of.

per-ago, egl, actum, 3, to carry
through, to finish, complete, go through
with.

per-aro, 1, to plow through ; to
scratch over ; to write carefully, fr.
scratching with the stilus on the waxen
tablets.

per-bibo, bibT, 3, to drink up.

per-censeo, ul, 2, to count up, enu ■
merate ; survey, travel over, traverse.

per-cipi5, cSpT, ceptum, 3, to take
up or through ; to receive, obtain, get ;
receive, feel, perceive.

per-curro, cucurrl and currl, cur-
sum, 3, to run through or over, hasten
over.

PERCUTIO

PHILOCTETES 297

percutiS, cussl, cussum, 3 (quatiO),
to strike through, thrust through, pierce.

Perdlx, Icis, comm., 1, a bird, (per-
haps) partridge ; 2, the nephew of
Daedalus, turned into a bird, Perclix.

per-do, didl, ditum, 3 (to put
through), to ruin, destroy, throw away,
waste, lose.

per-dom5, uT, itum, 1, to subdue
thoroughly, overcome.

peregrlnus, a, um, adj. (per, ager,
peregre), that comes from abroad, for-
eign, strange ; subst., a foreigner, stran-
ger.

perennis, e, adj. (per, annus), that
continues through the year, perpetual,
perennial.

per-eo, iT, itum, 4, to go or run
through, perish, go to ruin ; die.

per-erro, 1, to wander or roam
through.

per-fero, tulT, latum, 3, to carry
through, bring, bear, suffer, endure, to
the end.

per-fundo, f adl, f dsum, 3, to pour
over ; drench ; scatter over ; flood.

Fergus, T, m., a lake in Sicily.

per-liorresco, nil, 3, to tremble.

periculum, T, n. (B. par, to go
through, per, peri-ri, ireipav, perl-tus,
perl-cu-lum), a trial, test ; peril, danger.

Perilla, ae, f., name of Ovid's
daughter.

perimo, 3, eml, emptum (per, emO),
to take atvay, destroy, put to death.

per-luceO, luxT, 2, to shine through,
illumine ; to be transparent.

per-maneo, nsl, nsum, 2, to stay
through, hold out, to remain.

per-matiiresco, turul, 3, to become
fully ripe, mature.

per-mitto, mlsT, missnm, 3, to let
go, cast, hurl ; allow, permit.

per-mulceo, si, sum, 2, to stroke
gently ; soften ; charm.

perosus (per-Odl), a, um, adj. and
part., haling greatly, full of hate ; tired
of; hateful.

per-petior, pessus sum, 3, v. dep.
(patior), to bear steadfastly, endure, suf-
fer, allow.

perpetuus, a, um, adj. (B. pat, to
go, pat, per-pe-s, per-pet-is), going
through, continuous, perpetual.

Perseis, idis, daughter of the Titan
Perses.

PerseplionC, es, f., the Greek name
for Proserpine.

per-sequor, sectltus sum, 3, to fol-
low through or after, to follow further,
pursue ; to report fully.

Persis, idis, f., Persia.

per-spicio, spexT, spectum, 3, to see
through, look into, examine; observe
carefully.

per-sto, stitT, statum, 1, to continue
standing, to remain unchanged, hold
out, endure.

per-terreo, uT, itum, 2, to frighten,
terrify, very much or thoroughly.

per-ur5, ussT, ustum, 3, to burn
through and through, consume.

per-venio, venl, ventum, 4, to come
(through) to, arrive at, reach.

per-vigilo, 1, toivatch, or be awake,
all night ; keep watch.

pervigil, ilis, adj., ever watching,
watching through the night.

pervius, a, um, adj., having a pas-
sage through, passable.

pgs, pedis, m. (JR. pad, to tread, step,
ped, ped-is), afoot, of man or of beast.

pestifer, era, erum, adj., bringing
ruin, baneful, pestiferous.

pestis, is, f. (fr. per-de-re, per-d-ti,
per-s-ti, pes-ti-s, something that de-
stroys), a plague, pest, pestilence.

peto, TvT and il, Itum, 3 (B. pat, to
move swiftly, fall upon, pet, pet-ere), to
fall upon, attack, strive for ; go to,
reach ; desire, request, ask for.

Pliaeacius, a, um, adj., belonging to
Phaeacia, the island of Scheria, in the
Aegean ; a Phaeacian.

Phaethon, ontis, m., son of Phoe-
bus and Clymene, Phaethon.

Phaethusa, ae, f., one of the Helia-
des, sister of Phaethon.

Pliant asos, I, m., the dream-god,
Phantasvs.

pliaretra, ae, f., <f>aperpa (B. bhar,
to ca?Ty), something that carries, a
quiver.

pnar^tratus, a, um, adj., quivered.

Phasis, idis and idos, m., a river in
Colchis.

PhiloctStSs, ae, m., son of Poeas,
Met. IX, 243.

298

PHINEUS

PLAUDO

Phineus, el, m., 1, brother of Ce-
pheus, king of Aethiopia ; 2, king of
Salmydessus in Thrace.

Phlegethontis, idis, adj. f., of
Phlegethon.

Phlegyae, arum, m., a people of
Thessaly or Thrace, who plundered the
temple of Delphi.

Phobetor, oris, m. (<f>oj8>jTa>p), the
frightener, the dream-god, son of Mor-
pheus.

phoca, ae, and phoce, es, f., a seal,
sea-calf.

Phocaicus, a, um, adj., of Phocis,
Pkocaean.

Phocis, idis, f ., a country in Central
Greece.

Phoebe, Os, f., sister of Phoebus ;
Diana ; also goddess of the moon, Luna.

Phoebeus, a, um, adj., of Phoebus,
Phoebean.

Phoebus, i, m. (<£oZ/3os, the bright-
shining)^ Gr. name of Apollo.

Phoenix, Icis, m., Phoenlcas. ncc.
pi., a Phoenician.

Phrixeus, a, um, adj., of Phrixus,
Phrixean.

Phryges, um, m. pi., the inhabitants
of Phrygia ; Phrygians.

Phrygia, ae, f., a country in Asia
Minor.

Phrygius, a, um, adj., of Phrygia,
Phrygian.

piceus, a, um, adj. (pix, fr. pi, to
swell, pik, pix), of pitch, pitch-black.

Pierides, um, the daughters of
Pierus ; the Muses ; the Pierides.

Pierius, a, um, adj., of Pieria, Pie-
rian. See n. Am. Ill, 926.

pietas, atis, f. (pius), dutifulness,
dutiful conduct ; sense of duty ; piety ;
filial piety ; truth, mercy.

piger, ra, mm, adj. (R. par, to
make firm, hinder, pig, pig-er, hinder-
ed), heavy, dull, sluggish ; unwilling.

piget, uit, 2, v. impers. (R. pi, pi-k,
to grieve), it grieves, is irksome.

pignus, oris and eris (R. pak, to
make firm, pig, pign-u-s, what is made
firm), a security, pledge ; token, proof.

pigre, adv. (piger), slowly, reluc-
tantly.

Pindus, T, m., a mountain in Thes-
saly.

ping5, plnxl, pictum, 3 (R. pik, to
pierce, adorn, pi-n-g-efe), to represent
in art, to paint, embroider, embellish.

pinguis, e, adj. (R. same as of pa-
ciscor, iraxvs, fat), fat, rich, heavy,
coarse.

pinna, ae, f. (R. spa-n, to draw,
sharpen, spi, pi-t-na, pi-n-na), a feather,
wing, pinion ; point.

pinus, (is and I, f . (R. pi, to swell,
pi-nu-s), a pine, pine-tree ; anything
made of pine, a ship.

Pfsa, ae, f., a city in Elis.

PIrSnis, idis, adj., of Pirene.

Pfsaeus, a, um, adj., of Pisa, Pisae-
an.

piscis, is, m. (R. paska, a fish), a
fish ; in pi., pisces, the name of a con-
stellation.

Pittheus, el, m., son of Pelops,
grandfather of Theseus.

pius, a, um, adj. (R. ki, to s&ek,
honor, kvi, pi, pai, paio, pio, piu-s),
dutiful in sentiment and conduct, pious,
affectionate, loyal.

placeo, uT, Hum, 3 (R. park, to ask,
seek, beg, plak, plac-ere), to please ;
placet, impers., it is agreeable, seems
good.

placidus, a, um, adj. (placcO), pleas-
ing, gentle, mild, agreeable, peaceful,
quiet.

placo, 1 (R. same as placeo), to quiet,
soften, reconcile, appease.

plaga, ae, f. (R. park, to weave,
fold, plak, plag), a net, toil, snare ; a
tract, region, quarter.

plaga, ae, f . (R. par, to strike, pra-k,
pla-g, plag-a), a blow, stroke, cut, thrust.

plango, nxl, nctum, 3 (R. same as
plaga, pla, pla-n-g-ere), to strike, beat ;
to beat one's head, breast, in grief ; to
lament, bewail.

plangor, Oris, m. (plangO), a noisy
striking, beating, loud mourning, wail-
ing.

planta, ae, f. (R. prat, to spread
out, plat, pla-n-t-a), anything spread
out, a plant, sprout, shoot, sucker ; sole
of the foot.

planus, a, um, adj. (same R. as
plaga, pla-k, fiat), level, plane.

platanus, I, f., a plane-tree.

plaudo, si, sum, 3 (etym. unc), to

PLAUSTRUM

POPULOR

299

clap, strike ; to clap the hands, to ap-
plaud, approve.

plaustrum, I, n. (B. pru, flu, to
swim, sail, flow ; rain, plav, plov, plo-
s-tru-m, plau-s-tru-m, fr. the idea of
traveling by water (sail), to the more
general one of conveyance in any way
by land), a vehicle, carriage, wagon ;
the name of a constellation, the Wagon,
Charles's Wain.

Plausus, us, m. (plaudo), clapping
of hands, applause.

plebs, plebis, f . (B. par, to Jill, pal,
pla, ple\ ple-b-s or ple-be-s, a multitude),
a crowd of people, the common people,
the commons, the plebeians.

plectrum, I, n. (B. par, to strike,
pra, pra-k, wAo-y, 7tAt}k-, plec-tru-m,
something to strike with), a quill, boiv,
plectrum (to strike the strings of a
musical instrument).

Pleias, adis, a daughter of Atlas
and Pleione, a Pleiad.

planus, a, um, adj. (same B. as
plebs), full, filled, complete.

ploro, 1 (B. pru, plu, to swim,
rain, flow, plav, plov, plov-ero, ploro,
to cause to flow (tears)), to weep, cry,
cry out, wail, lament, deplore.

pluma, ae, f. (same B. as ploro,
plov-ma, plou-ma, plfl-ma), a soft feath-
er, down, feathers, plumage.

plumbum, I, n. (B. mluva, lead,
mlu-m-vo, plu-m-vo, plu-m-bo, plum-
bu-m), lead, a bullet of lead.

plumeus, a, um, adj. (plflma), full
of down, downy.

pluvius, a, um, adj. (fr. pluo, B.
pru, plu, to rain), of rain, rainy, rain-
bringing.

poculum, T, n. (B. pa, pi, to drink,
po, po-to, po-culu-m), a drinking '-vessel,
cup, goblet.

Poeas, antis, m., father of Philoc-
tetes.

poena, ae, f. (B. ki, to seek, pay,
punish, kvi, pi, poi, poe-na), penalty,
punishment, vengeance.

Poeniceus, a, um, adj. (Panicus),
Punic ; red, purple-colored.

polenta, ae, f., barley, peeled barley.

pollens, ntis (part. fr. polleO, fr. B.
pa, to protect, guard, pa-1, polle-re),
powerful.

pollex, ids, m. (polliceor), the
thumb.
polliceor, pollicitus sum, v. dcp., 2

(BB. PAR, PRATI, PORTI, por-, pol-, tO-

ward, forth, and rik, to give over, al-
low, lik, lie (lie-Ore), pol-liceor), to hold
forth, promise, offer.

polluo, ul, Gtum, 3 (1st pt. of the
B. same as in polliceor, pol-, 2d pt. lu,
to wash, pol-luo), to pollute, soil, defile ;
desecrate, violate.

polus, I, m., ir6Ao9 (fr. B. kar, to
move, turn, that about wh. something
turns), the pole, axis ; the globe, earth,
the heavens.

Polyphemus, T, m., a Cyclops.

pompa, ae, f., nofjurrj, a procession.

pomum, T, n. (B. pu, to produce,
pau, pav, pov, pov-mo, po-mO), fruit
(of trees), apples, nuts, berries, etc.

pondus, eris, n. (B. spad, spand, to
move violently, swing, pand, pend-ere,
pond-us), a weight, weight, heaviness,
a burden ; weight, importance.

pond, posuT, positum, 3 (fr. porti,
por-t, por-, pol-, po (prep.), before, to-
ward, and B. sa, to plant, set, lay, si,
si-n-ere, po-sino, pos-no, pOnO), to put,
place, set, lay, arrange, build, plant ;
set away, put aside.

Ponticus, I, m., name of a poet ;
Trist. IV, 10, 47.

Pontus, I, m. (kovtos, fr. B. pat, to
go, originally a path, then the open sea),
1, the sea, the deep ; a wave ; 2, the
Black Sea ; 3, a country in Asia Minor,
Pontus.

poples, itis, m. (B. spar, to move
tremulously, move, spal + spol, po-pol,
po-pol-o, pO-pl-o, pO-pli-to, po-pli-t, po-
ples, a part of the body much moved),
the ham of the knee, ham-string ; the
knee.

populabilis, e, adj. (populor), that
may be laid waste, destructible.

popularis, e, adj. (populus), of the
people, of the same people, belonging to
the people, for the people ; popular ;
subst., a fellow-countryman ; a popular
man, a people's man ; a democrat, dem-
agogue.

populifer, era, eram (pOpulus, f., fr.
same B. as poples), poplar-bearing.

populor, 1, v. dep. (B. skar, to cut.

300

POPULUS

PRAESAEPE

hurt, skal, spal, spol, spo-spul, po-pul-
ari), to lay waste, destroy.

populus, T, m. (R. par, to Jill, pal,
pol, pul, po-polo, po-pulu-s), a multi-
tude, people, crowd, population; the
people ; populace.

porrigo, rexl, rectum, 3 (fr. porti,
pro, por, po, and regO, pro-regO), to
stretch forth or out, extend, spread out,
reach, offer, lengthen.

porta, ae, f . (R. par, to go through,
por, por-ta), a gate, door, a city-gate,
entrance.

porto, 1 (R. par, to Jill, bring, pro-
duce, por, por-ta-re), to carry, bring,
convey, bear.

portus, us, m. (R. same as porto),
a place to bring to, a harbor, haven,
port.

posed, poposcT, 3 (R. park, parsk,
to ask, demand, porsc-, pose-), to de-
mand, request, beg, challenge.

Possideo, sedl, sessum, 2 (fr. porti,
por-t, pro, por, pol, pos- (as in porrigo),
and sedeo, to sit), to be in j)Ossession,
possess, have.

possidd, sedl, sessum, 3 (fr. pos-
(as in possideo) and sldo, to set), to
take in ])ossession, possess one's self of.

possum, potul, posse, v. irreg. (fr.
potis and sum, potis-sum, pos-sum), to
be able, have power, influence, capacity ;
to be powerful ; possum, I can, and so
in the other persons.

post (B,. pas, behind, pos, pos-t), 1,
prep, with ace, behind, after, of place,
and of time ; also of rank, next after,
inferior to ; 2, adv., back, backwards ;
after, afterward.

posterities, atis, f. (posterus), after-
comers, posterity.

posterus, a, um, adj. (post), coming
after, following, future.

postis, is, m. (etym. unc, but per-
haps fr. post), a post, door-post ; by
me ton., door.

post-modo, adv., afterward, soon
after.

post-pond, posul, positum, 3, to put
after, place after.

postquam, conj., after that, after,
as soon as.

potens, adj. and part. (R. pa, to pro-
tect, pa-t, po-t, pote-ns), having power

over, ruling over, master of; powerful,
mighty.

potentia, ae, f. (potens), power,
might, authority, dominion ; effect.

potior, 4 (same R. as potens), to
have power over, to become master of ;
to get, obtain; possess, be in possession of.

potd, avT, atum and potum, 1 (R.
pa, pi, to drink, po, po-to), to drink.

prae, prep, with abl. (R. par, para,
pra, pro, prae, before), before, in front
of, in comparison with.

praeacutus, a, um, adj. (acuO),
sharpened before, at the end, sharpened,
pointed.

praebeo, uT, itum, 2 (prae-habe5), to
reach out, offer, afford; grant, give,
render.

prae-cedo, cessT, cessum, 3, to go
before, precede.

praeceps, cipitis, adj. (prae and
caput), head first, headlong ; steep.

praeceptum, I, n., a rule.

praecipitd, 1 (praeceps), to throw
headlong, precipitate ; to fall headlong,
destroy one's self

praecordia, Drum, n. pi. (prae-cor),
the breast, heart.

praeda, ae, f . (R. ghadii, to seize,
hed, he-n-d, prae-hed-a, praed-a), plun-
der, booty, spoils.

prae-de-lasso, 1, to weary out be-
forehand.

prae-dives, itis, adj., very rich.

praedd, Onis (praeda), a robber \
plunderer.

prae-ferd, tull, latum, 3, to carry
before, to prefer.

prae-figd, xT, xum, 3, to fix or set up
in front ; to point, tip.

praemium, I, n. (R. am, to take,
em-e-re, prae-im-iu-m, praem-iu-m),
something taken away from, profit, ad-
vantage, reward, prize, premium.

praepes, etis, adj. and subst. (R.
pat, to move swiftly, fly, pet, pet-is,
prae-pe-s), very swift, swift of flight,
fleet ; a bird.

prae-pono, posul, positum, 3, to
place before, prefer.

praesaepe, praesepe, is, n. (R. sak,
sag, to make strong, stop, suak, sek-i,
sep-i, saep-e-s, prae-saep-e), an inclos-
ure, stall, fold, hut, hovel.

PRAESAGIUM

PROCELLA

301

praesagium, T, n. (R. same as prae-
saepe, sak, sag, to seek after, sag-ire,
sagium, praesagium), a presentiment,
foreboding, presage.

praesagus, a, um, adj. (praesagium),
foretelling, divining, prophetic.

praescius, a, um, adj. (sciO), know-
ing beforehand, foreknowing, prescient.

praesens, ntis (part. fr. praesum),
one who is before or at hand, present,
at hand, in person ; efficient, able.

praeses, idis, adj. and subst. (prae,
sedeO, one who sits before), presiding,
protecting ; a protector, defender, ruler,
chief, president.

praesignis, e, adj. (slgnum), distin-
guished before others, excellent.

prae-sto, stitl, staturus, 1, to stand
before or in front, be supeHor, excel ; to
answer for, be good for ; part., prae-
stans, antis, superior, distinguished.

prae-suo, ul, titum, 3, to sew in
front, to sew over or up ; cover over.

prae-tempto, 1, to try beforehand.

prae- ten do, dl, turn, 3, to stretch
before or forth; to pretend.

praeter, prep, with ace. (compara-
tive of prae, prae-ter), past, beyond,
above, more ; except, save.

praeter, eo, il, itum, 4, to go by or
beyond, or past ; in trans, sense, to over-
take ; pass by, omit, mention of.

praetinctus, a, um, part, of prae-
tingo, dipped in or moistened before-
hand.

prae-uro, ussT, ustum, 3, to bum at
the edge or end, singe, scorch.

prae-vius, a, um, adj., going before,
leading the way.

pratum, T, n. (R. prat, to become
wet, prat-u-m, the wet), meadow, mead-
ow-land.

precarius, a, um, adj. (prex, precis),
gained by prayers or entreaties, precari-
ous.

precor, v. dep., 1 (prex), to pray,
beg, entreat, implore.

pre-hend5, prendO, dT, sum, 3 (R.
ghadh, to seize, hed, he-n-d, pre(prae)-
he-n-d-ere, prehendere, prendere), to
seize, lay hold of, catch.

prem5, press!, pressum, 3 (R. pram,
to press, prem-), to press, press down ;
burden, oppress, press together or to, or

into ; impress ; to stop ; pursue, press
close, insist upon.

pretiosus, a, um, adj. (pretium), pre-
cious, costly.

pretium, T, n. (R. par, to exchange,
buy, trade, per, pre, pre-tiu-m), worth,
price, value ; wages, reward.

prex, precis, f., nom. and gen. not
in use (R. park, parsk, prak, prec-s,
prex*, a prayer, entreaty, request, good
wish.

primo, adv. (primus), at first, at the
beginning.

prlmum, adv. (primus), at first, at
the first time, in the first place.

primus, a, um, adj. superl. (for R.
see prior), the first, first, foremost, ear-
liest, chief.

princeps, cipis, adj. and subst. (pri-
mus and capio), first, in order or in
time; the first, chief; as subst., the
first man, the chief, the head ; prince.

principium, I, n. (princeps), the
beginning, origin.

prior, us, adj. comp. (R. par, para,
pra, pro, prae, before, pra-ior, pr-ior),
former, pnor ; first ; subst., priores,
predecessors, forefathers, ancestors.

priscus, a, um, adj. (same R. as
prior, pra-ius, prius-, pris-, pris-cu-s),
olden, ancient, of former or ancient
times.

pristinus, a, um, adj. (same R. as
prior and priscus, pris-tinus), former,
original, pristine.

prius, adv. (prior), before, earlier,
sooner, previously.

pro, prep, with abl. (R. par, para,
pra, pro, before), before, in front of, for,
instead of, in behalf of, according to, in
proportion to.

pr5 (proh), interj., Of ah! alas!
alas for !

proavus, I, m. (pro, avus), forefather,
ancestor.

probo, 1 (etym. unc), to prove, judge
of, approve, praise, recommend, make
acceptable or credible, show, represent,
demonstrate, accredit.

pro-ced5, cessl, cessum, 3, to go
forth or forward, proceed.

procella, ae, f. (fr. pro, before, and
cello, fr. R. kar, to move quickly, cal,
eel, cello, pro-cella, as storm-wind, as

302

PROCER

PROPERO

one driving forward), a violent wind,
storm, tempest.

procer, eris, m., chiefly in pi., pro-
<;eres, um (f r. pro and R. kar, to jut
forth, be prominent, cer, pro-cer-es),
those who are prominent, chiefs, princes,
leaders, heads of the state.

procerus, a, um, adj, (from pro
and R. kar, to make, create, cer, pro-
cerus, made, grown up), highball,
slender.

procul, adv. (same BB. as procella,
eel, cul), pro-cul (forward driven), far,
at a distance, at some distance, far
away, from afar.

Proculus, I, m., a Roman, to whom
Romulus is said to have appeared ; Fas-
ti, II, 499.

pro-cumbo, cubuT, cubitum, 3, to
fall forward, fall down, sink down.

procus, I, m. (R. park, parsk, to
ask, prak, proc-u-s), one who asks, a
wooer, suitor.

prod-eo, il, itum, 4 (pro-eO), to go
forth, come forth, appear.

prodigium, i, n. (fr. pro and R.
agh, to say, ag, ag-i-o, S-j-o, aio, ag-
iu-m, prod-ig-iu-m, something said be-
forehand, foretold), a prophetic token,
omen, wonder, prodigy.

prodigus, a, um, adj. (fr. pro and
ag, to lead, drive, ag-a, ag-0, prod-igu-s,
driving away), wasteful, lavish, prodi-
gal.

proditio, onis, f. (prOdO), betrayal,
treason.

pro-do, didT, ditum, 3, to put forth
or out, disclose, betray, surrender.

pro-duco, xT, ctum, 3, to bring or
lead forward, bring to ; produce.

profano, 1 (prof anus), to profane.

profanus, a, um, adj. (pro and f5-
num, that ivhich is before or outside the
fane or temple), profane, unholy, not
sacred ; unconsecrated ; impious, god-
less ; ill-omened, of ill omen.

profectus, us, m. (proflciO), ad-
vance, progress, gain, success.

pro-fero, tulT, latum, 3, to bring
forward, carry forth or out, stretch out,
extend, widen.

pro-ficio, feci, fectum, 3 (pro, faciO),
to go or come forward, advance, make
progress; to profit.

proflciscor, fectus sum, v. dep.
(proflciO), to make forward or forth, set
out, depart.

profugus, a, um, adj. (profugio), one
that flees or has fled, fugitive, escaped
from, banished, exiled.

pr5-fundo, ffidl, f usum, 3, to pour
forth or out, shed profusely.

profundus, a, um, adj. (fundus),
deep, profound ; subst., the deep, the
deep sea.

progenies, ei, f. (pro-gignO), race,
family, offspring, progeny ; a descend-
ant.

prohibeo, uT, itum, 2 (pro, habeO),
to hold before, to hold or keep back, pro-
hibit, hinder, prevent.

pro-icio, jeel, jectum, 3, to cast or
throw forth, throw away, drive away.

proles, is, f. (fr. pro and olesco),
that which grows forth, progeny, off-
spring, child ; son, daughter ; race ;
generation, age.

Promethiades, and PromSthldes,
ae, m., son of Prometheus ; Deucalion.

pro-mitt5, mlsl, missum, 3, to send
forth, let grow, grow, spread forth ;
promise.

promo, mpsl, mptum, 3 (pro-emo),
to take or draw forth, produce; part,
and adj., promptus, a, um, drawn forth,
ready, at hand, prompt, evident, clear.

promptus, us, m. (promo), the being
visible, in readiness ; in promptu est, it
is clear, plain, easy.

pr on epos, Otis, m., a great-grand-
son.

pronus, a, um, adj. (R. par, para,
pra, pro, before, pra-va-na, pro-vo-no,
pro-v->no, pro-nu-s), inclined forward or
downivard, leaning down, running for-
ward; easy, prone.

propago, inis, f . (R. pak, to make
firm, join, pag, pag-o, pro-pag-o), a
layer of a plant, slip, shoot ; then gen-
erally, a descendant, child ; offspring.

prope, adv. (R. park, to braid, bind,
proc-, prop-, prope), near, near by,
nearly, almost ; prep, with ace, near to,
near by, hard by, near.

propere, adv. (properO), hastily, in
haste.

propero, 1 (R. par, por, to bring,
make, get, per, peru-s, pro-peru-s, get-

PROPERTIUS

PULVIS

303

ting forward), to hasten, get ready
quick, make haste.

Propertius, T, m., Sextus Aurclius,
name of a Roman elegiac poet.

proplnquus, a, um, adj. (same R.
as prope, propi-n-co, propi-n-quu-s),
near, neighboring.

propior, us, adj. compar. (prope),
nearer ; later ; more like ; more inti-
mate ; prOximus, a, um, superl., nearest,
next.

prO-pCnS, posul, positum, 3, to put
forth, set out or fo?*th, exhibit ; propose
to one's self, undertake, propose.

proprius, a, um, adj. (etym. unc.,
perhaps fr. prope), one's own, special,
peculiar ; proper.

propter, prep, with ace. (prope,
propi-ter, propter), near by, at hand,
close by ; also adv. with same meaning.

pro-scind5, scidl, scissum, 3, to tear
vp, cleave.

Proserpina, ae, f., daughter of Ju-
piter and Ceres ; Proserpine.

pro-silio, uT, 4 (saliO), to leap forth,
spring up.

pro-spicio, spexT, spectum, 3 (spe-
cie), to look forth or forward, to look at,
look, survey.

pro-stern5, striivT, stratum, 3, to
cast or strew in front of, to throw down,
p?%ostrate.

prostituo, stituT, stitfltum, 3 (stat-
us), to place before, expose publicly,
prostitute.

pro-sum, pro-fuT, prod-esse, v. n.,
to be of use or profit, do goody benefit,
profit.

pro-tendo, tend!, tentum, 3, to
stretch forth or forward.

pro-tero, trlvT, trltum, 3, to drive
forth, tread down.

Proteus, eT, m., a sea-god, who
changed readily his form ; Proteus.

protinus, adv. (pro, tenus), before
one's self, forward, forthwith, on the
spot.

pro-turbo, 1, to drive forward, to
thrust away.

pruinSsus, a, um (pruTna, of unc.
etym., perhaps fr. R. par, to sprinkle,
pru, pru-s, prus-ina, pru-Tna, prop, cold
sprinkling), full of hoar-frost, frosty.

prunum, T, n., a plum ; fr. the Gr.

pfibSs, is, f. (B. pu, to beget, pu-
be-s), signs of manhood, puberty ;
grown-up males, youth, young men ;
men.

publicus, a, um, adj. (fr. populus ;
populicus, poplicus, publicus), belong-
ing to the people, or state, or commu/rif un-
common to all, public.

pudet, uit, 2, v. impcrs. (B. ru, to
strike, strike down, be dejected), it
strikes down, makes ashamed, is or
feels ashamed, shames; one is ashamed
of.

pudlcus, a, um, adj. (pudet), bashful,
modest, chaste.

pudor, Oris, m. (pudet), shame, sense
of shame, modesty, chastity, innocence ;
shame, disgrace.

puella, ae, f . (puer, puerula, puella),
a girl, maiden,

puellaris, e, adj. (puella), of a
maiden, maidenly.

puer, erl, m. (B. ru, to beget), a
child ; a male child, boy, lad, youth.

puerilis, e, adj. (puer), of a child or
boy, childish, boyish ; youthful.

puerpera, ae, f. (puer, pario), a
woman that brings forth ; a woman in
child-bed.

pugna, ae, f . (B. pak, to strengthen,
join, puk, pug, pug-nu-s, a fist, pug-na,
prop., a fist-fight), a fight, battle.

piigno, 1 (pflgna and piignus), to
fight with the fist, to fight, contend, do
battle ; to strive, struggle.

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, adj.
(B. spark, to sprinkle, scatter, sparg,
palk, polc-ro, pulch-er), bright, fair,
beautiful ; noble, fine, glorious.

pullus, a, um, adj. (B. pala, gray,
dark gray, pal-va, pul-vu-s, pul-lu-s),
dark-colored.

pulmo, onis, m. (B. pu, to pu-
rify, to blow, plea, plu, pul-mo), the
lungs.

pulso, 1 (pellO), to strike violently,
beat, stamp ; knock ; drive.

pulvereus, a, um, adj. (pulvis),
dusty.

pulverulentus, a, um, adj. (pulvis),
full of dust.

pulvis, eris, m. (B. spar, spal, pel,
pul, to swing, to shake, pul-vi-s), dust ,*
by meton., the race-course.

304

PtJMEX

-QUE

pumex, icis, m. (R. spju, to spit,
foam, spu (spu-ma,/oam), pu, pu-me-x),
a pumice-stone.

puniceus, a, um, adj. (Panicus), red,
purple-red.

puppis, is, f. (etym. unc), the
hinder part of a ship, the stern.

purgo, 1 (R. pu x ag, pur-ig-o), to
clean.

purpura, ae, f . (nop-<f>vp-a), the pur-
ple-fish ; purple color ; purple ; by me-
ton., purple wool.

purpureus, a, um, adj. (purpura), of
purple, red ; shining ; clad in purple.

purus, a, um, adj. (R. pit, to cleanse,
purify), clean, pure, unstained, stain-
less ; free.

puto, 1 (R. ru, to cleanse, make

right), to reckon, consider, value; be-
lieve, think.

Pygmaeus, a, um, adj. (irvy/ut^),
Pygmaean; Pygmaei (Fistlings, Tom
Thumbs), the Pygmies.

pyra, ae, f., a funeral-pile, pyre.

Pyramus, T, m., Pyramus.

Pyrols, entis, m. (Ilvpdeis), the fiery;
Pyrois.

pyr5pus, I, m., a mixture of bronze
and gold, gold-bronze, gold.

Pyrrha, ae, f., daughter of Epime-
theus, and wife of Deucalion.

Pythia, Orum, n., pi., the games in
honor of the Pythian Apollo; the Pythi-
an games.

Python, Onis, m., a dragon killed by
Apollo on Parnassus ; Python.

qua (abl. fem. of qui, wh. see), sc.
parte, via, where, by which way ; so far
as, anywhere,

quadrijugus, a, um, adj., quadru-s,
jugum (BR. quadro, ju, ju-g, quadri-
jug-u-s), of or belonging to a team of
four ; with four ho?*ses, sc. currus ;
quadrijugi, sc. equi, a team of four
horses.

quadrupes, edis, adj., quadru-s,
pes tKR. quadro and pad, to tread,
ped, pes), four-footed.

quaere, quaeslvl, quaesltum, 3 (R.
ki, to seek, kvi, kvai, kvai-s, quae-s,
quaer-ere), to seek, miss, desire, reach,
attain, strive after, inquire.

qualis, e, pron. relative (R. ka, as
of qui, wh. see, ka-li, qua-li-s), how
made, of what quality, kind, what.

qualis-cumque, pron. rel., of what
quality soever, of whatever kind.

quam, adv. (ace. fem. of qui, wh.
see), how, how much, than, as.

quam-libet, adv., as it pleases, how
much soever, ever so much.

quam-prlmum, adv., as soon as

quam - quam, adv., though, al-
though.

quam- vis, 1, adv., as you will, ever
so much, very much ; 2, conj. conces-
sive, although.

quando, adv., indef. (fr. qua-m and

R. di, div, fr. wh. dies ; thus : dju,
djau, djav, dio, abl. = do, quan-do, on
what day), when, at any time ; also
adv. interr., when?

quando-cumque, adv. indef., at
some time or other.

quantus, a, um, adj. (fr. qui, R. ka,
ka-nta, qua-ntu-s), how great ; with
tantus, tantus-quantus, so great— as ;
neut., quantum, how much, as much,
as much — as ; adv., as much as, so
much as ; abl., quanto, by how much
as, according as.

quantulus-cumque, a, um, adj.
(quantus), however small.

quare (qua rG), adv. relat. and of
indirect question, uherefore, on what
account, why.

quartus, a, um, num. adj. (R. kat-
var, katur, four, quatur-tu-s, quatr-
tu-s, quar-tu-s), the fourth.

quasi (qua, si), as if, as it were.

quater, adv. (same R. as quartus,
quatur-iens, quatr-iens, quatr-ies, quatr-
is, quatr-s, quater-s, quater), four
times.

quatio, quassl, quassum (R. skju,
sku, sku-t, quat-io, to cause to move,
stir), to shake, shatter, swing.

quattuor, adv. (R. katvar, katur),
four.

-que, conj. enclitic (fr. qui, R. ka,
= re), joining things in themselves

QUEO

QUONIAM

305

closely connected, and, and indeed,
and in general, and yet, yet ; que— que,
partly— partly, not only— but also, and
at the same time.

queo, qulvl, quitum, 4 (R. kit, kvi,
kva-n, to be strong, qiii-o, queO), to be
able.

quercus, tls, f . (R. kar, to be hard),
an oak, oak-tree ; by meton., wreath of
oak.

querela (-clla), (queror), ae, f., a
plaint, complaint.

queror, questus sum, 3, v. dep. (R.
kvas, kus, to sigh, ques-tu-s), to com-
plain, bewail ; with talia, to make such
complaints.

querulus, a, um, adj. (queror), com-
plaining, plaintive.

questus, us, m. (queror), a com-
plaint, plaint.

qui, quae, quod, 1, pron. rel. (R. ka,
pronom. stem, fr. the indef. meaning
all, every ; originally demonst., kva,
qua, quo, quo-i, qua-i, qui), who, which,
that, what ; after idem,=a# ,* in joining
sentences, = a demonstr. with and, but,
now, then ; also demonstratively used
in clauses of purpose or of result ; 2, in-
terrogative, both as substantive and as
adjective, who? which? what? what
kind of?

quia, conj. (nnc, but perhaps from
qui, abl. sing. + jam, as explained by
Corssen, II, 850 ; B. 503), because.

qui-cumque, quae-cumque, quod-
cumque, pron. indef. rel., whoever,
whatever, every one who, all who.

quidam, quaedam, quoddam (and
subst. quiddam), (RR. ka (qui) and
da, pronom. stem, 3d pers., de, da-m,
ace, qui-da-m), pron. indef., a certain
one, some one, somebody, something.

quidem, adv. (qui and da, de, de-m,
see quidam), indeed, truly, too, also ;
used concessively, e. g., ille quidem, to
be sure, it is true.

quies, etis, f. (R. ki, to lie down,
kia, quie-sc-ere, quie-s), rest, quiet, re-
pose ; sleep ; place of repose.

quiescS, CvT, Gtum, 3 (for R. see
quies), to rest, repose, keep quiet.

quietus, a, um, adj. (quiescO), quiet,
calm, at rest.

qui - libet, quae-libet, quod-libet,

and subst., quid-libct, every one you
please, who you please, every one, who-
ever, ivhatever.

quin, conj. (same R. as qui, ka,
qul-n, fr. qui + ne, how not), 1, inter-
rog., how not? why not? nay, nay
even ; 2, rel., so that not, but that, that ;
from— after verbs of hindering.

quliil, ac, a, num. adj., distrib. (for
R. see quinque, quinc-nl, qul-nl), Jive
each.

quinque, num. adj. (R. tanka-n,
penque, quenque, quinque), five.

quintus, a, um, adj. (see quinque,
quin(c)tu-s, quin-tu-s), the fifth.

quippe, adv. (qui-ppe, pe=que, then
quippe instead of qulpe), indeed, truly,
doubtless ; forsooth, for.

Quirlnus (Curltis, Cures), name of
Romulus, as deified.

Quiris, Itis, m. (Curgs), of Cures,
usiially in pi. the Quirites.

quis (qui), quae, quid, pron. (R. ki,
weaker form for ka, R. of qui, ki, kvi,
qui-s), 1, interrog., who? what? what
sort of? neut., quid, what? why? 2,
indef., any one, anything, some one,
something.

quisquam, quaequam, quicquam or
quidquam, pron. indef., any one, any-
thing.

quisque, quaeque, quidquc or quod-
que, pron. indef., each one, every one,
every, everything; used of several,
while uterque is used of only two.

quisquis, quidquid (quicquid), pron.
rel. indef., whoever, ivhatever.

qui- vis, quae-vls, quod- vis, quid- vis,
pron. indef., who you please, any one
you please, any one.

quo (qui), adv., old dat. for quo-i,
whither; for what purpose, to what
end.

quod (qui), (fr. ace), 1, adv., as to
which, as to that, that, and so if, and
so ; 2, conj., because, that, in that.

quondam, adv. (fr. qui, quo-m,
quon, and dam, old ace. fr. de, da, a
pronom. stem), (at a certain time), once,
formerly ; one day, by and by, some-
times.

quoniam, fr. quom,=cum. and jam
(iam), conj., when now, now that, since,
inasmuch as.

306

QUOQUE

RECTOR

quoque (qui, que), conj., also, as
well, even.

quot, num. adj. (R. ka, ka-ti, quo-t),
how many.

quotiens, num. adv. (same R. as

quot, gns), how many times, how
often.

quotus, a, um, adj. (same R. as
quot, kati-ta, quoti-to, quotu-s), of what
number, how many.

R

rabidus, a, um, adj. (rabies), raving,
raging, furious.

rabies, em, e, f. (R. rabii, to seize,
rage, rab, rab-ere, rab-ie-s), rage, mad-
ness, fury, savageness.

radio, 1 (see radius), to shine, be ra-
diant.

radius, I, m. (R, vardh, vard, vrad,
rad, to heighten, grow), a staff, rod ;
spoke (of a wheel) ; a shuttle (in weav-
ing) ; a ray, beam, in pi. the rays.

radix, Icis, f . (same R. as radius), a
root ; the lowest, as the foundation, the
foot (of a mountain) ; radish.

rado, rasl, rasum, 3 (R. ead, to
scratch, rad-ere, rad-si, rftsl), to scrape,
scratch ; to graze (radere freta).

ramale, is, n. (ramus), a branch,
shoot ; gen. pi. shoots, brushivood.

ramosus, a, um, adj. (ramus), full
of branches, branching.

ramus, T, m. (same R. as radius, rad,
rad-mo, ramo), a branch, bough, twig.

rana, ae, f. (R. ra, to sound, ra-k,
rac-na, rana), a frog.

rapax, acis, adj. (rapio), grasping,
greedy of plunder, rapacious, tearing.

rapidus, a, um, adj. (mp\6), seizing,
tearing, fierce ; rapid, swift.

rapina, ae, f. (rapiO), plunder, ra-
pine.

rapio, rapuT, raptum, 3 (R. rap, to
seize, rob), to seize, snatch, tear away,
hurry of, rob, tear to pieces.

rapto, 1 (rapio), to seize with violence,
drag aivay, carry off.

raptor, oris, m. (rapio), a plunderer,
plundering.

rarus, a, um, adj. (etym. unc), loose,
thin, scattered ; rare (of endowments) ;
rarely.

rastrum, T, n. (same R. as riidO,
rad-tru-m, ras-tru-m), a heavy hoe, mat-
tock ; pi., rastri.

ratio, Onis, f. (R. ra, to reckon,
think, ra-tu-s, ra-ti-0), a reckoning ; re-

lation, account, method, plan, means;
intelligence, reason.

ratis, is, f. (R. ar, to ploio (of the
sea), to row, by metathesis, ra, ra-ti-s),
afloat, raft ; a boat, ship.

raucus, a, um, adj. (R. ru, to sound,
rau, rau-cu-s), deep-sounding, hoarse,
harsh, roaring.

re-bell5, 1 (same R. as bellum, dvi,
duT, due, dbcllu-m, bellu-m), to make
war again ; to rebel.

re-candesco, duT, 3 (candeO), to
grow white again ; (with unda), to grow
while with foam ; to grow hot again,
glow.

re-cedo, cessT, ccssum, 3, to move
back, retire, withdraw, recede, retreat.

recens, tis, adj. (R. ran, to begin,
participial form, beginning), new, fresh,
recent, newly arisen, just made.

receptus, us, m. (capio), a retreat.

recessus, us, m. (cedo), a withdraw-
ing, retreat ; a retired spot, a retreat,
recess.

re-cido, reccidi, reciisurus, 3 (cadO),
to fall back, retire, relapse ; to fall upon,
reach.

re-cido, cldT, cTsum, 3 (caedo), to
cut off, cut away, cut down.

re-cingo, cinctum (no perfect), to
ungird, unbind, loosen.

re-cipio (capio), cCpT, ceptum, 3, to
take back, lake again, receive, recover,
retake ; with se, to retire, withdraw.

recito, 1 (R. ki, to sharpen, arouse,
excite, ci-jo, ci-e-re, citus, re-citO), to
read in public, read out ; recite.

re-cludo (claudo), sT, sum, to un-
close, open, lay bare, disclose ; pierce.

re-cognosco, nOvT, nitum, 3 (nOsco),
to review, examine ; recognize.

re-condo, didi, ditum, 3, to put
away, hide, hide away ; of the eyes, to
close again ; to conceal.

rector, Oris, m. (regO), a leader,
ruler, director ; a pilot, steersman.

RECTUS

RE-MITTO

307

rectus, a, um, adj. (regO), direct,
straight ; subst., right.

re-cubo, 1, no pcrf. or supine, to fall
back, lie down, lie on the back.

re-cumb5, cubuT, cubitum, 3, to lie
down, sink down, recline.

re-curro, currl, cursuni, 3, to run
back, hasten back.

recursus, us, m. (rc-currO), a return.

re-curvo, 1, to bend back ; part.
with undae, many-winding.

recurvus, a, um, adj. (re-curvo),
bent backward, curved backward.

recus5, 1 (causa, causor), to make ob-
jection, excuse one's self, refuse, decline.

red-do, dere, did!, ditum, 3, to give
back, restwe, return, render, give in
return ; bestow.

red-eo, il, itum, 4, to go back, return,
come back, come again.

red-igo, egl, actum, 3 (re, ago), to
bring back, reduce.

rcdimio, il, Itum, 4 (etym. unc), to
bind around, encircle, wreathe.

red-imo, eml, emptuin, 3, to buy
back, redeem, ransom, rescue.

reditus, tls, m. (redeO), a return.

red-oleo, olui (no supine), to be fra-
grant, redolent.

re-duco, xl, ctum, 3, to bring, lead,
back, draw back, reduce.

redux, ucis, adj., returning; re-
turned.

re-fello, fell! (no supine), (re-fallO),
to refute, answer.

re-fero, tull (rettull), latum, 3, to
bear back, carry back, turn again, re-
store, repeat ; give in return ; answer ;
relate.

rS-fert, rStulit, rCferre (re's and fert),
it concerns, it matters, it is important.

re-flecto, flexl, flectum, 3, to bend
back, turn back ; reflexive, bend itself
back ; longos reflectitur ungues, bends
itself back into long claws, i. e., gets
its nails lengthened into claws.

re-foveo, fovl, fotum, 3, to warm
again, revive, restore.

refring5 (re and f rangO), fregT, frac-
tum, 3, to break open ; tear open.

re-fugio, fflgl (no supine), to flee
back, withdraw, give way ; avoid, shun.

re-fundo, f adl, fasum, 3, to pour
back, pour out.

regalis, e, adj. (rCx, regO), kingly,
regal, royal, princely.

regaliter (regalis), adv., like a king,
regally ; tyrannically.

re-gero, gcssl, gestum, 3, to bring
back, throw back.

regimen, inis, n., the rule, direction,
guidance ; a rudder.

regina, ae, f., a queen, princess.

regio, onis,
region, distnct.

regius, a, um, adj. (reg, rug, rex),
regal, royal, princely, queenly.

regno, 1 (reg, rSg-s (rex), regn-arc),
to reign ; part., regnatus, reigned over,
ruled.

regnum, I, n. (rCgno), regal rule,
reign ; power, might ; kingdom, realm.

rego, rexl, rectum, 3 (R. kao, to
direct, reg, reg-cre), to lead, direct, rule,
govern.

re-icio (reiicio), jecT, jcctum, 3 (ja-
cio), to throw or hurl back, throw off ;
reject, despise.

re-labor, lapsus sum, 3, v. dep., to
glide back, sink back.

re-Ianguesco, languT, 3, to grow
weary, sink fainting.

re-laxo, 1, to stretch out or widen
again ; to loosen, open.

re-lego, legl, lectum, 3, to run
through again, review, repeat.

re-levo, 1, to lift up again, relieve,
lessen.

re-ligo, 1, to bind to, fasten ; moor.

re-linquo, liquT, lictum, 3, to leave
behind, leave, abandon, forsake, give
up, relinquish.

re-luceo, luxT, 2, to shine again,
blaze vp.

re-lucesco, luxT, to flame up again,
shine again.

re-maneo, mansT, mimsum, 2, to
remain behind, stay, be left.

re-meo, 1, to go or turn, back.

remex, igis, m. (rcmus and ago), an
oarsman, a rower.

remigium, T, n. (rSmcx), oars, oar-
age ; rowing ; poetically, for icings.

reminiscor, 3, v. dep. (B. ma, man,
to think, men, me-min-i, re-min-i-sci),
to call to mind again, recall, remember.

re-mittO, mlsT, missum, 3, to send
back, let go (back) ; send forth, give

308

RE-MOLIOR

RE-TEXO

out ; (of the spider), to spin the threads
(of its web) ; remit, allow.

re-molior, 4, v. dep., to press or
push back, or away.

re-mollesco, 3, to become soft again,
be softened, yield.

re-moror, 1, v. dep., to linger or
stay behind ; transitive, in remorata,
delayed, Met. X, 671.

re-moveo, movl, mOtum, 2, to move
back, remove, separate; stroke back,
put aside.

Remus, T, m., the brother of Romu-
lus.

remus, T, m. (R. ar, to plow (plow
the sea), to row, eret-mos, ret-mo-s, re-
mu-s), an oar ; figuratively, with ala-
rum, oarlike ivings.

re-narro, 1, to tell or narrate again.

re-nascor, nasci,. 3, v. dep., to be
born again, spring up or grow again.

re-nideo, 2, to shine forth, shine.

re-novo, 1, to renew.

reor, ratus, 2 (R. ra, to join, reckon),
to think, believe.

repagula, Orum, n. pi., barriers.

re-par o, 1, to repair, renew.

re-pello, -ppull, pulsum, 3, to let go.

repens, tis, sudden.

repercussus, part. (re-per-quatiO),
reflected, rebounding.

re-perio perl, pertum, 4, to dis-
cover.

re-peto, TvT, il, Itum, 3, to seek again,
repeat ; heave.

re-pleo, plevl, pletum, 2, to fill
again, fill, satisfy.

re-pono, posuT, positum, 3, to put
back or away, lay aside, lay down ; re-
store, replace.

re-primo, press!, pressum, 3, to
press back, repress, suppress.

re-pugno, 1, to fight against, resist,
struggle ; to be repugnant to, oppose.

repulsa, ae, f. (repellO), a repulse,
refusal, denial.

requies, Otis, f., ace. requiem, abl.
requiS (quigs fr. R. ki, to lie down),
rest, repose, quiet.

requiesco, quievT, quietum, 3, to
rest, repose.

re-quiro (quaerO), quTsTvT, qulsltum,
3, to seek out, search for, seek, call for,
ask for, desire, require.

res, rel or rel, f. (R. ra, to lend,
give, ra-I, ra-T, ra-s, re-s), a thing, mat-
ter, object, affair, circumstance, event ;
in pi., realm, state, the world, nature,
universal dominion ; a fact, a deed.

re-seco, secuT, sectum, 1, to cut off
or away, cut.

re-sequor, resecutus sum, v. dep.,
to follow, in discourse, answer.

re-sideo, sedl, sessum, 2 (sedeO), to
remain sitting, sit down, sit ; reside.

re-sido, sedl, 3, to seat one's self ;
subside, settle down.

re-silio (saliO), ul, 4, to leap or spring
back.

re-sisto, stiti, 3, to remain stand-
ing, stand ; to resist.

re-solvo, solvT, solQtum, 3, to un-
loose, loosen, break through, relax, dis-
solve.

re-sono, 1, to sound again, resound.

respectus, us, m. (respicio), a look-
ing back ; a refuge, retreat ; respect,
regard.

re-spicio (speciO), spexT, spectum,
3, to look back or about, look at or to-
ward ; have regard for, respect.

re-spondeo, spondT, sponsum, 2, to
reply, answer, respond ; to correspond
or answer to ; to be fitting.

re-stituo (statuo), stitui, stitutum,
3, to restore ; to put in (his) former
condition, Met. XI, 135.

re-sto, stitT, 1, to remain, be left;
be wanting to.

re-sumo, sumps!, sumptum (re, sub,
emo), 3, to take again, win, or gain
again ; resume.

resupinus, a, um, adj., bent back,
lying on the back, on the back.

re-surgo, surrexT, surrectum, 3, to
rise, or raise one's self, again ; to arise,
rise again, return.

re-tard5, 1, to hinder, retard.

rete, is, n. (R. svar, to bind, join,
ser, sre, re, re-te), a net.

re-tego, texl, tectum, 3, to uncover,
lay bare, open ; take away ; disclose.

re-tempto (tento), 1, to try again,
try anew.

re-tex5, texuT, textum, 3, to un-
weave ; lessen, or diminish, again, to
alter, change, annul ; weave again,
renew, repeat.

RE-TICEO

ROSTRUM

309

re-ticeo (taceo), to be silent, keep
silent, refrain from ansioering, be ret-
icent.

retinaculum (retineO, re, teneO,
ten-Sx, tenac-u-lu-m), something that
holds back, a cable, rope, fastening.

retineo (teneO), retinul, retentum,
2, to hold back, stop, detain, retain, re-
strain ; keep.

re-torqueo, torsi, tortum, 2, to
twist, or turn, back, or around.

re-tract5, 1, to review.

re-traho, traxl, tractum, 3, to draw
back, withdraw ; draw again.

retro, adv. (see intro), backward,
back.

re-vell5, vulsl, vulsum, 3, to tear, or
pull, away, drag from.

reverentia (re, vereor), timidity,
shyness ; reverence ; shame.

re-vertor, vertT, versus sum, v. dep.,
to turn back, return.

re-vivisco, vixT, 3, to come to life
again, live again, revive.

revocabilis, e, adj. (revoco), that
may be recalled or revoked, revocable.

re-volvo, volvl, volutum, 3, to roll
back, sink back ; renew, repeat.

rex, rggis (R. reg, r£g, reg-s, to
rule), a king, prince, leader.

Rhenus, I, m., the Rhine, the river
parting Gaul from Germany.

Rhodanus, I, m., the Rhone, river
in Gaul.

Rhodope, 0s, f., 1, a mountain in
Thrace ; 2, a Thracian woman, who
was changed into a mountain of this
name.

Rhodopeius, a, urn, adj., of Rho-
dope, Rhodopeian ; Thracian, used of
Orpheus, Met. VI, 87.

rictus, tls, m. (R. rik, to cleave, tear
apart, ric, rig, ri-n-gi (infin. pass.), ric-
tu-s, part., then rictus, subst., cleft,
opening), the opening of the mouth, the
mouth wide open ; in pi., mouth, jaws.

rideo, rTsT, rlsum, 2, etym. unc, to
laugh, smile ; to laugh at ; to ridi-
cule.

rigeo, 2 (same R. as rex, rectus, rag,
to direct, make straight, reg, rig, rig-
Cre), to be stiff, to stand stiff or upright ;
to harden.

rigesco (rigeo), 3, to grow stiff , stiffen.

rigidus, a, um, adj. (rigeO), stiff,
hard, rigid, rough.

rigor, Oris, m., stiffness, hardness,
rigor ; Hgid cold.

riguus, a, um, adj. (rigO), watered,
irrigated.

lima, ae, f . (same R. as rictus, rik,
ric, ric-ma, rlma), a cleft, crack, fissure.

rlpa, ae, f. (R., according to Vani-
cek, same as rlma, rik, rig, rip-a ; but
according to Corssen, fr. R. ri, to flow,
same as rlvus), a bank (of a river).

rlsus, us, m. (rldeO), laughter, laugh.

rltus, us, m. (R. same as ratus, ra,
re, rl-tu-s), something established, a re-
ligious usage, rite, ceremony, form.

rlvus, T, m. (R. ri, to flow, ri, rl-
vu-s), a stream, brook, river, rivulet.

robig5 (rubTgO), inis, f. (R. rudh,
to be red, rud, rub, roub, rflb, rOb-T-gO),
rust (on metals) ; mold or deposit on
the teeth.

robur, oris, n. (R. rabh (same as
rabies), to seize), rab, rob-ur), trunk-
wood, hard wood; in pi., trunks of
trees ; especially oak-wood, oak ; figura-
tively, strength, hardness, force, cour-
age, military might.

rogalis, e, adj. (rogus), belonging to,
orof, a funeral pile.

rogo, 1 (R. same as rectus, rag, to
set straight, reg, rog, roga-re, to put
straight, to reach after, as in legem
rogare, to try for, try to get by asking,
ask), to ask, beg, sue for.

rogus, I, m. (same R. as rectus, rag,
reg, rog, rogu-s, something set up), a
funeral pile, a pyre.

Roma, ae, f . (R. sru, to flow, srou,
sro, ra, rO, Ko-ma, the stream-city),
Rome.

Romulus, a, um, adj., of Romulus.

Romulus, i, m. (Roma), Romulus,
son of Mars and Rhea Silvia or Ilia.

rOrS, 1 (ros), to bedew ; to drop or
distill dew ; to trickle, d?'ip.

ros, rOris, m. (R. ras, to trickle, to
besprinkle, rOs), dew ; trickling water,
spring-water, moisture, spray ; ros ma-
rlnus, rosemary.

rosa, ae, f . (etym. unc), a rose.

rostrum, T, n. (rOdO, wh. is fr. R.
rad, to scratch, gnaw, rad, rod, rod-ere,
to gnaw, corrode, rod-tru-m, ros-tru-m,

310

ROTA

SAGAX

something that scratches), a beak, bill ;
snout, muzzle ; beak of a ship.

rota, ae, f . (B. saine as remus, ar,
ra, re, ro, ro-ta), a wheel ; by meton., a
chariot, wagon, cart.

roto, 1 (rota), to turn as a wheel, to
whirl, whirl about.

rubefacio, feci, factum, 3 (rubeO,
facio), to make red or ruddy, to redden.

rubeo, ui, 2 (B. rudh, to be red, rud,
rub, rub-e*re), to be red.

rnbens, tis, part, and adj. (rubeO),
red, ruddy ; blushing.

rubesco, rubul, 3, to grow red.

rubeta, Orum, n., bramble-thickets.

rubor, Oris, m. (rubeO), redness.

rudens, tis, m. (B. ru, to sound,
ru-d, rud-ere, rud-e-ns, whistling sound,
clamor sibilus (rudentum)), a (ship's)
rope, hawser, line, sheet, cordage.

rudis, e, adj. (B. vardh, to rise up,
to grow, vrad, vrud, rud, rud-i-s, grown,
overgrown), rough, rude ; uncultivated,
inexperienced, unknown, a stranger
to.

ruga, ae, f . (E. varg, to turn, vurg,
vrug, rug-a), a wrinkle.

rugosus, a, um, adj. (ruga), full of
wrinkles, wrinkled ; dried.

ruina, ae, f . (ruo), a fall, crash ;
ruin, destruction ; ruins.

Bfunina, sc. flcus ; see n. Fasti, II,
412 ; of Eumina.

Rumor, Oris, m. (B. ru, to sound,
ru, rflm-or), a rumor, report, common
talk ; personified, RumOres, Rumors.

rumpo, ru.pi, ruptum, 3 (B. rap,
Rup, to break, ru-m-p-ere), to break,
burst, break down, burst through ; to
split, bore or cut through, cleave, tear
apart ; destroy.

ruo, rul, rutum, 3 (B. dar, to cleave,
burst, dru, ru, ru-ere), to rush, run,
rush in, fall in, fall in ruins.

rupes, is, f. (B. same as rumpO,
rlip-e-s, something broken off or cleft), a
cliff, a precipitous rock.

ruricola, ae, m., adj. and subst.
(rfls and colO), one that tills the field, or
that lives in the country ; rustic ; peas-
ant.

rursus, adv. (re-vorsu-m, fr. re and
vertO, vort, vors, fr. B. vart), (turned
backward), back, again, anew.

rus, ruris, n. (B. rav-as, the wide,
the free, rov-os, rus, the free, open, land),
the country ; land ; field, fields.

rustic us, a, um, adj. and subst.
(rus), rustic, rural ; boorish ; a rustic ;
a boor.

rutilus, a, um, adj. (same B. as
rubeO, rudh, rud, rud-tu-lo (Ru-tu-li),
ru-ti-lu-s), red, bright-red, flaming-red.

Butull, Orum, m. pi. (B. same as
rutilus), a people in Latium ; the Rutu-
li or Rutulians.

Sablnl, Orum, m., a people in Cen-
tral Italy ; the Sabines.

Sabinus, a, um, adj., Sabine.

sacer, sacra, sacrum, adj. (B. sak,
sag, to make firm, ordain, sac-er), con-
secrated to a deity, sacred, holy.

sacrum, i, n. (sacer), something
sacred, a sanctuary ; in pi., sacred
rites ; sacrifices, offerings.

sacrilegus, a, um, adj. (sacer and
lego), plunderer of things sacred, sacri-
legious, impious.

sacro, 1 (same B. as sacer), to con-
secrate, make sacred.

saeculum, I, n. (B. sa, to strew,
sow, se, se-r-ere, se-vl, sG-men, se-(sae)-
culu-m, sowing, increase), (saeclum), a
generation, race of men, men ; an age,

century, lifetime ; in pi., Saecula, the
Ages.

saepe, adv. (same B. as sacer, sak,
suak, saep-e-s, saep-i-s, saepe, ace. n.),
often, oftentimes, frequently.

saepes (sepes), is, f. (see saepe), a
hedge, inclosure, fence.

saeta (seta), ae, f. (etym. unc), the
short, coarse hair of an animal, a bris-
tle, bnstling or shaggy hair.

saevio, IvI (il), Itum, 4 (saevus), to
rage, be angry, be furious.

saevus, a, um, adj. (B. savja, skav-
ja, left, unlucky (scaevus, laevus), saiva,
saevu-s), fierce, wild, raging, furious ;
cruel, savage.

sagax, acis, adj. (B. sagio, fr. B.
sak, sag (same as sacer), to seek after,

SAGITTA

SCILICET

311

be of keen perception), of keen percep-
tion, acute, sagacious ; sharp-sighted,
keen-scented ; quick of hearing.

sagitta, ae, f. (same R. as sagio), an
arrow.

sagittifer, -era, erum, adj. (sagitta,
fero), arrow-bearing, armed with ar-
rows.

salignus, a, um, adj. (salix), of wil-
low.

salio, ul (il), turn, 4 (R. sar, to go, to
flow, sal, sal-Ire), to spring, leap, hop,
dance.

salix, icis, f. (same R. as salio), a
willow-tree, willow.

saltern, adv. (same R. as salvus
(salti-m), sal-te-m), at least, at any rate.

saltus, fis, m. (salio), 1, a leaping,
leap, spring; 2, an uprising place, a
nawow pass ; an opening, a forest-pas-
ture, woodland, wood.

salus, litis, f. (same R. as salvus),
welfare, health, safety, rescue ; by
meton., a greeting.

saluto, 1 (salvus), to wish one's wel-
fare, to salute, greet.

salve, imper., fr. salveO, be well,
hail !

salvus, a, um, adj. (R. sar, to pro-
tect, heal, sal, sal-vu-s, healed, safe),
unharmed, safe, well.

Samos, I (-us), f., 1, an island on the
W. coast of Asia Minor ; 2, an island in
the Ionian sea ; Samos.

sanabilis, e, adj. (sanO), curable.

sanctus, a, um, adj. (same R. as
sacer, sak, sac, sa-n-c-Ire), part. fr.
sancio, sacred, holy, inviolate ; pure ;
unsullied.

sanguineus, a, um, adj. (sanguis),
of blood, bloody.

san gui a u lent us, a, um, adj. (san-
guis), bloody, sanguinary.

sanguis, inis, m. (R. sak, sag, to
drop, drip, taste, sa-n-gu-i-s), blood (in
the body) ; bloodshed ; by meton., race,
blood, family.

sanus, a, um, adj. (R. sava, sound,
well, sav, sav-no, siX-nu-s), sound,
healthy ; of sound understanding, ra-
tional, sane.

sapiens, tis (sapio), part, adj., hav-
ing taste, sensible ; wise, discerning,
shrewd.

sapienter (sapiens), adv.,
sensibly.

sapio, IvI, il, 3 (R. same as sanguis,
sak, to taste), to taste, to have taste or
sense ; to be wise, intelligent.

sarcina, ae, f., a burden ; see note,
Met. VI, 294.

sarculum, I, n. (fr. sar-(sarr)Ire, R.
sar, to weed), a light hoe.

Sardes, ium (Sardls), f. pi., capital
of Lydia.

Sarmatis, idis, adj., of Sarmatia,
Sarmatian ; see note, Trist. IV, 10,
110.

satio, 1 (see satis for R.), to satisfy,
satiate, glut.

satis and sat, adv. (R. sa, to satisfy,
sa-t, sat-i-s), enough, sufficiently.

satur, ra, rum, adj. (satis), full, sa-
tiated ; rich.

Saturnius, a, um, adj. (Saturnus),
of Saturn, Saturnian ; subst., the Sa-
turnian, Jupiter ; Satumia, the daugh-
ter of Saturnus, Juno.

Saturnus, I, m. (R. sa, to sow, sa-
tur, Sa-tur-nu-s, god of sowing, of Ag-
riculture), son of Uranus and Gaea, and
father of Jupiter and Juno. His reign
was the golden age, and his dethrone-
ment by Jupiter was followed by the
silver age ; Met. I, 113.

saturo, 1 (satis), to satiate, saturate.

Satyrus, I, m., a Satyr.

saucius, a, um, adj. (etym. unc), in-
jured, wounded, smitten, struck.

saxeus, a, um, adj. (saxum), of
stone, stony.

saxum, I, n. (R. sak, ska, to cut,
sac, sac-so, saxu-m), something cut or
split, a detached fragment of rock, a
rock, a stone, a crag, a broken rock ; a
cave, cavern.

sceleratus, a, um, adj. (scelus),
wicked, guilty, infamous, accursed, im-
liious.

scelus, eris, n. (R. skar, to turn
quickly, sway, err, skal, scel-us), <xn
error, crime, evil deed ; evil word.

sceptrum, I, n. (R. skap, to sup-
port (aK^nrpov)), a sceptre, royal staff ;
by meton., regal rule, dominion.

Schoeneius, a, um, adj., of Schoe-
neus, king of Boeotia ; Schoeneian.

scilicet (sci, imper. of sciO and licet),

312

SCINDO

SENATUS

adv., no doubt, certainly, forsooth, in-
deed, namely.

scindo, scidl, scissum, 3 (R. game as
saxum, sak, to cut, ska, sci, skid, scid,
sci-n-d-ere), to cleave, split, cut, tear
aj>art, tear off.

scid, scivl, scltum, 4 (same R. as
scindo, sak, ska, sci, to cut, part, de-
cide), to know, experience.

scitor, v. dep., 1 (scIscS, sciO), to
seek to know, to search into, inquire.

sci t us, a, um (part. adj. fr. sciscO),
experienced, skilled, versed in.

scopulus, I, m. (Gr. o-Koirekos), a
projecting rock, a cliff, a crag.

Scorpius (-os), I, m. (o-Kopirtos), the
constellation Scorpion.

scribo, scripsl, scriptum, 3 (R.
skarp, skarbh, to cut, engrave, scrabh,
scritfh, scrlb-ere), to write; subst., scrip-
tum, the writing, writing.

scrobis, is, m., scrobs, bis (same R.
as scribo), a pit, trench, ditch, hole.

Scylla, ae, f., a rock in the Strait of
Sicily or Messina, opposite the whirl-
pool of Chary bdis ; originally fabled as
a sea-monster ; or, in another myth, as
a nymph.

Scythia, ae, f., the land of the
Scythians, a general name for the north-
ern lands of Europe and Asia from the
lower Danube to the Caspian Sea ;
Scythia.

Scythicus, a, um, adj. (Scythia),
Scythian.

se-cedo, cessl, cessum, to withdraw,
go aside, retire.

se-cerno, crSvI, cretum, 3, to set
apart, separate ; part., secrgtus, sepa-
rate, retired, remote ; secret, hidden.

seco, secul, sectum, 1 (R. sak, sec,
to cut), to cut, cut off, cleave, separate,
part, cut through.

se-cumbfl, cubul, cubitum, 3, to lie
apart, lie alone.

secundus, a, um, adj. (sequor, fol-
lowing), the second, next following, in
time, rank, or degree ; favorable, sec-
onding.

securis, is, f. (same R. as secO,
sec, to cut, sec-ti-ri-s), an axe, a battle-
axe.

se-curu-s, a, um, adj. (se, apart,
without, and ctlra, cQra fr. R. skav,

kav, cav, cov, cov-i-ra, ctl-ra), without
care, secure ; free from care.

secus, adv. (R. sak, to follow, sek
(sequ), sec, comparative sectius (sak-ta-
jans), setius, secus, originally, follow-
ing, secus fluvios, Plin. 23, 15), other-
wise ; generally with negatives (nOn),
not otherwise, no less.

sed, conj. (R. sava, sva, reflex pro-
nom., sovo, svo, suu-s, sua-d, sva-d, sed,
of itself, for itself apart), but, but yet,
yet.

sedeo, sedl, sessum, 2 (R. sad, to
sit, sed, sed-ere), to sit, sit down ; settle.

sedes, is, f . (sedeo), a seat, dwelling,
residence ; a place, spot, foundation,
soil, ground.

seditio, Onis, f. (R. i, to go, e-o,
i-tu-m, sed-itiS, a going apart), a sedi-
tion, uprising, faction, mutiny.

sedo, 1 (same R. as sedeO, sSd-es,
seda-re), to cause to sit, settle ; to still,
quiet, calm, allay.

se-duco, xl, ctum, 3, to draw aside,
to separate, part.

sedulus, a, um, adj. (R. sad, to go,
sed, se*d-ulu-s, inclined to going hither
and thither), active, busy; sedulous.

seges, etis, f . (R. sak, sag, to make
firm, nourish (same R. as sacer), sag-
Ina, seg-e-s, the nourishing cro]j), the
seed or grain from the planting to the
harvest, grain, growing grain, crop ;
grain-field ; seed, growth.

segnis, e, adj., same R. as seges,
seg-ni-s.

semel, adv. (R. sa, insep. particle,
meaning union or likeness ; with, to-
gether with, at once, sama, semo, semo-1,
seme-1), once, at a single time, the first
time.

semen, inis, n. (R. same as ser<3, sa,
sa, sC, to sow), a seed, seed (of grain) ; (of
men and beasts), seed, young ; principles.

semesus, a, um, adj. (semi-edO), half
eaten.

semper, adv. (scm-per, sem fr.
same R. as simul, sa, sama, semo, the
whole, all, per fr. R. par, para, per,
through (to pass through) ; through the
whole, ever), always, at every time,
ever.

senatus, us, m. (R. sana, old, sen,
sen-e-c, sen-e-x, senec-tu-s, sen-u-s,

SENECTA

STCULUS

313

sena-re, sena-tu-s), council of elders, the
senate.

senecta, ae, f. (for R.see scnatus),
age, old aye.

senectus, utis, f. (same R. as sena-
tus), age, old age.

senex, senis (see senatus for R.),
adj. and subst., old, aged ; an old man.

seni, ae, adj., plural distrib. (same
R. as sex, svaks, saks, sechs, seks, sex,
seos-ni, ses-ni, sen!), six each, six at a
time.

senilis, e, adj. (senex), of ox belong-
ing to old people, aged, senile.

sensus, tis, m. (sentIO), feeling, sen-
sation, perception, sense, taste ; in pi.,
the senses, feelings ; mind.

sententia, ae, f . (sentio), a feeling,
opinion, thought, sentiment ; determi-
nation, decision, mew.

sentio, sensl, sensum, 4 (R. sant,
to take a direction or tendency, sent-Ire),
to feel, perceive, by any one of the senses;
to trace, expeHence, observe, have intel-
ligence of.

sentis, is, m. (etym. unc), a thorn,
thorn-bush, brier.

se-paro, 1, to separate, part.

sepelio, IvT, pultum, 4 (R. SAK, to
follow, sap, to strive for, be dependent
upon, Vedic saparj, to honor, sepelT-re),
to bury (honor by burying), to inter ;
part., sepultus, buHed.

se-pono, posul, positum, 3, to put
aside, withdraw, put away, separate.

septem, adv. num. (R. saptan,
seven), seven.

sepulcrum, T, n. (sepelio), place of
burial, grave, sepulchre.

sequor, sequl, secutus sum, 3, verb
dep. (R. sak, sec-, sequ-or, to follow),
to follow, folloiv after ; pursue ; go after
or behind ; accompany.

sera, ae, f . (R. svar, to bind, join,
ser, ser-ere (serul), ser-a, something to
bind or make fast with), a bolt.

serenus, a, um, adj., clear.

series, eT, f . (same R. as sera), a row,
line, train, senes.

sermo, Onis, m. (same R. as sera,
serfi), discourse, conversation, talk,
speech.

sero, adv. (serus), late, too late ; se-
rius, later.
15

sero, sevl, satum, 3 (R. ha, to sow*
si-s-ere, si-r-ere, se-r-erc), to sow, plant ;
produce, bring forth, beget; part., satus,
sown, planted ; sprung from, born, de-
scended ; subst., son of, descendant of.

Serpens, ntis (fr. scrpo, R. harp, to
creep, serp), (a creeping thing), a ser-
pent, snake, dragon ; the constellation
l)ragon. serpo, psl, ptum, 3, to creep.

serra, ae, f. (R. sak, ska, to cut,
sec, sec-ra, serra), a saw.

serta, Orum, n. pi., fr. sero, seruT,
sertum, garlands, wreaths.

serus, a, um, adj. (R. sa, to bring
to an end, se-se-rus), late, too late.

servator, oris, m., a preserver, de-
liverer.

servatrlx, Icis, f., a protectress, pre-
server.

serviO, IvT, il, Itum, 4 (servus), to be
a servant or slave, to serve, to be in ser-
vice ; to be enslaved to, be serviceable to.

servitium, I, n. (servus), service,
servitude, slavery.

servo, 1 (servio, servus), to watch
over, preserve, keep ; preserve, spare.

servus, T, m. (R. sar, to protect, ser-
vu-s, one that is protected or kept), a
servant, slave.

setius (secius, see secus for R.),
otherwise.

sex, num. adj. (R. svaks, six, saks,
sechs, sex), six.

si, conj. (R. sa, pronom. demons.,
3d pers., sa, sT, cf. sT-c), in that case, in
case, if, if indeed ; since, seeing that ;
when, whether.

slbilo, 1 (slbilus), to hiss.

slbilus, T, m. (R. sip, sir, to be hol-
low, to whistle, sib, sib-ilus), hissing,
whistling ; piping ; also n., sibila.

sic, adv. (R. same as si, sa, sa, sl-ce,
sl-c), in this way, thus, so ; in like
manner, even so ; in such a degree, so
very.

SIcania, ae, f., poetical for Sicilia ;
Sicily.

sicco, 1 (siccus), to dry, dry up,
drain ; stanch.

siccus, a, um, adj. (R. sik, sic, to
dry), dry ; dried up, parched.

SIcelis, idis, adj. f., Sicilian.

Siculus, a, um, adj. (Sicilia), Sicil-
ian ; Sicvlian.

314

SIC-UT

SIRENES

sic-ut, comp. adv., so as, as, just as.

sidereus, a, um, adj. (sldus), belong-
ing to the stars, starry, star-like ; be-
longing to the sun.

sldo, sldl, 3 (R. same as sedeo, sad,
sed, sld, to sit), to seat one's self, to sit
down.

Sidon, Onis, f., a city in Phoenicia.

STd cuius, a, um, adj., Sidonian.

sldus, eris, n. (R. svid, to sweat, to
smelt (of metals), sld, to be molten,
smooth, bright), a constellation, star ;
in pi. mostly, the stars ; by meton., the
heavens.

sigillum, I, n. (dimin. fr. slgnum), a
little sign, an image, a little figure, pic-
ture.

signo, 1 (slgnum), to set a mark or
sign upon, to mark, designate; to trace;
to color.

slgnum, I, n. (R. sak, to show, sec,
slg-nu-m), a sign, mark, trace, indica-
tion ; a (memorial) sign ; a statue, pic-
ture ; a sign in the heavens, sign (of the
zodiac).

silentium, I (il), n. (sileo), silence,
stillness.

Silenus, I, name of a Satyr; Silenus.

sileo, ul, 2 (R. sil, to be silent), to be
silent, still, quiet ; part., silentes, the
silent (shades of the lower world).

silex, icis, m. (R. sar, to protect,
make whole, sal (sal-vu-s), sol (soli-
du-s), sile-x), a hard stone, flint, stone.

silva, ae, f . (R. svar, to shine, sval,
sil, sil-va), a wood, forest ; woodland,
wood; by meton., forest-trees.

silvestris, e, adj. (silva), of a wood,
woody, wild.

Silvia, ae, f ., the mother of Romulus
and Remus ; Silvia.

si mills, e, adj. (R. same as semel,
wh. see, sa, sama, semo, semo-li, simi-
lis), similar, like, resembling, the same.

Simois, entis, m., a river near Troy;
the Simois.

simplex, icis, adj. (R. sa, same as
of semel, similis, sama, semo, simo,
sin-gull, single, one, and R. park, to
fold, plak, plec, = sem-plic, sim-plex,
one-fold), single, simple, pure, plain.

simplicities, atis, f. (simplex), sim-
plicity ; naturalness.

simul, adv. (same R. as semel,

simul, at the same time ; simul ac
(atque), as soon as), at once, together ;
immediately.

simulacrum, T, n. (simulo), a like-
ness, image ; a ghost, phantom ; imita-
tion.

simulamen, inis, n. (simulo), imi-
tation.

simulator, Oris, m., imitator.

simulo, 1 (see similis for R.), to
make similar, imitate ; to counterfeit ;
to pretend, feign.

sincerus, a, um, adj. (R. same as
the first part of simplex, sa, sama, sam,
sin, whole, all, and R. skar, kar, to
part, divide, cer, sin-cer-u-s, all sepa-
rated, quite pure), unmixed, pure, gen-
uine, sincere ; sound, unhurt.

sine (si and ne, if not, since not,
separated from), prep, with abl., with-
out.

singulT, ae, a, adj. (see semel, simi-
lis for R.), single, one by one, singly.

singultus, fis, m. (R. sa, sama, sam,
sin- (as in singull) + R. gar, to swallow,
hiccup, gal, gul ; = sin-gul-tu-s), a sob-
bing, speech interrupted by sobbing ;
hiccup ; rattling in the throat.

sinister, sinistra, sinistrum, adj. (R.
sana, old, sin, sin-is, then with repeated
compar suffix, sin-is-ter, properly older,
worthier, with the Romans, lucky, as
the augur faced the south, and so had
the east on his left ; with the Greeks,
unlucky (sinister), as the Greek in ob-
serving auspices faced the north), left,
on the left side or hand ; perverse, awk-
ward; (with manus understood), subst.,
sinistra, the left hand.

sinS, sivT, situm, 3 (R. sa, to sow, si,
to plant, set, to lay, lie), to let take place,
allow, permit ; part., situs, laid away,
buried; situated.

sinuo, 1 (sinus), to bend like a bow,
fold, twist, curve, arch.

sinus, lis, m. (R. sanu, ridge of a
mountain, sinu-s, a rounding, bending),
a fold of the dress on the breast, a bend,
curve, coil of a serpent ; by meton., the
breast, bosom ; lap ; also fr. the bend of
a shore, a bay, a gulf.

Sipylus, I, m., 1, a mountain in
Lydia ; 2, son of Niobe.

Sirenes, um, sing. Siren, enis, f.,

SISTO

SOMNIUM

315

the Sirens, a Siren, daughters, daughter,
of the river-god AchelOus ; fabled to
have women's heads and bodies of
birds, and to entice by their song the
mariners who passed their islands off
the bay of Naples.

sisto, stitl, statum, 3 (B. sta, to
stand, si-sta-re, si-ste-re, to cause to
stand), to place, set, put ; to bring to a
stand-still, to stop, stay ; to bring to
rest, to quiet ; to put one's self, to stand,
remain, stay.

sistrum, I, n. (Gr., trharpov), the
metallic rattle used in the service of
lsis.

Sisyphus, I, m., son of Aeolus, and
notorious for his cruel robberies, and
punished in the lower world by ever
rolling a huge stone up hill, which ever
rolled down again.

sitis, is, f . (B. sati, to desire, siti-s),
thirst ; drought.

si ve, sl-ve (seu), conj. (see B. for si;
ve fr. B. val, vol, vol-o, to will), if you
will, or if ; either— or, whether — or.

smaragdus, I, m. and f., a precious
stone of a bright-green color ; smarag-
dus.

socer, socerT, m. (fr. B. sava, sva
(sa + va), sovo, suo. sua, one's oivn, + H.
ku, kvi, kva-n, to be strong, to lord it,
ku, ku-ra ; = sva-kura, so-cerO (Gr.,
e-Kvp6-s), one's own lord), father-in-law;
pi., parents-in-law.

socialis, e, adj. (socius), companion-
able, sociable, social ; conjugal, nuptial.

socio, 1 (socius), to associate, make
in common, unite, join, share with.

socius, T. m. (B. sak, to follow, sec,
soc, soc-iu-s, a follower), adj. and subst.,
associated, joined, social, united, in com-
mon ; companion, ally, associate, com-
rade ; shipmate.

sodalis, is, comm. (B. sva, sua, one's
o?n;. + DHA, to make ;=sva-dha, making
one's own, custom, habit, so-da-li-s), a
companion, comrade.

sodalicius, a, um, adj. (sodalis), of
or belonging to a comrade ox friend.

sol, solis, m. (B. svar, to shine, sval,
sol), the sun, sunlight, heat of the
§un ; in pi., rays of the sun, sun-
beams • personified, SOl, the Sun-god,
the Sun.

solarium (solatium), I, n. (sOlor),
solace, comfort, consolation .

soleo, 2 (etym. unc), to be wont, be
accustomed ; solitus, part, and adj.,
wonted, customary, usual.

solidus, a, um, adj. (B. sar, to pro-
tect, make whole, sal (solu-s), soli-du-s,
properly, whole, complete), firm, solid,
strong, entire ; subst., solidum, T, n.,
the solid ground.

solium, I, n. (B. same as sedeO, sad,
sed, then with (1 instead of d, cf. odor,
ol£re), sol-iu-m, a seat), a throne.

sollemnis, e, adj. (sollennis), (B.
same as solidus, sar, sal, sol, sollu-s,
whole, all, + B. of an-nu-s, ak. ank, to
bend) round, ac,ac-nu-s, an-nu-s, around,
circle ;=soll-emnis), all-yearly, annual ;
stated ; then, fr. sacred rites occurring
annually, solemn, festal, sacred.

sollers, rtis, adj. (B. sar, soil (see
sollemnis), + B. ar, to join, fit, ar-s ; =
soll-ers, all-art), skillful, well skilled, ex-
pert, inventive.

sollerter, adv., skillfully(so}]ere).

sollertia, ae, f . (sollers), skill, inven-
tiveness.

sollicito, 1 (B. soil, as in sollers, +
B. ki, to call, move, ci, ci-jo, ci-e-re, ci-
tu-s, cita-re ; solli-citus, solli-cito, to
wholly move), to move strongly, stir up,
agitate ; to disturb, harass, make solici-
tous.

sollicitus, a, um, adj. (for B. see
sollicito), strongly moved, troubled, so-
licitous, anxious.

so lor, 1, v. dep. (B. same as salvus,
solidus, sar, to make whole, heal, sal,
sol, soia-rl), to console, comfort.

solum, adv. (solus), only, alone.

solum, T, n. (B. sad, to go, sod, then
(d changed to 1) sol, sol-u-m ; but Cors-
sen takes it fr. B. sar, same as solidus,
wh. see), the ground, foundation ; the
soil ; land.

solus, a, um, adj. (B. same as soli-
dus), whole ; alone, only, single, the
only ; unattended, solitary.

solvo, solvl, solatum, 3 (B. lu, to
loose, se-lu-ere, so-lv-ere), to loose any-
thing wh. is bound ; to open ; to pay,
fulfill ; to discharge ; to dissolve, see
note. Met. XI, 135; to free from.

somnium, T (il), n. (for B. see som-

316

SOMNUS

SPIRA

nus), a dream ; Somnia (by personifica-
tion, Breams, dream-gods.

somnus, T, m. (B. svap, to sleep,
svop, sop, sop-nu-s, soni-nu-s), sleep,
slumber; a dream; Somnus, the god of
sleep, Sleep.

sonitus, us, m. (sonO), sound, noise,
roar, din.

sono, uT, sonitum, 1 (sonus), to sound,
resound, m,ake a noise ; to rattle, ring,
twang, tvhiz.

sonus, I, m. (B. svan, to sound, son,
son-u-s), a sound, tone, noise ; a ring ;
a din, a crash, a roar.

Sophocleus, a, um, adj., of Sopho-
cles, Sophoclean.

sopio, Ivi (il), Itum, 4 (sopor), to lull
to sleep.

sopor, Oris, m. (B. same as somnus,
sop, sop-or), deep sleep.

soporifer, fera, ferum, adj. (sopor),
sleep-bringing, drowsy.

sorbeo, uT, rptum, 2 (B. svakbii, to
swallow, sorb, sorb-ere), to swallow,
suck in ; swallow up ; absorb.

sordidus, a, um, adj. (from sordes,
wh. is fr. B. svar. to be foul ; dark,
svar-da, sorde-s, is), foul, filthy; sordid.

soror, Oris, f . (B. vas, to dwell, sa-
vas-tar, dwelling ivith, sa-s-tar, sa-s-sar,
sa-sar, so-ror, originally one ivho dwells
tvith her brother), a sister ; a near rela-
tion (wife), as in Met. I, 351 ; sister-
nymph.

sors, sortis, f . (B. svar, to join, bind,
ser (ser-ere), sor-s), a lot, a part ; an al-
lotment, oracle ; oracular saying, fate ;
destiny.

sortior, 4, v. dep., sortltus, to gain
by lot, gain, reach, obtain.

sospes, itis (B. sava, whole, well,
sov-os, sos- + pa, to protect, keep, pa-t,
pat, pet-s, pe-s ;=sos-pe-s, well protect-
ing; pass., well protected), unhurt, safe,
saved, sound.

spargo, sparsT, sparsum, 3 (B.
spark, to sprinkle, sparg (k to g), sparg-
ere), to sprinkle, scatter, strew, spread,
bespread, diffuse.

S parte, es, Sparta, ae, f., the city of
Sparta in Laconia.

spatior, 1, v. dep. (spatium), (to
space it), to go back and forth, wander;
spread one's self, spread.

spatiosus, a, um, adj. (spatium),
wide, great, roomy, spacious ; far ex-
tended, long continuing,

spatium, I (il), n. (B. spa, spa-n, to
span, extend, spa-ti-iu-m), span, reach,
space, room ; extent, greatness; interval
of space or of time ; time.

species, el, f . (K. spak, to see, spec
(spec-ere), spec-ie-s), an appearance, a
look or sight, form ; vision.

speciosus, a, um, adj. (species),
fine-looking, beautiful, shining, bril-
liant.

spectabilis, e, adj. (spectO), visible;
splendid ; fine.

spectaculum, I, n. (spectO), a spec-
tacle, sight, an exhibition.

spectator, Oris, m. (spectO), a specta-
tor.

specto, 1 (B. same as species, spak,
to see, spec (spec-ere), spec-ta-re), to be-
hold, gaze upon, look at or on ; to con-
sider, mew ; part., spectatus, looked
upon, tried, approved.

speculum, I, n. (same B. as species,
wh. see, spec-u-lu-m), a looking-glass,
mirror.

specus, Us (R. same as speculum,
wh. is a dimin. of specus), m. f . n., a
cave, cavern, hollow, den.

spelunca, ae, f. (fr. Gr., <rirrj\vyg), a
cavern, cleft ; grotto.

Sperclieis, idis, adj. f., belonging to
the Sperchius, a river in Thessaly ; Met.
II, 250, ripae Sp.

spern5, sprevl, spretum, 3 (B. spar,
to keep off (spur ?), separate, sper-n-ere),
to spurn, disdain, despise.

spero, 1 (fr. spe-s, wh. is fr. B. spa,
to stretch, span, spe-rare), to hope.

spes, el, f. (see sperO), hope, expecta-
tion ; a hope (the thing hoped for).

spiceus, a, um, adj.,fr. spica, wh. is
fr. same B. as spes, span, to span,
stretch, spl, spl-ca, a point, then an
ear (of grain), a spike, a beard), of ears
or beards of grain, bearded.

spina, ae, f . (B. same as spica, spi-
na, something pointed), a thorn; the
spine.

spinous, a, um, adj. (spina), of
thorns, thorny.

spira, ae, f . (B. spar, to wind, splr-a,
a winding), the coil of a snake.

SPIRITUS

STILLO

317

spirit us, iis, m. (spTro), breath (of
air), breath, breathing ; life; spirit.
splro, 1 (R. bpas, to breathe, blow,

spasa, splsa, spira-rc), to breathe, blow ;
breathe forth ; live.

spissus, a, um, adj. (R. spi, to unite,
;>/«. s,v, spi-t-tu-s, spi-s-tu-s, spi-s-su-s),
thick, close-pressed, close, dense.

splendeo, 2 (R. skard, to shine,
Bkrad, splad, spied, sple-n-d-ere), to
shine, glisten, be bright.

spleudesco, splenduT, splendescerc,
to grow splendid, to shine.

splendid us, a, um (splendeo),
bright, glistening, splendid.

spolio, 1 (R. skar, to cut, strip off,
skal, Bpal, spol-iu-m, skin stripped off,
memy stripped of armor, spolia-re), to
rob, of clothing, armor, to despoil ; to
plunder.

spolium, I (il), n. (for R., see spo-
liO) ; the skin of an animal stripped off;
spoil, spoils, booty.

sponda, ae, f. (R. spa, spa-n, to
stretch, span, span-d, spond-a), a bed-
stead ; a bed, couch.

spondeo, spopondl, sponsum, 2 (R.
skad, skand, to please, to offer, spond-
cre), to agree, promise in marriage, be-
troth ; promise.

sponte, abl. f., fr. lost nom. spon-s
(R. same as spolium and spatium, spa-,
spa-n, to stretch, make efort, of one's
own effort), voluntarily, of one's own
accord, spontaneously ; of one's self.

spuma, ae, f. (R. spju, spu, spu-ere,
to spit, spew), foam, froth ; scum.

spiimans, tis (part, v., spumo, fr.
spiio, see spuma), foaming, foamy,
frothy.

spumiger, era, erum, adj. (spuma
and gerO), foam-carrying, or -making,
foaming.

squaleo, uT, 2 (R. skar, to cover,
clothe, seal, sqmll-6re), to be rough or
stiff ; to be rough f r. dirt, or f r. slovcn-
liiicss ; to be dirty or slovenly.

squalidus, a, um, adj. (squaleo),
st'/ff, rough fr. dirt, dirty, foul, squal-
id ; in mourning (as persons in
mourning were dressed in squalid gar-
ments).

squama, ae, f. (R. skad, to cover,
scad, squa-ma), a scale, of a fish or ser-

pent, scaly covering ; in pi., scales or
plated in armor.

squainiger, era, mini, adj. (squama
and gerO), scale-bearing, scaly.

squaniosus, a, inn, adj. (squama),
full of scales, scaly.

stabulor, 1, v. dep. (stabulum, fr.
sto), to be in dull or stable, to stable,
kennel, be stalled.

stabulum, I, n. (sto), a standing-
place, viable, stall, fold.

stagno, 1 (stagnum), to be covered
with standing water, to be stagnant, to
stagnate.

stagnum, I, n. (fr. sto, wh. see, sta,
sta-k, sta-g), standing water, a pool,
pond, marsh ; lake.

stamen, inis, n., fr. sto, sta, stfi-re,
stfi-men, the standing tiwends or fibres
of the warp, in weaving ; the warp ;
the thread, threads (in spinning) ; see
note, Met. VI, 55 ; then the threads of
fate (as spun by the Parcae) ; the
threads or strings of the lyre or other
stringed musical instrument, as in Met.
XI, 169, where see note.

static, Onis, f. (fr. sto), a standing,
standing-place, a station, position ; post,
watch.

statuo, statu!, statfitum, 3 (sta-tu. f r.
sto, sta, statu-cre), to cause to stand,
to set in position, to set, set up ; to set
firm, determine, ordain.

status, as, m. (statuO), a standing,
a position, condition, state, status.

stella, ae, f. (R. star, to cover,
strew, ster (ster-n-ere), ster-u-la, stel-la
(cf . astrum)), a star (single one in dis-
tinction fr. sldus, a co?istellation).

s tell at uk, a, um, adj. (stella), cov-
ered or studded with stars; starred,
starry.

sterilis, e. adj. (R. same as sto,
sta-r, ster, ster-ili-s), sterile, barren,
unfruitful.

sterno, stravl, strtltum, 3 (for R. see
stella), to spread, spread out, strew,
cover over, throw down.

Stheneleius, a, um. adj., of Sthene-
lus. king of Lignite ; Stheneleian.

stillo, 1 (fr. same R. as sto, sta-r,
stir, stir-ia, stil-la, standing, firm, a
drop, stilla-re, to drop), to drop, drip,
trickle, distill ; to let drop.

318

STIMULUS

SUB-IOIO

stimulus, I, m. (JR. stig, to prick,
goad, stig-mo, sti-mu-lu-s), a goad, a
spur ; an incentive, incitement ; a spur,
stimulus.

stipes, itis, m. (same R. as sto, sta,
stip, stlp, stlpe-s), the trunk of a tree, a
post, stock, log.

stipula, ae, f. (same It. as stipes,
stip-a, stip-u-la), a stalk ; straw ; a
blade.

stirps, stirpis, f. (same R. as sterno,
star, star-p, stirp-e-s, stirp-s), a stock,
stem, root ; figuratively, slock, race,
family.

stiva, ae, f. (same R. as sto, sta, sta-
i-va, stl-va), a plow-handle.

sto, stetl, statum, 1 (R. sta, to stand,
make to stand, sta, sta-re), to stand,
stand by, stand fast, remain standing,
to stay quiet ; to stand by, come to one's
aid.

stolid us, a, urn, adj. (same R. as
sto, sta, sta-1, sto-1, stoli-du-s, standing,
immovable) ; dull, slow, coarse ; stolid.

stra-meu, inis, n. (fr. sterno, star,
stra), straw.

stratum, I, n. (sterno), something
spread out or upon a couch, bed, bed-
ding, blanket ; a covering (for a table),
cover.

strenuus, a, um, adj. (same R. as
sterilis, sto, sta, sta-r, ster, stre, stre-nu-
u-s), quick, busy, active, strenuous.

strepitus, tls, m. (strepO, etym.
unc). a noise, rushing sound ; din, roar.

strideo, stridl, 2, and strido, strldl,
8 (R. star, to sound, star-g, star-dh,
stra-dh, stri-dh, strld-ere, ere), to make
a harsh sound, to hiss, whiz, creak, rush,
roar, rattle, buzz.

stridor, Oris, m. (strTdeO), a harsh
sound or noise, a hissing, whizzing,
creaking, rattling, roaiing.

stridulus, a, um. adj. (strldeO), to-
ing, whizzing, rattling.

stringo, strinxl, strictum, 3 (R. same
as sterno, star, stra-g, strig, string,
stri-n-g-ere), to touch lightly, graze ; to
wound slightly ; to draw (of weapons),
as to draw a sword.

struo, xl, ctum, 3 (R. same as stringO,
star, stra, stri, stru, stru-ere), to pile,
heap up ; to join or Jit together ; to build,
construct.

Strymon, on is, m., a river in
Thrace ; the Strymon.

studiosus, a, um, adj. (stadium),
full of zeal or desire; zealous, eager,
desirous.

studium, I (il), n. (R. spa, spa-n, to
make effort, spa-d, spu-d, stu-de-re,
stud-iu-m), intense effort, zeal, eager-
ness, earnestness, studious fondness,,
study ; an occupation, a pursuit.

stultus, a, um, adj. (same R. as
stolidus, wh. see, sta-1, sto-1, stul-tus),
stupid, dull, foolish, fool.

stupeo, uT, 2 (same R. as stultus,
stu-p, stiip-ere), (to be stupid), to be
dazed, amazed, dazzled, from terror or
other strong emotion.

Stygius, a, um. adj. (Styx), Stygian;
hateful, abhorred.

Styinphalis, idis, adj., Stympha-
Han, of the river or lake Stymphalus,
in Arcadia,

Styx, ygis, f. (2tv'£), the river of
hate, '" abhorred Styx,'1 name of a river
in the lower world, the Styx.

suadeo, suasl, suasum, 2 (R. svad,
to please, taste, suad, suad-u-s, suad-ere,
to make pleasing), to persuade ; to ad-
vise, counsel, encourage.

sub, prep. (R. upa, under (vn-d),
sub), 1, with the abl., under, under-
neath, below, beneath, close under ^ under
in or within, close by, under the nde of,
under the influence of, in consequence or
by occasion of; 2, with the ace, upon,
up to, toward, under, against, close by,
about, forth.

sub-do, didl, ditum, dere, 3, to put
or lay under, bring under.

sub-duco, xl, ctum, 3, to draw un-
der or away, draw up ; to draw in ; to
withdraw.

sub-eo, IvT, il, itum, 4, to go under
or beneath, to go into, undergo, take
upon one's self ; to go toward ; to take
the place of, to follow ; to occur to, come
into the mind of.

sub-igo, egT, actum, 3, to drive or
force under, to compel, force, subdue ;
to work through, plow.

sub-icio, j5cT, jeetum. 3, to throw or
cast under, to subject ; part., subjectus,
cast under, lying under ; to throw
(from under), on high (into the air).

SUBITUS

SUPER

319

subitus, a, um, adj. (subeO), that
comes unexpectedly or stealthily ; sud-
den, unexpected.

sub-jungO, junxl, junctum, 3, to
attach or join to ; add to or unite with.

sub-lev5, 1, to lift up from beneath,
hold up, support.

sublimit), c, adj. (fr. sub and llmis,
fr. R. lak, to bend, lac, lie, lie, lic-
mu-s, He-men, H-men, head-piece or top
of a door- way, sub-llmis, under the
top of a door, high), lifted up, high,
lofty, uplifted, on high ; sublime, noble ;
subst., subllmia, the lofty, the sublime.

sub-merg5, mersl, mersum, 3, to
sink under, submerge.

sub-mitto (summ-), mlsl, missum,
3, to send or sink under, sink, let down ;
to submit, lower ; to yield to, give up to.

sub-move5 (summ-), mOvI, mOtum,
2 (to move from under), to move away,
remove, carry or drive away.

sub-necto, nexul, nexum, 3 (to bind
from beneath), to bind under, bind
around, fasten under.

suboies, is (sub-olescO), something
that grows after, an after-growth, a
new race, offspring, progeny ; a de-
scendant ; descendants.

sub-sequor, sequi, sectltus sum, v.
dep., to follow upon or after.

sub-sido, seal, sessum, to set one's
self down, sink down ; to sink, settle ;
subside.

sub-sum, ful, esse, to be under, lie
under, underlie ; to be near by.

subtemen, inis, n. (fr. sub and texo,
fr. R. tak, to order, arrange, tak-s,
tax, tex, tex-ere, sub-tex-men, sub-te-
men), the woof ; see note, Met. VI, 55.

subter (fr. sub), prep, with ace. or
abl., under, beneath.

succedo (sub, cgdO), cessl, cessum,
3, to go or pass under, or into, step in
one's place, succeed, follow after, follow ;
to succeed, be successful.

suc-cendo (sub, candO, candeo, fr.
R. skand, kand, to shine, burn, cand-
Cre), cendT, censum, 3, to set on fire from
under, to inflame, burn.

successor, Oris, m. (succCdO), a suc-
cessor ; an heir.

successus, tls, m. (succGdO), fortu-
nate result, success.

succingo, cinxT, cinctum (sub and
cingO), to bind under or about, to gird
about, gird up ; to bind up ; part., suc-
cinctus, girt.

succumbo (sub and cumbO), cubuT,
cubitum, 3, to fall under ; to give way
to, succumb.

suc-curro (sub and currO), currT,
cursum, 3, to ?*un to the aid of, help, suc-
cor.

succutio (subc-), (sub and quatiO),
cussl, cussum, 3, to throw or fling up,
fling on high, toss up.

sucus, I, m. (R. sak, sag, to drop,
flow, svak, sflc-u-s), juice, moisture,
sap ; flavor ; vigor.

sudo, 1 (R, svid, to sweat, sad,
suda-re), to sweat ; to be wet with.

sudor, Oris, m. (sfldO), sweat ; poi-
son.

sufficio (sub and faciO), feci, fectum,
3, to suffice, be enough for; to be at one's
service, be ready.

suftundo (sub and fundo), ftldl, fa-
sum, 3, to pour in or upon ; to suffuse.

sui, reflex, pron. 3d pers. (R. sava,
sva, sovo, svo, sovo-s, suu-s, sui), one's
self, himself, herself, itself, themselves,
each other, one another.

sulco, 1, etym. unc., to furrow ; to
plow.

sulcus, T, m., a furrow.

sulphur (sulpur), uris, n., etym.
unc., sulphur .

sum, ful, esse (R. as, to be, es, es-
u-m, s-u-m), to be, exist, live ; to stand,
find one's self, to be really; with dat., to
have, possess ; with gen., to be of, to be-
long to, to pass for; with dat. of end, to
serve for, be for, to cause; part., futarus,
futarum, about to be, the future.

summa, ae, f. (fr. summus, fr. R.
upa, upa-ma, up-mu-s, s-up-mu-s, sum-
mu-s, summa), the uppermost thing, the
chief thing, the conclusion of the whole,
the sum, the whole.

summus (R. as in summa ; for
meaning, see superus).

sumo, sumpsT, sumptum, 3 (sub-
emO), to take, take up, bear, wear, put
on, lay hold of, receive, choose.

super (R. same as sub, upa, upari,
above, over (vndp), super), adv. and prep.,
above, over, upon, over above, in addi-

320 SUPERATOR

TABES

Hon to, besides ; furthermore ; from
above; concerning, about, of.

superator, oris, m. (supero, super),
(an overcomer), a conqueror.

superbia, ae, f. (super), pride,
haughtiness.

superbus, a, um, adj. (super), one
that raises himself above another, haugh-
ty, high-spirited, proud; Superbus, epi-
thet of the younger Tarquin.

super-in-icio, jecT, jcctum, 3, to
throw or cast over or above or upon.

super5 (same R. as super, upa,
above, supe-ru-s, supera (sc. parte, su-
pra), supera-re), to be above, rise above ;
to get the better of, overcome, surpass; to
exceed, rise above, project beyond ; to
conquer.

superstes, stitis, adj. (super and
sto), standing over, projecting over ;
surviving, outliving ; a survivor.

super-sum, fui, esse, to be over, re-
main over ; to survive, abound.

superus, a, um, adj. (for R. see
supero), being above, on high, high ;
heavenly ; in plM superl, the heavenly
ones, the gods, the gods above ; superl.,
1, supremus, a, um (probably also fr.
supero, super), the highest, extreme,
last ; 2, summus, a, um (see summa),
the highest, top of, uppermost, head of ;
supreme, most distinguished, chief,
greatest ; subst., summum, n., the
chief thing, chief point, the end.

supinus, a, um, adj. (fr. sub, \vh.
see. sup, sup-lnus), bent back, laid on
the back ; (of the hands), turned back,
upturned, in supplication.

suppleo (sub and pleo), plevl, ple-
tum, 2, to fill out or up, to supply.

supplex, icis, adj. (sub and plex fr.
R. park, parsk, to ask, demand, plak,
plic ; = sup-plicare, sup-plex, sup-plic-
is), asking humbly, begging, entreating,
suppliant, as a suppliant, in supplica-
tion.

supplicium, I (if), n. (see supplex,
supplic-iu-m), the bending or kneeling
down, in punishment ; supplication ;

punishment ; heavy penalty ; capital
punishment ; torture.

supplico, 1 (see supplex for R.), to
ask humbly, supplicate.

suppuno (sub and pOnO), posul,
positum, 3, to put ox place under; to put
in place of, substitute.

supra (supera, sc. parte, sec supero),
above, over.

sura, ae, f., the calf of the leg.

surdus, a, um, adj., deaf.

surgo (sub and rego), surrexl, sur-
rectum, 3, to raise on high, lift up ; to
raise one's self ; to arise, rise ; to join
on, Jit to.

sus, suis, comm. (R. su, to produce,
beget, su-s, a sow), a boar, pig, soiv, swine.

suscito (fr. sub and cito), 1, to stir
up, arouse.

suspends (sub and pendo), to hang
up, hang, suspend; to leave in suspense.

suspicio (sub and specio), to look up
(from under), to observe, notice ; part.,
suspectus, suspected.

suspicor, 1, v. dep. (sub and specio,
spicari), to suspect, conjecture.

suspirium (sub and -splrium fr.
splro), to breathe up from below), a
sigh, sighing.

sustine5 (sub and teneo), to hold up,
support, sustain ; to bear, carry, hold ;
to withstand, hold out.

susurrus, I, m. (R. svar, to sound,
sar, sar-sar, sur-sur, su-surr-u-s), a
whisper, whispering ; a murmur; per-
sonified, SusurrI, the Whispers.

suus, a, um, reflex, pron. possessive,
3d pers. (for R. see sul), one's own, his
ownx her own, its own, their own ; fa-
vorable, propitious ; pi., sul, substan-
tively used, his (her, their) friends, com-
panions.

Symaethius, a, um, adj., of or
descended from Symaethus ; Symae-
thian.

Symplegades, um, f. pi (fr. Gr.),
the Symplegades, two islands in the
Euxine, that dash against (av/xn-A^o-o-w),
one another.

tabella, ae, f. (R. ta, to extend,
broaden, ta-bola, tabula), aplank,board,
a little board ; a tablet (covered with

wax, to write upon with a stilus) ; a vo-
tive tablet ; by meton., a letter.
tabes, is, f . (R. tak, to run, flow, ta-

TABESCO

TECTUM

321

bes), a flowing away, wasting, pining,
consumption ; a corrupting moisture,
corruption ; iioison.

tabesco (tabes), tabul, 3, to waste
away ; to dissolve, waste away, melt.

tabula, ae, f. (for R. sec tabella), a
tablet, a painting.

tabu in, I, n. (tabes), wasting, mois-
ture, corruption ; wasting disease, con-
sumption.

taceo, ul (R. tak, to be silent, tac-
ere), to be silent (not to speak), keep
silent, be still.

taciturnus, a, um, adj. (taceO), rf-
Unt, si Ul ; taciturn.

tacitus, a, um, ad^'. (taceO), silent,
quiet, still.

tactus, lis, m. (tango), touch, con-
tart.

tarda, ae, f . (R. tu, to swell, grow,
tau, tav, tav-i-da, ta-i-da, tae-da), a pine-
tree, pine-wood, a pitch-pine, a pine-
torch, torch ; (from torches being used
at marriages), a wedding-torch, a wed-
di/ir/, marriage, marriage union.

taedium, I (il), n. (R. same as taeda,
tu, tau, tav, ta-vido, taedo, taede-t, it
swells, over-swells), it disgusts, wearies,
is irksome, one is weary of.

Taenarides, ae, one from Taena-
rus, a promontory in Laconia ; a Laco-
nian, Hyacinthus, in Met. X, 183.

Taenarius, a, um, adj., of Taenarus.

taeter, tra, trum, adj., foul.

Tagus, I, m., a river in Spain ; the
Tagus.

till aria, um, adj., n. pi. (talus), of
the heel, the talaria, the winged sandals
of Mercury.

talis, e, adj. (R. ta (?) as in tantus,
pron. stem, 3d pers., ta-lis), such, of such
kind or sort ; subst., talia, such things,
things of that kind.

talus, T, m. (R. tak, to cut, hew, ar-
range, tak-s, tax-lu-s, tas-lu-s, ta-lu-s),
the ankle-bone, ankle.

tarn, adv. (R. ta, pron. stem, 3d
pers., ta + me; loc. f em., ta-m, originally
referring to time, then to manner), so, so
much, so very, so far ; with quam, so —
as, as well— as.

Tamasenus, a, um, adj. (-sGnus), of
the city of Tamasus, in Cyprus; Ta-
masean.

tamen, conj. (R. same as tarn,
ta-m, ta + pron. sma ; locat., ta+smi-
n,= ta-mc-n), for all that; yet, net'
ertheless, still, however, after all, at
least.

tarn quam (tanq-), adv. (tam-quam,
for RR. see tarn and quam), so as, just
as, as if, as when.

Tanais, is, m., a river in Scythia ;
the Don.

tandem, adv. (fr. ta, pron. stem, 3d
pers., ta-m, ta-n + da, pron. stem de,
ace. de-m,=tan-dem, so far (in time),
to that), at last, finally, at length, yet
again.

tango, tetigl, tactum, 3 (R. stag, to
grasp, tag, ta-n-g-ere), to touch, come in
contact with ; to tread ; to impress,
touch ; to lay hold of, seize.

Tantalis, idis, daughter of Tantalus;
Niobe, Met. VI, 211.

Tantalus, T, m., 1, son of Jupiter,
father of Pelops, and of Niobe ; see
notes on Met. VI, 173, X, 41 ; 2, grand-
son of the T. just mentioned, and son
of Niobe, Met. VI, 240.

tan turn, adv. (tantus), so much, only,
merely, with ne, only that not, with non
and verum, not only— but, not only — but
also.

tantum-modo, adv., only, merely.

tantus, a, um, adj. (R. same as tarn,
ta, ta-ntu-s), so great, so much, such,
such great; neut., tantum, so much, so;
gen. of price, tanti, of so much, such a
price, used with sum, to be worth so
much.

tarde, adv. (tardus), slozvly, tardily.

tardus, a, um, adj. (R. tar, tra,
to move, tar-du-s), slow-moving, slow,
sluggish, dull, tardy, late.

Tartarus, I, m., pi. Tartara, Orum,
n. (R. (fr. Gr.), tar, tremble, make
tremble, terrify), terrible, the terrible
(terrO-re fr. same R.), a deep abyss
fabled to be under the infernal regions;
Tartarus, as the abode of the lost ; by
meton., the lower world.

Taurus, I, m., 1, a range of moun-
tains in Asia Minor ; the Taurus ; 2,
(R. same as sto, sta, sta-vara, stau-ru-s,
oravpd?, tau-ru-s, a steer), a bull, steer ;
3, the constellation Taunts.

tectum, I, n. (tegfi), a covering ; a

322

TEGIMEN"

TERGUM

roof ; ceiling ; by meton., a dwelling, a
house, an abode, a home, a hiding-place,
a room.

tegimen, inis, n. (tegum-, synco-
pated to tegmen, fr. tegO), a covering,
garb, clothing, protection, defense, ar-
mor, a skin (a tegument).

tego, texi, tectum (R. stag, to cover,
steg, teg, teg-ere), to cover, cover over,
clothe; to surround, attend, defend,
adorn, veil, to hide, conceal ; part., tec-
tus, covered, protected, sheltered, hid-
den, secret.

tela, ae, f. (fr. texO (texla), tela), the
web; the warp; the loom; see note,
Met. VI, 54.

Telemus, T, m., son of Eurymus, a
seer ; Met. XIII, 770.

tellus, Oris, f . (R. tar, tal, to lift,
weigh, to make like or level, tal, tel, tell-
u-s, level or surface of the earth), the
earth, land, soil, ground ; a land, dis-
trict, country, region.

telum, i, n. (R. tak, to cut, hew,
tec, tec-lu-m, te-lu-m), a weapon, mis-
sile, javelin, dagger, sword.

teinerarius, a, urn, adj. (temere, fr.
R. tam, to be stunned, be beside one's
self, tem-ere, temer-arius), inconsid-
erate, thoughtless, heedless, rash.

temero, 1 (temere, see temerarius),
to treat rashly, to defile, stain, pollute ;
part., temeratus, stained, unclean, im-
pure.

teino, Onis, m. (R. tak, to hew, cut,
tec, tec-mOn), the pole of a chariot ;
beam of a plow.

temperies, el, f . (tempus, wh. see),
a right mingling of heat and cold, a
mild climate, an agreeable temperature ;
moderation.

tempers, 1 (tempus), to mingle in
right proportion, to rule, moderate, gov-
ern ; to temper.

tempest! vus, a, um, adj. (tempus,
(wh. see), tempes-tas, tempestat, Ivu-s,
tempest-Ivu-s), suited to the time or
occasion, timely, seasonable, opportune,
fitting.

tempestive" (tempest! vus), adv., sea-
sonably, opportunely ; happily.

templum, i, n. (R. tam, to cut off,
tem, tem-u-lu-m, tem-lu-m, tem-p-lu-m),
a place cut off, set apart, for uses of

augury, a free space, then a sacred
place, a sanctuary, temple.

tempto (tento), 1 (fr. tendO), to put
to a trial, attempt, prove ; tempt.

tempus, oris, n. (R. ta, tan, to
stretch, span, tan-p, tam-p, temp-us,
time as a span ; but others take it fr.
tam, tem, to cut off, same R. as tem-
plum), a time, opportunity, season ; a
period ; a right time, an occasion ; the
time, the age ; the times, circumstances ;
the temple on the head, the temples.

tendo, tetendl, tentum, tensum, 3
(R. same as tempus, ta, tan, ten-do), to
stretch, span, extend, stretch out ; tend,
strive for, hasten.

tenebrae, arum, f . pi. (R. same as
temere, tem, then (m to n), ten-e-brae),
darkness, gloom ; terror.

tenebrSsus, a, um, adj. (tenebrae),
full of darkness, dark ; gloomy.

Tenedos, I, f., an island in the Ae-
gean, off the Trojan coast.

teneo, ul, tentum, 2 (R. same as
tendO, ta, tan, ten-ere), to hold, hold
fast, grasp, bear, keep ; to possess ; to
reach ; to hold back, restrain.

tener, era, erum, adj. (R. same as
teneO, ta, tan, ten, ten-er), soft, tender ;
weak; youthful.

tenor, Oris, m. (teneo), a course,
progress, tenor.

tenuis, e, adj. (R. same as tener),
thin, fine, narrow, weak, tender.

tenuo, 1 (R. same as tenuis), to make
thin, to thin, to make weaker, weaken.

tenus, prep. (R. same as tendO), as
far as, up to.

tepeo, 2 (R. tap, to be warm,, tep,
tep-ere), to be warm.

tepesco, 3 (tepeO), to grow warm.

tepidus, a, um, adj. (tepeO), warm,
tepid.

ter, num. adv. (R. same as trSs, tri,
tirs, ters, ter), thrice, three times.

terebro, 1 (R. tar, to move, to rub,
ter, ter-ere, terebra-re), to bore, to bore
through or into.

teres, etis, adj. (terO), (rubbed, worn),
rounded, smooth, well rounded.

tergeo, tersl, tersum, 2 (also tergO),
(R. same as sternO, star, star-g, ster-g,
terg-ere), to wipe off, to clean.

tergum, T, n. (R. targh, to move,

TERGUS

TIMIDUS

323

hasten, terg-u-m), the back ; the rear ;
a hide, buWs-hide.

tergus, oris, n. (tergum), the back ;
a hide.

term, ac, a, num. adj. (ter), three by
three, three each ; threefold.

terd, trlvl, trltum, 3 (for R. see tere-
brO), to rub, to rub smooth ; to wear
away ; to touch lightly, graze.

terra, ae, f . (R. tars, to be dry, ters,
ters-a, terr-a), dry land, as opposed to
the sea, the earth ; earth, land, main-
land, region ; soil ; the Earth.

terrenus, a, urn, adj. (terra), of the
earth, earthy, earthen ; belonging to
the earth, earthly.

terreo, ul, itum, 2 (R. tar, to trem-
ble, make tremble, tars, ters-ere, terr-ere),
to terrify, frighten.

terribilis, e, adj. (terreo), terrible,
frightful.

terrigena, ae, comm. (terra, gigno),
one born of earth, earth-born.

terror, Oris, m. (terreo), terror; a
terror ; fright.

tertius, a, um, adj. (ter), the third.

tesca, Orum, n. (tuska, tesqua,
empty, worthless, tesca), rough, wild
regions, deserts, wilds, wilderness.

testa, ae, f . (R. same as terra, tar,
tars, ters, ters-ta, tes-ta), baked clay,
pottery, a tile, potsherds.

testis, is, m. (R. tars, to hold, sup-
port, ters, ters-ti, tes-ti-s), a witness.

testor, 1, v. dep. (testis), to testify,
bear witness to, declare ; to summon as
a witness, call upon.

Tethys, yos, f., a sea-goddess, wife
of Oceanus, and mother of Clymene.

texo, texul, textum, 3 (R. tak, to
cut, to set in order, tak-s, tax, tex-ere),
to put together, to weave, braid.

textum, T, n. (texO), something
woven, a fabric, texture.

thalamus, T, m. (0aAa/uos. fr. R.
dhar, dhra, to hold), a room, cham-
ber, a bed-chamber; by meton., mar-
riage.

Thalia, ae, f., one of the Muses, the
Mnse of Comedy ; Thalia.

Thaumantis, idos, daughter of
Thaumas ; Iris.

theatrum, I, n. (0ea-o-/u.<n, to see), a
theatre ; by meton., the spectators.

ThSbae, arum, f., Thebes, capital of
Boeotia.

Thebals, Tdis, f. (ThGbae), a woman
of Thebes ; in pi., Thebaides, the wo-
men of Thebes.

Themis, idis, f ., daughter of Uranus,
and goddess of order and justice.

TherniOdon, ontis, m., a river in
Cappadocia.

Thermodontiacus, a, um, adj., of
the Thermodon.

Theseus, el (eos), son of king Ae-
geus of Athens, Theseus.

Thisbe, es, f., the maiden loved by
Pyramus ; Met. IV, 55.

Thracius, a, um, adj. (Thracia), of
Thrace ; a Thracian.

Thrax, acis, adj. (Thracia), a Thra-
cian.

Threicius, a, um, adj., the Thra-
cian ; Orpheus.

Thynibreius, a, um, adj., Thym-
breian, of the river Thymbris.

thyrsus, I, m., a stalk of a plant ; a
staft twined round with ivy ; the Bac-
chic staff, the thyrsus.

tiara, ae, f., or tiaras, ae, m., an
Eastern head-dress, worn by Orientals
of rank, a turban, a tiara.

Tiberis, is, or idis, m. (Tibris, Ty-
bris), the river Tiber, in Latium, now
the Tevere ; the Tiber.

tibia, ae, f . (R. sta, to stand, make
to stand .firm, sta-bh, tib, tlb, tlb-ia,
the shin-bone, as something standing
firm) ; by meton.. a pipe or flute, be-
cause made of bone.

Tibullus, I, m. ; see note, Am. I,
15, 28.

lignum, I, n. (R. tak, to hew, tig-
nu-m), a beam, rafter.

tlgris, idis, and is, m. and f., a tiger.

tilia, ae, f . (R. pat, to spread out,
be open, pat-ere, patul-ia, patil-ia, ptil-
i-a. til-ia), the linden.

timeo, ul, 2 (R. same as temerarius,
tam, to be stunned, to be beside one's
self, tem, tim, tim-or, tim-Ore, prima-
rily, to be disturbed in one's mind), to
fear, be afraid, to have fear of.

timide, adv. (timeO), timidly, fear-
fully.

timidus, a, um, adj. (timeo), timid,
fearful, frigh tened.

324

TIMOR

TRAHO

timor, Oris, m. (for R. see timeo),
fear, fearf ulness ; by meton., object of
fear, a terror.

tingo (tinguO), tinxi, tinctum, 3 (R.
tvak, to wash, tak, tag, tig, ti-n-g-ere),
to wet, dip, bathe, color ; tinge.

tin us, I, m., a tree resembling the
wild laurel, and having bluish berries.

Tiresias, ae, m., a Theban seer.

Tiryntliius, a, um, adj., of the city
Tiryns, in Argolis ; Tirynthian ; the
Tirynthian.

Titan, anis, m., the Sun-god (Sol),
son of Hyperion.

Titania, ae, f., and Tltanis, idos,
daughter of a Titan ; 1, Pyrrha, as
grand-daughter of Iapetus ; 2, Latona,
as daughter of Coeus.

titubo, 1 (etym. unc.), to reel, stum-
ble, stagger.

titulus, I, m. (R. ki, to notice, honor,
ti, ti-tu-lu-s, means of honor), a name
of honor, honor ; a mark of honor, a
title.

Tityos (-us), I, m., a giant-son of
Earth ; see note, Met. X, 43.

Tmolus (TImolus), I, name of a wine-
growing region in Lydia.

toga, ae, f . (fr. tegO, fr. R. stag, to
cover, steg, teg, tog-a), the toga, the
gown-like, outer garment of the Roman
citizen.

tolero, 1 (R. tar, tal, to lift, carry,
tel, tol, tol-lo (tol-es, toler-u-s), tol-era-
re), to bear, carry, tolerate.

tollo, sustull, sublatum, 3 (for R.
see tolero), to lift or take up, to raise
up ; to carry away, to remove ; to put
aside.

Tomltae, arum, name of a town ;
see note, Tr. IV, 10, 97.

tondeo,, totondT, tonsum, 2 (R. tam,
tan, to cut, ton-d-ere), to shear, cut,
trim, strip.

tonitrus, Us, m. (tono), thunder.

tono, tonuT, 1 (R. ta, tan, to stretch,
sound, ten, ton, ton-arc), to sound, to
thunder; part., tonans, sc. Juppiter,
the Thunderer.

tormentum, T, n. (torqueo), an in-
strument of torture, the rack ; torture ;
also an engine for throwing missiles,
so called because thrown by means of
twisted (torqueO) ropes.

torpeo, 2 (R. takp, to be stiff, torp,
torp-ere), to be stiff ; to stiffen.

torpor, oris, m. (torpeO), stiffness,
numbness, torpor.

torqueo, torsi, tortum, 2 (R. tark,
to turn, tar+k, torqu-ere), to turn, twist,
wind ; to throw, hurl.

torreo, torrul, tostum, 2 (R. same as
terra, tars, ters, tors, tors-ere, torr-ere),
to dry ; to roast, to parch.

tortilis, e, adj. (torqueo), twisted
around, encircling.

torus, T, m. (R. star, to strew,
spread, ster, stor, tor-u-s, something
spread out or spreading), a mattress,
couch, bed, marriage-bed ; by meton.,
marriage ; a bolster, cushion ; a bier ;
also the (spreading) swelling muscles,
especially of the neck ; the dew-lap or
brawn ; see note, Met. IX, 82.

torvus, a, um, adj. (R. targ, to
threaten, torg-vu-s, tor-vu-s), gloomy,
grim, fierce, savage ; angry; earnest.

tot, num. adj. (R. ta, 3d pers. prbn.
stem ta + ti, to-t), so many.

totidem, adj., fr. tot, toti-dem (ta +
da), just so many, just as many, as
many.

totiens, adj. (toties), tot-iens, so
many times, as many times, so often.

totus, a, um, adj., lus in gen., I in
dat. (R. tu, to swell, groiv, tau, tav,
tou, to, to-tu-s, full, whole), entire,
ivhole ; wholly ; all, all together.

trabea, ae, f . (R. tarpja, a cloak,
mantle, trab-ea), a robe woven in
stripes, and worn by magistrates, a
trabea, a robe.

trabs (trabes), -is, f. (R. tark, to
turfi, tarp, tarb, trab-es, trab-s), a beam,
timber ; the trunk of a tree ; a tree.

Trachin, Tnis, a city in Thessaly.

Trachinius, a, um, adj., of Trachin,
Trachinian.

tracto, 1 (traho), to touch, handle.

tractus, Us, m., a drawing ; a stretch.

trado (trans-dO), -didl, ditum, -dere,
3, to give over, hand over, surrender; to
communicate, teach.

traho, traxT, tractum, 3 (R. targh,
to move, set in motion, tragh, trah-ere),
to draw, drag, carry away, to carry
with or behind or after one's self; to
attract ; to receive, get ; to draw in,

TRATCIO

TRUNCUS

325

breathe ; to draw up, heave ; to draw
out ; to extend ; to spend ; white away.

traieio (trans, jaciO), jecT, jectum, 3,
to pierce through .

trames, itis, m., a cross-way, path.

trans, prep, with ace. (B. tar, tra,
to move, move one's self, tra-re, tra-ns,
part, present, passing over), over, across,
through.

trans-co, il (Tvl), itum, 4, to go or
pass over, cross, pass or go by, pass
over to, change one's self ; to spring over.

trans-ferC, tull, latum, 3, to carry
over.

transilio, Tvl or ul, 4, to leap over.

transitus, Us, m. (transeO), a pas-
sage over or across ; a transition.

trans-mitto, mlsT, missum, 3, to
carry or send over or across, send.

tremebundus, a, urn, adj. (for B.
see tremO, and -bundus, see Grammar,
333, note 2), trembling, quivering.

tremefacio (tremO and faciO), feci,
factum, 3, to make tremble, to shake.

tremo, ul, 3 (B. tar, to quiver,
shake, tar-m, trem, trem-ere), to tremble,
quiver, quake, shake with fear.

tremor, Oris, m. (tremO), a trem-
bling, quivering, tremor.

tremulus, a, um, adj. (tremO), trem-
bling, tremulous.

trepido, 1 (B. tark, to turn, hurl,
tarp, trep, trep-i-du-s, trepida-re, mean-
ing hasty (tripping?) movement, through
fear), to hurry to and fro in fear, to
move tremulously ; to tremble, quake,
quiver.

trepidus, a, um, adj. (for B. see
trepidO), in tremulous movement, hur-
rying, hastening, trembling ; fright-
ened, fearful. •

tres, tria, adj. num. (B. tri, three,
treis, trgs), three.

tribulus, T, m. (rpt/SoAos), 1, an in-
strument used against the approach of
cavalry, having three prongs, on which it
rested, and a fourth thrown upward ; a
caltrop ; 2, a species of thorn, land-
caltrop.

tribuo, ul, fltam, 3 (B. tri, three, +
BHU, to grow, become, be, bu,=tri-bu,
tri-bu-s (tri-be), meaning three- (or tri-)
being, one of three stocks or races of free
Roman citizens (Ramnes, Tities, Lu-

ceres) ; then tribu-ere), to divide, dis-
tribute, bestow, allow, grant.

tricuspis, idis, adj. (tri and cuspis,
etym. unc), three-pointed, three-tined.

tridens, ntis, adj. (tri and dens),
three-toothed, three-pronged.

trifidus, a, um, adj. (lindO), three-
cleft, three-forked.

triforinis, e, adj. (forma), three-
formed, threefold, triple.

trio, Onis, m. (B. same as tero, ere,
tar, ter, tir, tir-o(n), tri-O(n)), an ox, a
steer; in pi., TriOnes, the constellation
of the Wain, having seven stars— five
for the wagon and two for the steers, or
the team ; see note, Met. I, G4 ; but Max
Miiller makes trio originally striO,TA ka,
Skr. star, meaning a star ; by nieton.
(Met. I, 64, septem-triO), the north.

triplex, icis, adj. (B. tri + park, plak,
plec, plec-s, plex, see sim-plex), three-
fold, triple ; three.

tristis, e, adj. (B. same as tremO,
tar, ters, tris, tris-ti-s), sad, mournful,
gloomy, sorrouful.

triticeus, a, um, adj. (trlticum, fr.
same B. as tero, tar, ter, ter- ere, trT-vT,
trl-tu-m, tri-ti-cu-m, from the rubbing
or threshing of the grain ; wheat), of or
pertaining to wheat, whealen.

Triton, Onis, m., a sea-god, son of
Neptune and Amphitrite ; Triton.

Tritonia, ae, f., a name of Minerva;
see note, Met. II, 782.

Tritoniacus, a, um, adj., of Tri-
tonia, Tritonian.

Tritonis, idis, f., same as TrltOnia ;
also as an adj., of Tritonia, Tritonian.

triumpho, 1 (for B. see triumphus),
to triumph, celebrate a triumph ; exult,
triumph over or in.

triumphus, I, m. (B. TRiAMro, a
shout of joy, triumpu-s, triumphu-s),
the triumph, triumphal 2^'ocession ; a
triumph, victory.

Trojanus (Troja), a, um, adj., Tra-
jan ; the Trojans.

truculentus, a, um, adj. (B. tru,
to threaten, tru-co, tru-c, tru-cu-lentu-s,
truc-s, tru-x),^ra?, savage, wild.

truncus, a, um, adj. (B. tauk, turk,
to break, tear, tru-n-cu-s), broken.

trunco, 1, to strip (haves of).

truncus, I, m. (B. same as the adj.

326

TRUX

ULTERIOR

truncus), the trunk of a tree, the trunk
of a human body, a headless trunk.

trux, trucis, adj. (for R. see trucu-
lentus), savage, wild, grim, fierce, defi-
ant.

tu, tul, pers. pron. (R. tva, tu),
thou ; pi., vos, ye or you.

tuba, ae, f . (R. same as tibia, sta,
to stand, make firm, sta-bh, stab, tib,
tob, tub-a; a reed, a tube), a trumpet.

tueor, tuitus (tutus), v. dep. 2 (R.
tu, to behold, protect, tu-o-r, tu-e-or), to
behold, contemplate, consider ; to pro-
tect, defend, guard.

turn, adv. (R. ta, demon, pron.
stem, 3d pers., tu-m, ace.), at that time,
then ; in that case ; thereupon, then
again, then.

tumefacio (tumeo and facio), -feci,
factum, 3, to cause to swell, to swell.

tumeo, 2 (R. tu, to swell, tu-mo, tu-
rn e-re), to swell, be swollen ; to be puffed
up.

tumesco, tumul, 3 (tumeo), to begin
to swell, to swell.

tumid us, a, um, adj. (tumeO), swell-
ing, tumulus, I, m., a mound.

tunc, adv. (R. same as turn, tu,
tu-m, tum-ce, tun-c).

tundo, tutudl, tunsum, and tusum,
3 (R. stu, to thrust, stu-d, tud, tu-n-d-
erc), to beat, strike, thrust.

tunica, ae, f., etym. unc, the under-
garment of the Komans, a tunic, frock.

turba, ae, f. (R. stvar, stur, to
press forward, tvar-va, tur-ba), apress,
confusion, disturbance ; a crowd,
throng.

turbo, inis, m. (R. same as turba),
a whirl, whirling, eddy, whirlwind,
storm, hurricane; a round, a circle.

turbo, 1 (R. same as turba), to dis-
turb, confuse, agitate, alarm.

turpis, e, adj. (R. tark, tarp, to be
ashamed, turp, turp-i-s), shameful, base,
foul, unseemly, disgraceful.

turris, is, f. (R. tursi, a lower,
turri-s), a tower.

tus (thus), turis, n. (R. dhu, to
smoke, to offer sacrifice, tus, thus, fr.
Gr. 0u-os), incense, frankincense.

tutela, ae, f. (tueor), protection ; de-
fense ; by meton., protector, guardian.

tiito, adv. (tutus), safely, securely,
without danger.

tutus, a, um, adj. (tueor), safe, se-
cure, protected, without danger, un-
harmed.

tuus, a, um, possessive pron. (for R.
see tu), thine, thine own, your, your
own ; in pi. as subst., tul, your friends
{yours).

Tyaneius, a, um, adj., of Tyana, a
city in Cappadocia.

tympanum, I, n., a drum, timbrel,
used in the service of Bacchus, and of
Cybele.

Typhoeus, el, m., a giant-son of
Earth ; see note, Met. V, 347.

tyrannus, I, m. (Gr. Tvpavvoi), a
sovereign ; a ruler, a king.

Tyrieius, a, um, adj., of Tyriaeum,
a city in Phrygia.

Tyrius, a, um, adj., Tyrian, of Tyre.

Tyros (-us), I, Tyre, a city in Phoeni-

U

uber, eris, n. (R. vadii, udii, to
make fwitful, ub, ub-er), an udder ;
the breast.

uber, eris, adj. (see preceding word
for R.), fruitful, rich, fertile, produc-
tive.

ubi, adv. (R. ka, pron. stem indef.,
kva, qua, quo + bi = quo-bi, cu-bi, u-bi),
where ; when, after, as soon as.

xidus, a, um, adj. (R. vag, ug, to be
damp, ugv, ugvu-s, uvu-s, Hve-re, uvi-
dus, uv-du-s, tl-du-s), damp, wet, moist.

ulciscor, ultus sum, v. dep., 3 (R.
VAit, to guard, protect, var-k, volc-i-sc-i,

ulc-i-sc-i), to avenge one's self, take
vengeance ; to punish, recompense.

ullus, a, um, gen. lus, dat. I, adj.
pron. (R. i, pron. stem, 3d pers., ai,
ai-na (oi-no-s, early Latin), u-nu-s, uni-
cu-s, dimin. unu-lu-s = ul-lu-s), any,
any one, mostly in negatives, e. g.,
haud ullus, not anyone.

ulmus, I, f . (R. ar, to lift up, grow,
al, or, ol, ul, ul-mu-s), an elm, elm-tree.

ulna, ae, f. (R. ar, to bend, al, ul,
ul-na), elbow ; by meton., arm ; as a
measure, an ell.

ulterior, us, adj. comp. (R. ana.

ULTOR

UT

32?

pron. stem, 3d pers., ana-la, ollu-s
(illu-s, ilk'), ul s, on that side, ul-ter,
era, erum, ulter-ior, ul-tinm-s, ultra, sc.
parte, ultro), (over there), farther, on
the farther side ; (ulterior) ; super}.,
ultimue, a, am, farthest, extreme (ulti-
mate).

ultor, oris, in. (ulciscor), an avenger;
avenging*

ultra, prep., and adv. (.see ulter), be-
yond, farther, on the other side ; fur-
ther, more, besides.

ultro, adv. (see ulter), beyond, fur-
thermore, besides ; also (when nothing
more is required), of one's own accord,
voluntarily, without solicitation.

ululatus, us, m. (ululO), a howling,
howl, shriek.

ululo, 1 (R. tjl, to howl, ul-ul-a,
ulula-re, ulula-tu-s), to howl, shriek,
cry out.

ulva, ae, f . (R. same as ulmus, \vh.
see, ul-va), coarse grass, sedge.

umbra, ae, f. (R. amb, to envelope,
umb-ra), shadow, shade ; darkness,
gloom ; shading ; a shade, a ghost ; the
Shade, the Shades.

umbrosus, a, um, adj. (umbra),
shady.

umeo (humeo), 2 (R. same as ndus,
wh. see), to be damp, to be wet.

umerus, I (hum-), (R. am, to be
strong, am-e-so-s, om-e-ro-s, um-e-ru-s),
the shoulder.

umldus (hum-), (for EL. see ndus), a,
um, adj., wet, damp.

unior, oris (hum-), (see fldus), moist-
ure, dampness ; juice.

unquam (umquam), adv. (un-qi>am,
un fr. unus, quam fr. qui, both wh.
see), (any one time), at any time, ever.

una, adv. (Onus), (by cue way), at
once, together, along with.

uncus, a, um, adj. (R. ak, ank, to
bend, unc-u-s), bent, crooked, hooked.

unda, ae, f. (R. vad, ud, vfiwp, to
well up, bathe, u-n-d-a), a wave, billow,
sea ; by meton., water, the waters, the
sea.

uncle, adv. (R. ka + R. da ; f r. ka,
qua, quo, qui, quo-m, cu-m, cu-n, then (e)
un ; fr. da, de ; = (c) un-de),/rom what
place, whence ; from whom, from what.

undecimus, a, um, num, adj. (unus

and decimus, for RR. see those words),
the eleventh.

undique, adv. (fr. unde and que),
from all sides, from every quarter,
everywhere.

unguis, is, m. (R. agii, angh, to
strangle, bind, join, ungu-i-s), a nail, a
claw.

unguo (ungO), xl, ctum, 3 (R. ao,
ang, to anoint, ung, ungu-ere), to anoint.

ungula, ae, f. (R. ak, ank, to bend,
crook, unc-, ung-u-s, ungu-lu-s), a claw,
hoof.

unicolor, oris, adj. (anus, color), of
one color.

unicus, a, um, adj. (unus, fr. R. i,
pron. stem, 3d pers., ai, ai-ua (oinos,
early Latin), u-nu-s, (ini-cu-s), (one, one-
ly), only, single, the only one ; singular,
remeirkable, unique.

unus, a, um, gen. unlus, dat. uul
(for R. see unicus), one, the one, single,
a, the single ; only one, alone, one and
the same.

urbs, urbis, f. (R. vardh, to grow,
vardh-i, flrdh-i, urb-s, = something
grown), a city ; by meton., for the in-
habitants of a city, the city.

urgeo (urgueO), ursl, 2 (R. vakg, to
turn, press, urg, urg- (urgu)-ere), to
press, to press hard or close ; pursue,
attack ; urge, urge on.

urna, ae, f. (R. vas, to shine, burn,
aus, Os, tls, tis-ere, tlr-ere, ur-na, a ves-
sel of burnt clay), an urn, a jar ; a
cinerary urn.

tiro, ussT, ustum, 3 (for R. see urna),
to burn, singe, burn up, consume.

ursa, ae, f., a she-bear.

usquam, adv. (fr. R. ka, qua, quo
(qui), cu, u- + bi, u-bi, ubi-s, s being
locative, ub-s, us + quam, us-quam),
anywhere, at or in any place.

usque, adv. (for R. see us-quam, us
fr. ub-s + que = qued, old abl. of quis),
all the way to, even to, as far as ; all
the time, ever, quite, even.

usns, tls, m. (dtor), the using, use,
employment, application ; use, advan-
tage; experience, habit, intercourse;
usufruct, see note, Met. X, 37.

ut, utl (fr. pron. stems, ka + ta, cu-
te! (tei being locative), u-ti, ut), 1, adv.,
how, as, since ; just as, ut-sic, as— so =

328

UTER

VE-CORS

though— yet ; offer that ; 2, conj., that,
in order that, so that ; supposing that.

uter, utra, utrum, gen. lus, dat. I,
pronom. adj. (fr. R. ka (qui), ka-tara,
quo-tero, cu-tero), u-ter), which of the
two.

uterque, utraquc, utrumque, pro-
nom. adj. (nter-que), each of two, both.

uterus, I, m. (R. ud, upon, out, ut-
teru-s, n-teru-s), the womb ; fruit of the
womb, child, young.

utilis, e, adj. (fltor), useful, service-
able, advantageous, profitable.

utilitas, atis, f. (utor), utility, ad-
vantage, profit, service.

utiliter, adv. (titilis), usefully, with
advantage.

utinam, adv., oh that ! would that!

utor, uslls sum, 3, v. dep. (R. av, to
like, help, av-ere, av-ta, av-a-ti, av-a-ti-s,
ov-i-t-i-s, o-i-ti-s, u-ti-s (in early Latin,
oitier, oisus)), to help with, to use, make
use of, enjoy, employ, take advantage
of

utrimque, adv. (uterque), on both
sides, on each (of two) side, from both
sides.

iiva, ae, f. (R. vag, ug, to be ivet,
ugvu-s, uvu-s, uve-re, ugv-a, uva\ the
grape, grapes, cluster or bunch of
grapes.

uxor, Oris, f . (R. yak, to desire,
love, vac, voc-tor, early Latin voxor,
uxsor, uxor), a wife (the loving one).

vacca, ae, f . (R. vak, to sound, vak
(vaca). vacca, the lowing), a cow.

vaco, 1, etym. unc, to be empty, free
from, to be without ; to be without oc-
cupation, at leisure.

vacuus, a, um, adj., empty, free, at
leisure ; op?n.

vatlo, vasum, 3 (R. ga, to go, gva,
va-d, va-d-u-m, a place where one may
go (a going-place), ford, vad-e-re), to go
firmly, to go, jiass.

vadum, I, n. (for R. see vado), a
ford, shoal, shallow.

vagio, 4 (R. vak, to sound, vag, vilg-
Ire), to cry, wail ; ivhimper.

vagor, v. dep., 1 (for R. see vagus),
to rove about, roam, wander, stray.

vagus, a, um, adj. (R. vagh, to
move to and fro, vag, vag-u-s, vaga-re,
rT), rambling, roving, roaming, stray-
ing ; uncertain, vagrant.

valeo, ul. itum, 2 (R. bal, to breathe,
be strong, val5-re), to be strong, sound ;
to be well ; vale, farewell ; to be power-
full, vigorous ; to avail, have influence;
part., valens, ntis, as adj., strong, stout,
vigorous (valiant).

validus, a, um, adj. (valeo), strong,
vigorous, violent (valid).

vallis (-es), is, f . (R. var, to cover,
surround, val, val-le-s, val-li-s, a cov-
ered, protected, place), a valley, vale.

valva, ae, f . (R. var, to wind, roll,
fold, val-v), a folding-door.

vanus, a, um, adj., etym. unc, emp-

ty, void, vain; null, groundless, without
success ; deceptive, untrustworthy.

vapor, Oris, m. (R. kvap, to smoke,
steam, vap, vap-os, -or), steam, vapor ;
warmth, heat.

vario, 1, etym. unc, to make vanous,
variegate ; to vary ; to diversify ; to
make one's self different.

varius, a, um, adj., various, varying,
manifold, diverse, different.

Varro, Onis ; see note. Am. 1, 15, 21.

varus, a, um, adj. (R. kau, bent,
crooked, kvar, cvar-u-s, var-u-s), bent
outward, bent.

vastator, Oris, m. (vastus), one that
laijs waste, a ravager, destroyer ; deso-
lating,

vast?, adv. (vastus), vastly, immense-
ly, violently.

vastus, a, um, adj. (R. vasta, waste,
desolate, vastu-s), waste ; then with the
idea of extent, vast, immense, huge,
powerful.

vates, is, comm. (R. ga, to sing, gS,
gva, va, va-te-s), a soothsayer, seer ;
singer, bard, poet.

vaticinor (vates, canO), to announce
as seer ; to prophesy ; to sing.

-ve, conj. (R. var, to choose, val, vol,
vol-O, vl-s, vi-s,=ve), or (you will or you
please), or — or, either— or.

ve-cors, rdis, adj. (ve fr. R. dva,
dvi, two, dva, dva-i, va-i, ve, too little,
not very, not, +cor, not very intelligent
^■unintelligent), not having sense or in-

VEIIO

VERUS

329

telligence, senseless, silly, foolish, mad,
Insane.

veho, vexl, vectum, 3 (B. vagii, to
move, vag, veh, veh-ere), to carry, bear;
to drive ; in pass., vehl, to be borne, to
ride, sail, journey.

vel, conj. (fr. volO, vel-le, sec ve), or
(you will or please), either — or ; even.

velamen, inis, n. (velO), a veil, cov-
ering ; garment.

vello (velll), vulsT, vulsum, 3 (B.
var, to draw, pull, vel, vel-1-ere), to
pull, pluck ; to tear out or up.

vellus, eris, n. (fr. vello, as some-
thing pulled off), wool shorn off, a fleece;
a sheep-skin, fell ; a hide.

velo, 1 (for B. see velum), to cover,
surround, veil, clothe.

velociter, adv. (vglox), swiftly, rap-
idly.

velox, Ocis, adj. (B. val, to go, move
one's self, vel, v6l-ox), swift, fleet.

velum, I, n. (B. vagh, to move, vag,
veh, veh-s-lu-m, vec-s-lu-m, ve-s-lu-m,
velum, something moving), a sail ; by
meton., for a ship, a sail ; a covering,
awning.

velut, velutl, adv. (for B. see ve,
vel, vel-utl), as if, as when, just as, as,
as it were, as though.

vena, ae, f . (B. same as velum, vagh,
vag, veh, veh-na, vC-na), a vein, an ar-
tery ; a vein of water, a stream; also a
vein of metal.

venabulum, T, n. (vSnor, fr. B. vi,
to chase, vai, ve-na-rl), a hunting-spear.

vendo, vendidl, venditum, 3 (vSnum-
dr>, vennndo), to give for sale, to sell.

venenifer, fera, ferum, adj., poison-
bearing, poisonous.

venSnum, I, n., etym. unc., poison.

veneror, 1, v. dep. (B. van, ven, to
desire, value, ven-ia, Yen-us, ven-es-u-s,
vene-ra-rl), to value, honor, venerate.

venia, ae, f. (for B. see veneror),
grace, permission, favor, indulgence,
pardon.

veniO, vCnT, ventum, 4 (B. ga, to go
or come, gva, va, ga-n, ve-n, ve-n-Ire), to
come, to reach, arrive at, to come near,
approach.

venter, ventris, m. (B. gatara,
belly, ge-n-ter, gve-n-ter, vc-n-ter), the
belly ; stomach.

ventus, I, m. (B. va, to blow, va-nt,
ve-ntu-s), wind.

Venus, eris, f. (B. same as veneror),
grace, beauty ; the goddess of love,
Venus ; love.

vSr, veris, n. (B. vas, to shine, ves,
ves-er, ve-er, vGr), the spring, spring-
time, Spring.

verbenae (verbena), arum, f. (B.
vardh, to grow, verb, verb-es-na, vcrb-
S-na), vervain ; herbs or branches from
a sacred place.

verber, eris, n. (B. same as preced-
ing, vardh, vardh-as, verb-es, verb-er, a
bough, branch), a whip, a lash ; a thong.

verbero, 1, to strike, beat.

verbosus, a, um, adj. (verhnm), full
of words, wordy; prolix, verbose.

verbum, I, n. (B. var, to speak, var-
dha, ver-bu-m), a word, words.

verecundus, a, um, adj. (vereor),
modest, bashful ; respectful.

vereor, veritus sum, v. dep., 2 (B.
var, to guard, protect, ver, ver-erl), to
feel awe, be awed ; to fear, dread.

Vergilius, I (il), Publius Ycrgilius
Maro ; Vergil.

vernus, a, um, adj. (vOr), of or per-
taining to spring, vernal.

vero, adv. (verus), in truth, truly,
assuredly ; but.

VerSna, ae, f., a city in Cisalpine
Gaul ; Verona.

verro, verrl, versum, 3 (B. var, to
draw through, drag, var-s, vers, vcrr-
ere), to sweep ; draw.

verso, 1 (vertO), to turn again and
again, to turn.

versus, us, m. (verto), a turn, turn-
ing ; a line, a verse ; verse, poetry.

vertex (vor-), icis, m. (vertO), a turn,
whirl, whirlpool, an eddy ; the crown
of the head ; head, top.

vertigo, inis, f. (verto), a turning, a
whirling, of the water ; a whirling of
the head, vertigo.

verto (vor-), vertl, versum, 3 (B.
vart, to turn, vert-ere), to turn, to turn
away or around, or about, to turn up,
overturn ; to change ; to overthrow.

verum (verus), conj., but, yet, how-
ever, still.

verus, a. um, adj. (B. var, to be-
lieve, ver, v6r-u-s), credible, true ; real.

330

VESPER

VILIS

genuine; subst. neut., the true, the
truth ; truthful, veracious.

vesper, -eris, and -erl, m. (R. vas,
to clothe, envelope, ves, ves-ti-s, ves-per
(k to p), ecnrepos), the evening (vespers) ;
land of the evening ; land of the setting
sun, the west.

Vesta, ae, f. (R. vas, to light, shine,
burn, ves, ves-ta, cori'a, the (burning)
hearth; Vesta, as the goddess of the
hearth, of home, of domestic purity and
order ; in mythology, the daughter of
Saturn ; the perpetually burning fire in
the temple of Vesta, as the goddess of
the national home or household, a sym-
bol of the perpetuity of the national
life, of Rome, as the Eternal City.

vester, vestra, vestrum, possess.
pron. (fr. R. tva, tu, pi. sva, svo, vo-s,
nom. and ace., te-vo-s, tuu-s, vos-, ves-
ter), your, yours.

vestigium, I (il), n. (R. stigh, to
step, stlg, preceded by ve, wh. see, ve-
stTg-iu-m), a trace, a track, footprint, a
vestige ; footstep, step, the foot.

vestigo, 1 (vestigium), to trace, to
track, follow one's track ; to search for,
investigate.

vesti5, Tvl (il), Itum, 4 (for R. see
vestis), to clothe ; cover.

vestis, is, f. (R. vas, to clothe, ves,
ves-ti-s), a clothing, garment, robe ;
drapery, hangings, tapestry, carpet.

veto, vetuT, vetitum, 1 (R.vat, year,
adj. old, vet, veta-re (inveterare, -turn,
inveterate), to let grow old, let go for
nothing, not to let take place}, to do
away with ; to forbid, prohibit, re-
fuse.

vetus, eris, adj. (R. same as preced-
ing), long standing, old, former, earlier,
early.

vetustas, atis, f. (vetus), age, long
time, lapse of time ; old age.

vexo, 1 (veho, vectum, vex-0, to car-
ry, chase to and fro), to chase, shake ;
to annoy, vex.

via, ae, f . (R. same as veho, vagh,
vag, veh, veh-ja, veh-ia or veha, vea,
via), a way, road, street ; a course, jour-
ney, passage, voyage.

viator, Oris, m. (via), a traveler,
wanderer.

vibro, 1 (R. vir, to quiver, tremble,

vib, vib-ru-s, vibra-re), to put into quiv-
ering or swinging motion ; to brandish,
shake ; quiver, wave ; to gleam.

vicinia, ae, f. (viclnus), nearness,
vicinity, neighborhood.

viclnus, a, um, adj. (R. vik, to
come, reach, voik, vie, vlc-u-s, vlc-Inu-s),
(come to, reached), near, neighboring,
close by, in the vicinity or neighborhood ;
subst. neut. pi., vlclna, the neighbor-
hood.

vicis, gen., nom. not in use, vicem,
vice, pi. vices, vlcibus, f. (R. vik, to
change, vie-, vic-is), change, changes,
chances, vicissitudes ; in vicem, in turn;
a (changing in succession) place, office,
duty, function.

victor, oris, m. (vincO), a victor, con-
queror; adj., victorious.

Victoria, ae, f. (vincO), victory, con-
quest ; Victoria, goddess of victory.

victrix, Icis, f . (vincO), a conqueror ;
adj., victorious.

victus, us, m. (vivo), means of living,
subsistence, sustenance, food.

video, vldl, visum, 2 (R. vid, to see,
know, vid-Sre), to see, look upon ; pass.,
videri, to be seen, to seem ; part., vlsus,
seen, looked upon, videndus, visible, to
be seen ; subst. pi. neut., visa, the sight,
vision (the seen) ; to experience, to visit,
go to see.

vietus, a, um, adj. (vieo, fr. R. gi,
to overcome, gvi, vi, vi-s, vi-u-s, vio, vio-
late, vie, vie-tu-s, overcome with age),
old, withered, weak.

vigeo, 2 (R. vag, to be strong, veg,
vig, vig-ere), to be strong, vigorous ; to
bloom, to live.

Vigil, ilis, adj. (R. same as preceding
word, vag, veg, vig, vig-il), wakeful,
awake, watchful, lively, vigilant ;
subst., a ivatchman, sentinel, guard.

vigilax, Scis, adj. (vigil), watchful,
vigilant.

vigilo, 1 (vigil), to watch, tobe watch-
ful, vigilant.

vigor, Oris, m. (vigeo), strength, ac-
tivity, force, vigor.

vilis, e, adj. (same R. as veho, vagh,
vag, veh-0, veh-i-culu-m, veh-ili-s, vc-
ili-s, vi-ili-is, vlli-s, something that ir
vehicle-full, and so is cheap), cheap, com-
mon, worthless ; vile.

V1LL0SUS

I VIVO 33

villosus, a, um, adj. (villus), hairy.

villa, ae, f., a farm-house, villa.

villus, I, m. (B. same as vail is, var,
to surround, val, val-na, vil-lu-s), coarse
hair, hair of animals.

vlmen, inis, n. (vieo, B. oi, gvi, vi-,
vi-inen), a twig, osier; coll., bushes.

vinciO, vinxl, vinctuin, 4 (B. vi, to
wind, braid, vi-k, vi-n-k, vine-Ire), to
wind around, bind, join, make firm; to
twine, encircle.

vinco, vlcl, victnm, 3 (B. vik, to
fight, strike, vi-n-c-ere), to conquer,
overcome, be victorious ; to surpass, ex-
cel, prevail.

vinculum, vinclum, I, n. (vinciO), a
bond, fetter, band, a bond of union or
of relationship.

vindex, icis, comm. (B. same as
venia, van, ven, vin, + B. da, to show,
learn, speak, di-k, die (+dex), die-is, =
vin-dex, -die-is, a speaker in one's favor
or behalf), a defender, protector; an
avenger.

vindico, 1 (same B. as the preced-
ing, vindex-dic, vindic-u-s, vindica-re),
to claim, defend, protect, vindicate; to
avenge, punish.

vindicta, ae, f . (vindico). vengeance.

vlnetum, i, n.. a vineyard.

vlnum, I, n (B. same as vlmen, vi,
to ivind, vi, vl-ti-s (a winding plant, a
vine), vT-nu-m, cf. otros), wine.

viola, ae, f . (B. same as preceding,
vi, vio, vio-la), a violet.

violentus (f r. violo, wh. see), a, um,
adj., violent fierce, wild, threatening.

violo, 1 (B. gi, to overcome, gvi, vi,
vis, vi-u-s, vio-, vio-la-re, vio-lere, vio-
lent-u-s), to violate, injure, do violence
to ; to wound ; to stain, outrage.

vlpera, ae, f . (fr. B. of vivo, wh. see,
+ B. of pariO, wh. see, = vivi-paru-s,
that brings forth live young, vivi-pera,
vT-pera), a viper, snake.

vlpereus, a, um, adj. (vlpera), of
vipers or snakes ; venomous.

vir, virl, m. (B. vira, man, hero,
viro, vir), a man ; a hero ; in pi., men,
people ; a husband.

virago, inis, f . (B. same as vir), an
heroic or a masculine woman ; used of
Minerva, Met. VI, 130, where see note.

vireo, ul, 2 ( B. guar, to be green,

331

ghvar, var, viri-di-s, viri-du-s, virida-re,
virc-re), to be green, grow green, to flour-
ish; part., virGns. fiouHshing.

virga, ae, f. (B. vaug, to push, swell
(urg-urgGre), virg-a), a (swelling) shoot,
twig, sapling ; a rod, a wand.

virgineus, a, um, adj. (virgS), (B.
same as preceding), of a virgin.

virg5, inis, f., a virgin, maiden.

viridis, e, adj. (for B. see vireO),
green.

virtus, Otis, f. (fr. vir), manliness ;
manlwod ; force, strength ; courage ;
merit ; excellence ; virtue.

virus, I, n. (B. vis, to work, to be
active, vis-u-s, vlr-u-s), poison, venom ;
virus.

vis, gen. and dat. not used, vim, vi ;
pi., vires, -ium, ibus, f. (B. gi, to over-
come, gvi, vi, vi-s), force, strength,
power, might ; in pi., forces, 2>owers,
virtues.

viscus, oris, n. (B. viska, soft, visc-
us, the soft parts of the body), the in-
wards ; entrails ; viscera ; the flesh ;
the vitals ; the vital point in anything.

vlso, visT, visum, 3 (video), to go to
see, to behold ; to visit ; to examine.

vita, ae, f . (B. same as vivo, giv, to
live, vlv, vlv-u-s (early Latin, veiv-o-s),
vlvi-du-s, vlv-ax, vlv-ere (vivita), vl-ta),
life ; the living or vital principle ; way
of life, living.

vitio, 1 (B. same as vlnum, vi, to
wind, wind around or into, vi-t-iu-m,
something that winds into one, vice,
vitia-re), to vitiate ; to injure, destroy,
ruin.

vitis, is, f. (B. same as vlnum, wh.
see), a vine, a grape-vine.

vitium, I (il), n. (for B. see vitiol, a
defect, fault, blemish ; an injurious
thing ; vice, a vice.

vi to, 1 (B. vik, to separate, to sepa-
rate one's self, vie, vlca-re, vici-ta-re, vT-
ta-re), to shun, avoid.

vltrum, I, n. (B. same as video, vid,
to see, vid-tru-m, vl-tru-m, something to
see with or through), glass.

vitta, ae, f. (B. vi, to bind, vi-ta,
vitta). a band, fillet.

vivo, vixl, victum. 3 (for B. see vita),
to lire, be alive; to subsist; to keep alive,
continue in life.

332

YIVUS

ZONA

vivus, a, um, adj. (vivo), alive, living;
quick ; fresh, flowing, natural.

vix, adv. (R. same as vincD, vik, vic-s,
vix), with difficulty, with pains, hardly,
scarcely.

vocalis, e, adj. (R. same as vocO,
vak, to sound, voc, voca-re, voca-bili-s,
voc-ali-s), sounding, sonorous ; weal.

voc5, 1 (see vocalis for R.), to call,
to call upon, invoke ; to name, to call by
name.

volatus, as, m. (volo, 1), a Jlying,
Mght.

volito, 1 (volo, 1), to fly to and fro,
to flit, flutter.

volo, 1 (R. val, to go, move one's
self, vol, voia-re), to fly. fly about, flit.

volo, velle, volul (R. var, to will,
vel, vol, vol-O, 6 before 11 and I becomes
g, volis, vilis, vils, vis, vol-t early Latin,
vul-t ; vol-u-mu-s, vol-tis, vul-tis, vol-u-
nt; subj., vel-ie-m, vel-i-m; inf., vel-se,
viel-le ; imperf., vol6-bam ; subj., vel-
se-m, vel-le-m; int., vol-a-m; perf., vol-
ul ; part., vol-S-ns), to will; to wish; to
be willing, to consent, allow, choose ; to
have in view, to purpose.

voltus, see vultus.

volubilis, e, adj. (volvo), rolling,
whirling.

volucer, volucris, volucre, adj. (R.
same as volo, are, val, vol, vol-u-cer),
flying, winged.

voiucris, f. (see preceding), a flying
creature ; a fowl ; a bird.

volumen, inis, n. (fr. volvO), a roll-
ing, winding, coiling, coil ; a roll of
writing ; a volume, book.

voluntas, atis, f . (from volo, velle),
will, wish, desire ; purpose ; good will.

voluptas, atis, f . (R. same as pre-
ceding, val, vol, val-p, vol-o-p, vol-u-p,
\o\\\y-t%$\ pleasure, enjoyment, delight;
lust.

voliito, 1 (volvO), to keep rolling;

to roll to and fro ; to revolve in one's
mind.

volvS, volvl, volutum, 3 (R. var. to
wind, whirl, val, vol, val-v, vol-v-ere),
to roll, roll over, whirl ; to be rolled; to
revolve ; of time (as annus), part., vol-
vens, rolling, the rolling year.

vomer, eris, m. (R. vasmi, plow-
share, vosmi, vomi-s, voin-er), a plow-

vomo, uT, itum, &(R.vam, to spew,
vom, vom-ere), to vomit, belch forth.

votum, T, n. (voveO), a thing vowed;
avow; prayer, wish, promise; a votive
offering.

voveo, vovT, votum, 2 (R. git, to
sound, to sj)eak out, gvov, vov, vov-ere),
to make known by speaking, to promise,
voio, wish ; to devote, dedicate.

vox, vOcis. f . (R. vak, to sound, voc,
vOc, vox), a sound, a voice, the voice, a
song ; a cry ; a tone ; a word, words,
discourse.

Vulcanius, a, um, adj., of or per-
taining to Vulcan.

Vulcanus, I, m., son of Jupiter and
Juno, Vulcan, the god of fire ; by
meton., fire.

vulgaris, e, adj. (valgus), general,
common, ordinary ; vulgar.

vulgo, 1 (vulgus), to make common,
publish abroad, make known ; to di-
vulge.

vulgus (volgus), T, n. (R. varg, to
press, to include and exclude, valg,
vulg, vulg-us), the crowd, the great mul-
titude, the common people ; the rabble.

vulnus (volnus), eris, n. (R. var, to
pull, tear, wound, vel, vol, vul, vul-nus),
a wound, a stroke, blow ; a bite.

vultus, us, m. (volnus), (R. var, to
will, wish, val, vol, val-tu, vul-tu-s, ex-
pression of wilt), expression, mien, as-
pect, countenance, face ; a look, form,
appearance.

Xanthus, I, m., a river near Troy, also called Scamander.

Zephyrus, I, m., the west wind, the
Zephyrus, Zephyr.

Zetes, ae, m., one of the winged sons
of Boreas ; Zetes.

zona, ae, f., Gr. {(ovy, a girdle, a
belt; a zone of the earth or of the
heavens.

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Standard Classical Text-Boqks.

Arnold, T. K. Greek Reading Book. By Spencer. 12mo.

.Bo se, James It. Exercises in Greek Prose Composition. 12mo.

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Coy, Edward G. Mayor's Greek for Beginners.

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Cyropaedia, See Owen.

Bemos^hanes. See Smead.

Greek Grammar. See Arnold, Champlin, Coy, Hadley, Harkness, Kendrick,
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Greek Ollendorff. See Kendrick.
Greek Reader. See Arnold, Harkness, and Owen.
Greek Testament. See Hahn.

Hackett, H. B., and Tyler, W. S. Plutarch on the Delay of the Deity in Pun-
ishing the Wicked. With Notes, etc. Revised edition. 12mo.
Hadley, James. Greek Grammar.

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Hahn, Augustus. Novum Testamentum Graece. Notes by Robinson. 12mo.

Harkness, Albert. First Greek Book. With Reader, Notes, and Vocabulary.
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Herodotus. See Joiinson, II. M.

Homer. See Johnson, H. C, and Owen.

Iliad. See Johnson, H. C , and Owen.

Johnson, Henry C. Homer's Iliad. First Three Books. Notes and References.

Johnson, Herman M. Herodoti Orientalia Antiquiora. Revised edition. 12mo.

Kendrick, Asahel C. Greek Ollendorff. ^12»i|t * .*

Kuhner, Raphael. Greek Grammar. Translated by Edwards and Taylor. Re-
vised edition. 8vo.

Memorabilia of Xenophon. See Robbins.

Odyssey. See Owen. *

<Edipus Tyrannus. See Crosby, H.

Ollendorff, Greek. See Kendrick.

Owen, John L. Acts of the Apostles, in Greek. With Lexicon. 12mo.

Anabasis of Xenophon. With Notes and References to Crosby's, Hadley's,

and Kuhner' s Grammars. 12mo.
* Cyropaedia of Xenophon. With Notes, etc. Eighth edition. 12mok

fB 38513

Standard Classical Text-Books.
I '

Owen, John L. Greek Reader. 12mo.

I Homer's Iliad. With Notes. 12mo.

Homer's Odyssey With Notes. Tenth edition. 12mo.

\ Thucydides. With Notes, Map, etc. 12mo.

Plato. See Tyler.

Plutarch. See Hackett and Tyler.

Bobbins's Memorabilia of Xenophon. With Notes. Revised edition. 12mo.

Robinson, Edward. See Hahn.

Silber, "William B. Progressive Lessons in Greek. With Notes and References

to the Grammars of Sophocles, Hadley, and Crosby. Also, Vocabulary and Epitome

of Greek Grammar, for Beginners. 12mo.
Smead, M. J. The Antigone of Sophocles. With Notes. 12mo.
The I, II, III Philippics of Demosthenes. With .Historical Introductions,

and Notes. New, enlarged edition. 12mo.
Sophocles. See Crosby, H., and Smead.
Thucydides. See Owen.

Tyler, W. S. Plato's Apology and Crito. With Notes. 12mo.
Tyler and Hackett. Plutarch on the Delay of the Deity in Punishing the Wicked.

With Notes. 12mo.
Whiton, John M. First Lessons in Greek: the Beginner's Companion to Hadley 'a

Grammar. 12mo.
Xenophon. See Boise, Owen, and Robbins.

SYRIAC.

Uhlemann. Syriac Grammar. Translated from the German by Enoch Hutch-
inson. With a Course of Exercises in Syriac Grammar, a Chrestomathy, and
brief Lexicon, prepared by the Translator. Second edition, with Corrections :md
Additions. 8vo.

HEBREW.

i Geseilius. Hebrew Grammar. Edited by Rodtgep. Translated from the last (the
seventeenth) German edition by Conant. With an Index. 8vo.

D. APPLETON & CO., Publishers,

New York, Boston, Chicago, and San Francisco.